cha 6 n.pdf

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf42

0606060606

,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;

• ,iyfspd; cUttpaw; gy;tifikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;

• jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikAld; njhlu ;gl ;l mtw;w pd ;

njhopw;ghLfis MuhaTk;

• Ntu ;fspd ; gy;tifikAld; njhlu ;Ggl ;l mtw;w pd ;

njhopw;ghLfis MuhaTk;

• jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.

jhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifik


6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik

,aw;ifia moFgLj;Jtjpy; jhtuq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.

jiu> ed;dPu;> fly;> ghiwfs; vdg; Gtpapd; rfy gFjpfspYk;> mit>

gue;Js;sd. vk;ikr; #oTs;s jhtuq;fis kuq;fs;> nrbfs;> nfhbfs;>

G+z;Lfs;> Gw;fs; vd NtWgLj;jyhk;.

jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:

� Ntu; � mUk;G

� jz;L � G+

� ,iy � fha;

jhtuq;fspd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk; njhlu;ghf

Mwhk; juj;jpYk; Vohk; juj;jpYk;; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. ,iy> jz;L> Ntu;

Mfpatw;wpd; gy;tifikiag; gw;wp Muha;tNj ,g;ghl myfpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;

tpyq;Ffs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; jahupf;Fk; Mw;wy;

mw;wit. Mdhy;> gr;irj; jhtuq;fs; jkJ czitj; jhNk

njhFf;fpd;wd. gpujhdkhfj; jhtuq;fspy; gr;irak; (FNshugpy;) nfhz;l

,iyfNs #upa xspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; ePu;> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L Mfpatw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jp xspj;njhFg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd (czitj; njhFf;fpd;wd).

,iyfspd; gpujhd njhopyhd xspj;njhFg;ig tpidj;jpwDld;

nra;tjw;F mit #upa xspia cr;r mstpy; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.

,jw;Nfw;gNt jhtuq;fspy;> ,iyfspd; tbtk;> gUkd;> jz;by; ,iyfs;

xOq;fike;Js;s Kiw vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;> ,iyfspy;

gy;tifik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

cU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifik


khztu; FOnthd;wpdhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l xg;gilnahd;wpd;

ml;ilg;glk; cU 6.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ,iyfs;

mtw;wpd; tbtk;> gUkd; vd;gtw;wpy; gy;NtWgl;bUg;gij ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

cq;fs; ghlrhiyr; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfis

mtjhdpj;jhy;> mit mtw;wpd; tbtk;> gUkd; vd;gtw;wpy;

NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l NtWghLfistplj; jhtu

,iyfspd; gr;ir epwj;jpYk; NtWghL ,Ug;gij ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs;

u u u u u ,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G

nghJthf ,iyfs; mfd;w> tpuptile;j ,iyg;gug;igf;

nfhz;lit. #upa xspiag; ngWk; tifapy; mit jl;ilahfTk;

nky;ypajhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ntt;NtW jhtuq;fspd; ,iyg;gug;Gfs;

NtWgl;l tbtq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. c- k; : gyh> myup.

,iyg;gug;ig Nkw;Gw Nkw;gug;G> fPo;g;Gw Nkw;gug;G vd NtWgLj;jf;

$ba jhtuq;fSk; mt;thW NtWgLj;j Kbahj> ,Ugf;fKk; xNu

khjpupahff; fhzg;gLk; ,iyg;gug;igf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd.

c- k; : ntq;fhak;> mWfk;Gy;.

xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfis mtjhdpj;J mtw;wpd; gFjpfis

,dq;fhZq;fs;. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy> jz;Lld; ,izAk;

,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ff;ftUk;ig ,dq;fhz Kaw;rpAq;fs;.

cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;

,iyabr; nrjpy;

fZ

,iyf;fhk;G

,iyab

,iyAr;rp

,iytpspk;G

eLeuk;G,iyg;gug;G

gf;feuk;G

fZtpil

ff;ftUk;G

{

KidaUk;G


u u u u u ,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;

cU 6.1 I ed;F mtjhdpAq;fs;. ,iyfspd; cr;rpAk; tpspk;Gk;

gy ;tifg ;gl ;bUg ;gij e Pq ;fs; fz;lwpa KbAk; . ,iyAr;r p

$u;ikahdjhfNth> tpupe;jjhfNth> cr;rp ntl;Ls;sjhfNth> gw;wpia

(je;J) cilajhfNth fhzg;glyhk;. ,iyg;gug;gpd; ntspg;Gw vy;iyNa

,iytpspk;ghFk;. mJ rPuhdjhfNth> miyAUthdjhfNth> gw;fs;

Nghd;W ntl;Lfs; cs;sjhfNth Kl;fs; Nghd;W $uhdjhfNth

,Uf;fyhk;.

u u u u u ,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;

jz;Lld; ,izAk; ,iyg;gug;gpd; gFjpNa ,iyab MFk;.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy;> ,iyabapypUe;J cUthFk; ,iyf;fhk;G

,iyg;gug;igj; jhq;fp itj;jpUf;Fk;. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspYk;

rpy ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspYk; ,iyf;fhk;G fhzg;glhJ. ,t;tpiyfs;

fhk;gw;wit (fhk;gpypfs;) vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpiyfspd; kly;Nghd;w ,iyab

jz;bd; fZTf;F Nkyhd gFjpia %bapUf;ff; fhzg;gLk;. c- k;:

Gy;> fKF. rpy jhtuq;fspy; ,iyab NtWgl;l tbtq;fspy; jpupgile;J

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ntq;fhak;> thio Mfpatw;wpd; jz;L epyj;jpd; fPNo fhzg;gLk;.

ntq;fhaj;jpy; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lld; ,ize;Js;s ,iyabfspy; czT

Nrkpf;fg;gLtjhy; mit gUj;Jf; Fkpo; mikg;igg; ngWfpd;wd.

cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?thioapy; epyj;jpd; Nkyhff; fhzg;gLk; jz;lhdJ cz;ikahd

jz;ly;y. mJ Nghypj; jz;lhFk;. thioapy; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lld;

,ize;Js;s ,iyabfs; xd;W Nru;e;J Nghypj; jz;il cUthf;Fk;.

xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2

Kisf;Fk; ngupa ntq;fhankhd;iw

ePs;gf;fkhf ntl;b mjd; gFjpfis

mtjhd pAq ;fs ; . gFj pfisj ;

jug;gl;l glj;Jld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghUq;fs;.

ngupa ,iyab

epyf;fPo;j; jz;L

Ntu;thio

Nghypj;

jz;L


u u u u u ,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G

,iyf;fhk;G ,iyg;gug;gpDs; eLeuk;ghfj; njhlu;fpwJ. eLeuk;G

fpisj;J euk;gikg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; euk;Gfs;

tiyNghd;W fpisj;J tiyAU euk;gikg;ig Mf;Ffpd;wd (c-k;:

gyh). xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; euk;Gfs;; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkhe;jukhf

mike;jpUg;gjhy; rkhe;ju euk;gikg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,iyeuk;Gfs; mtw;wpYs;s flj;Jkpioaq;fs; %yk; czT>

ePu;> fdpAg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; flj;jTk;> ,iyiaj; jl;ilahfTk;

cWjpahd epiyapYk; itj;jpUf;f cjTfpd;wd. c-k;: ghf;F> thio>

kzpthio> gg;ghrp> <ug;gyh.

6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F

jz;by; ,iyfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiw ,iy xOq;F

vdg;gLk;. jz;by; fPNoAs;s ,iyfSf;Fr; #upa xsp fpilf;Fk;

tifapNyNa NkYs;s ,iyfs; jz;by; xOq;fike;jpUf;Fk;. ,iy

xOq;fpy; jhtu ,dq;fSf;fpilNa NtWghLfs; cs;sd.

cU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;G cU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;G


jhtu ,iyfs; rpytw;iwg;

ngw;W> mtw;wpd;; fPo;g;Gwkhfr;

r haj ;ijg ; G + r p ntz ;z pw

tiuGj;jhspy; gpujpnaLq;fs;.

mjd;fPo; jhtuj;jpd; ngaiuAk;

euk;gikg;igAk; vOJq;fs;.

nrt;tuj;ij kh gyh,f;Nrhuh

Gy; jpUthj;jp

njd;idgid

(Xiyf; fPw;Wfs;)


cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;

RUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;F

cU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myup

Rw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;F cU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whio

rpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;F

cU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ah

vjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;F

cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)

vjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;F

cU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dh

xd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;F

xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4

• ,aYkhdsT cq;fspd; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fis mtjhdpj;J

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,iynahOq;FfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; vOJq;fs;.


6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk;

,iyg;gug;G jdpj;Jz;lhff; fhzg;gLk; ,iyfs; jdpapiyfs;

MFk;.

,iyg;gug;G eLeuk;Gtiu gy Jz;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

,iyfs; $l;biyfs; MFk; (cU 6.12).

$l;biyfspd; $Wfs; rPwpiyfs; vdg;gLk;. rPwpiyfspd; ff;fj;jpy;

ff;ftUk;G fhzg;glhJ. vdpDk;> rPwpiyfs; ,izAk; rpiwNkw;wz;bd;

ff;fj;jpy; ff;ftUk;G fhzg;gLk;.

njd;idapd; ,iy jdpapiyah> $l;biyah vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

cU 6.6

cU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jp


cq;fs; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fis ,aYkhdtiu mtjhdpj;J

jdpapiyfs;> $l;biyfs; cs;s jhtuq;fSf;F cjhuzk; vOJq;fs;.

gg;ghrpgyhnrt;tuj;ij

cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;

cU 6.13cU 6.13cU 6.13cU 6.13cU 6.13

thifgaw;iw,wg;gu;


6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik

,iy> fha;> gok;> mUk;Gfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;w>

epyj;jpw;F Nkyhf tsUk; jhtuj;jpd; gFjpNa jz;lhFk;. vdpDk;> rpy

jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; epyj;jpw;Ff; fPohff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epyj;jpw;F

NkNyAs;s jz;Lfs; fhw;Wj; jz;Lfs; vdTk; epyj;jpw;Ff; fPOs;s

jz;Lfs; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW jhtuj;

jz;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;tifikia mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; fpisfisf; nfhz;lit.

xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; fpisfs; mw;wit (c-k; : fKF).

jz;bd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;Nj jhtuq;fs; kuk;> nrb> G+z;L vd

tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

epkpu;e;J tsUk; jhtuq;fs; cWjpahd> ituQ; nrwpe;j my;yJ

tpiwg;ghd jz;Lfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. eype;j jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fSk;

#oypy; cs;sd. mit epyj;jpy; glu;e;J tsu;tdthfNth> Mjhuj;ijg;

gw;wp VWgitahfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;

• Ntu;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ePiuAk; fdpAg;GfisAk; fhopD}lhfj;

jhtuj;jpd; epyNkw;gFjpfSf;Ff; flj;Jjy;> ,iyfspy;

njhFf;fg;gLk; czit cupaj;jpD}lhfj; jhtuj;jpd; Vida

gFjpfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;.

• ,iyfisr; #upa xsp gLk; tifapy; itj;jpUg;gJld; ,iy> G+>

gok;> fha; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp epw;wy;.

• rpwpa mstpy; czitr; Nrkpj;jy;;.

epkpu;e;j jz;;Ls;s jhtuq;fs; eyp;e;j jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fs;

cU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik


6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gpujhd njhopy;fis tplr; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fisg;

Guptjw;nfdj; jpupgile;j jz;Lfs; gw;wpf; fw;Nghk;.

♦♦♦♦♦ xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; (Photosynthetic stems)

Kjpu;e;j ituQ; nrwpe;j jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfspy; gr;irak;

fhzg;glhikahy; mj;jhtuq;fs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;jkhl;lh. vdpDk;>

jhtuq;fspd; ,sk; jz;Lfs; gr;iraj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;

xspj;njhFg;Gr; nra;Ak; (c-k; : fhrpj;Jk;ig> Fg;igNkdp> ty;yhiu>

ntw;wpiyapd; jz;L). tpNrlkhf xspj;njhFg;Gf;nfdr; rpwj;jyile;j

jz;Lfis tws;epyj; jhtuq;fs; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,j;

jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs; cjpu;e;Njh> xLf;fg;gl;Nlh ,Ug;gjhy; jz;Lfs;

KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jfpd;wd.

gr;iraj;ij cila ,j;jz;Lfs; ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;

(cU 6.15).

,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?

jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfspD}lhfNt mjpfsT ePu; MtpAapu;g;G %yk;

,of;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;> tws; epyj;jhtuq;fspy; ePupog;igf;

Fiwg;gjw;fhf ,iyfs; xLf;fg;gl;Nlh vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwf;fg;gl;Nlh

fhzg;gLk;. vdNt> jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;igr; nra;fpd;wd. ,it

,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.

uuuuu Vwpfs; Vwpfs; Vwpfs; Vwpfs; Vwpfs; (Climbers)

eype;j jz;ilf; nfhz;l rpy jhtuq;fs; xspiag; ngWtjw;fhf

Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWfpd;wd. ,jw;nfd ,j;jhtuq;fs; ntt;NtW

rpwj;jyile;j gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;

nfhbf;fs;sp rJuf;fs;sp rhj;jhthup nfhf;NfhNyhgh


• Rw;wp Rw;wp Rw;wp Rw;wp Rw;wp : : : : : eype;j jz;L Mjhuj;ijr; Rw;wp VWk;. c-k; : fhf;fhl;lhd;.

• je;J je;J je;J je;J je;J : : : : : fk;gpr; RUs; Nghd;w je;Jfs; Mjhuj;ijr; Rw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;.

c-k; : nfhbj;Njhil> ghfy;.

• $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs;: Kl;fs; Nghd;w ,t;tikg;Gfs; Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp Vw

cjTk;. c-k; : nfhbNuhrh.

• Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; : fZf;fspypUe;J Njhd;Wk; Ntu;fs; %yk; jhtuk;

Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWk;. ,t;Ntu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xl;Lk;

jd;ikAilait. c-k; : kpsF> ntw;wpiy> Nghlh.

NtW rpy jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfs; jtpu;e;j NtW mikg;GfSk;

Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp Vw cjTfpd;wd.

u u u u u gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs; (Vegetative Propagation)

,dj;ijg; ngUf;Fk; nrad;KiwNa ,dg;ngUf;fkhFk;. jhtuj;jpd;

,dg;ngUf;fg; gFjpahfg; G+ cs;sJ. nghJthfg; G+f;fshy;

Njhw ;Wtpf ;fg ;gLk ; gok ; > tpj ;J vd;gtw ;w pdhy ; jhtuq;fs ;

,dk;ngUf;Ffpd;wd. vdpDk;> rpy jhtuq;fs; G+f;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida

gFjpfs; (gjpag; gFjpfs;) %yKk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. ,J

gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

gpd;tUk; fhw;Wj; jz;Lg;gFjpfs; gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F

cjTtdthFk;. ty;yhiu> rpWGy;yb> Ig;Nghkpah Mfpatw;wpy; (cU: 6.18)

fhf;fhl;lhd; ghfy; nfhbj;Njhil

cU 6.16cU 6.16cU 6.16cU 6.16cU 6.16

cU 6.17cU 6.17cU 6.17cU 6.17cU 6.17

kpsF ntw;wpiynfhbNuhrh Nghlh

(ePyg;g+f;Nfhb)


,Q;rp,Q;rp,Q;rp,Q;rp,Q;rp

cU 6.21cU 6.21cU 6.21cU 6.21cU 6.21

Nrk;GNrk;GNrk;GNrk;GNrk;G

Xbfspd; fZf;fspypUe;Jk; ePu;tho; jhtuq;fshd gp];upah> ag;ghdpa

Mfhaj;jhkiu (cU 6.20) Mfpatw ;w pd ; gf ;ff ; f pisfs;

Jz;bf;fg;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpypUe;Jk; Gjpa jhtuq;fs; cUthFk;.

Midf;fw;whio> md;dhrp Nghd;wtw;wpy; Fkpok; vd;Dk; jz;Lg;

gFjpapypUe;Jk; Xf;fpl;Lj; jhtuq;fspy; jz;bd; fZf;fSf;fUfpy; ePu;

Njq;Ftjhy; cUthFk; Nghypf; Fkpo;fspypUe;Jk; Gjpa jhtuk; Njhd;Wk;.

6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 epyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;LthOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;

epyf;fPo ;j ; jz;Lfisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs;

(c-k;: Nrk;G> ,Q;rp) gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy;

<LgLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfspy; mjpfsT

czT Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jfhj fhyq;fspy;

,j;jhtuq;fspd; fhw;Wg; gFjpfs; ,we;J tpLk;. cfe;j

fhyk; tUk;NghJ epyf;fPo;j; jz;LfspYs;s mUk;Gfs;

Nrkpg ;Gzitg; gad;gLj ;j p Gjpa jhtuq;fis

cUthf;Fk;. ,jdhy;> ,j;jhtuq;fspy; gy;yhz;L

thOkpay;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rpWGy;yb (nl];Nkhbak;) ty;yhiu Ig;Nghkpah

cU 6.18cU 6.18cU 6.18cU 6.18cU 6.18

cU 6.20cU 6.20cU 6.20cU 6.20cU 6.20

cUisf;fpoq;F xU epyf;fPo;j; jz;lh?

mt;thwhapd; mJ Vida epyf;fPo;j;

jz;LfspypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?

md;dhrp Midf; fw;whio Xf;fpl;L

gp];upah

cU 6.19cU 6.19cU 6.19cU 6.19cU 6.19

ag;ghdpaMfhaj;jhkiu


6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik

6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;

jhtuj;ij epyj;jpy; epiyepWj;jp itj;jpUg;gJ NtuhFk;. jhtu

Ntu;fs; jiuapDs; CLUtpg; gue;J Ntu;j;njhFjpia Mf;Ffpd;wd.

rhjhuzkhf Ntu;fs; ePiu ehbAk; xspia tpyfpAk; tsUk;.

kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk; fdpAg;GfisAk; cwpQ;rpj; jz;LfSf;Ff; flj;Jk;.

xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6rpy G+z;Lj; jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; Ntu;fs; mwhjthW kz;Zld;

gpLq;Fq;fs;. ePupy; fOTtjd; %yk; kz;iz mfw;wp mtw;wpd;

Ntu;j;njhFjpfis mtjhdpAq;fs;. ehUU Ntu;j;njhFjpf;Fk; Mzp

Ntu;j;njhFjpf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfis ,dq;fhZq;fs;. ,t;

Ntu;j;njhFjpfspypUe;J gaw;iw> njhl;lhw;rpZq;fp Mfpatw;wpd; jhtu

Ntu;fs; vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd vdf; $Wq;fs;.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; tpj;J Kisj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; Kjy;

NtupypUe;J Mzp Ntu; Njhd;Wk;. mjpypUe;J gf;f Ntu;fs; cUthFk;.

Mzp NtupypUe;J Njhd;whJ jhtuj;jpd; Vida gFjpfspypUe;J

cUthFk; Ntu;fs; ahTk; ,lk;khwpg;gpwe;j Ntu;fs; vdg;gLk;.

,lk;khwpg;gpwe;j Ntu;fs; mNefkhfj; jz;LfspypUe;Jk; fpisfspypUe;Jk;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfspypUe;Jk; ,t;thwhd Ntu;fs;

Njhd;Wk; (c-k;: rijfiur;rhd;). xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; Kjy;

Ntu; njhlu;e;J tsu;e;J Mzp Ntiuj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy;iy. gjpyhfj;

jz;bd; mbapypUe;J $l;lkhf ehu;Nghd;w Ntu;fs; cUthFk;. ,t;

ehUU Ntu;fSk; ,lk;khwpg;gpwe;j Ntu;fNs MFk;.

6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;

Ntu;fspd; nghJthd njhopy;fistplr; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fisg;

Guptjw;Fj; jpupgile;Js;s Ntu;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd.

mt;thwhd Ntu;fisg; gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.

Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs; /KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; (Tuberous roots)

czTr; Nrkpg;gpdhy; gUj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.• Mzp Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - ful;> Ks;sq;fp

• ,lk;khwpg; gpwe;j Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - tw;whis> lhypah

• gf;f Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - kuts;sp

Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;aKbahjit. jfhj

fhyq;fspy; ,tw;wpYs;s czT jhtuq;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.


kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; (Stilt roots)

gpujhd jz;bypUe;J Njhd;Wk; gUj;j

Ntu;fs;. ,it fPo;Nehf;fp tsu;e;J>

fpistpl;Lj; jhtuj;ij epyj;jpy; epiy

epWj ;Jk ; (f pisfspd ; ghuj ;ijj ;

jhq;Ftjd; %yk;). fhw;W mjpfkhd

gpuNjrq;fspYk; nefpo;thd kz;zpYk;

tsUk; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.

c - k; : jhio> wk;ig> iuNrhNghuh.

jhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fs; (Prop roots)

jhtuj;jpd; fpisfspypUe;J Njhd;Wk;.

fPo;Nehf;fp tsu;e;J epyj;jpy; Cd;Wtjd; %yk;

jhtuj;ijj; jhq;FtJld; fdpAg;GfisAk;

cwpQ;Rk;;.

c - k; : Mykuk;.

Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;/%r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; (Respiratory roots)

nghJthfr; Nrw;Wepyf; fz;lw;

jhtuq;fspy; ,t;Ntu;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it

gf;fNtu;fspypUe;J Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Lj;

jiuf;F Nkyhf tsUk;. ,tw;wpy; thAg;

ghupkhw;wj;jpw;nfd Ez; Jthuq;fs;

(pneumatophores) fhzg ; gLk ; .

Nrw;Wepyj;jpy; Ntu;fs; Rthrpg;gjw;F

mtrpakhd tsp ,y;yhikahNyNa

fz;lw; jhtuq;fspy; Rthr Ntu;fs;

cs;sd. c- k;: mtprPdpah> nrhduhl;bah>

iuNrhNghuh> W}[Puh> GW}nfa;uh.

ful; Ks;sq;fp lhypah kuts;sp

cU 6.22 cU 6.22 cU 6.22 cU 6.22 cU 6.22

cU 6.23cU 6.23cU 6.23cU 6.23cU 6.23wk;ig jhio

cU 6.25cU 6.25cU 6.25cU 6.25cU 6.25

cU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - Mykuk;


VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; (Climbing roots)

Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWtjw;fhf eype;j

jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fspd; fZf;fspypUe;J

Njhd;Wk; Ntu;fNs ,itfshFk;.

c- k; : kpsF> ntw;wpiy.

fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; (Aerial roots)

Nknyhl;bj; jhtukhd Xf;fpl;Lj; jhtuq;fspy;

mtw;iw Mjhuj;Jld; gw;wpf;nfhs;s cjTk; gw;Wk;

Ntu;fSld; (clasping roots) jz;Lf;Fr; rkhe;jukhfr;

nry;Yk; cwpQ;R ftrk; nfhz;l gr;ir my;yJ

nts;isepw Ntu;fs; fhzg;gLk;. mt;Ntu;fs;

ts pa pYs ;s e P u ht pia cw pQ ; RtJld ;

xspj;njhFg;igAk; elj;Jk;. ,it jd;kakhf;Fk;

Ntu;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?Nghj;jy; milg;ghdhfg; gad;gLk; jf;iffs; Rthr Ntu;fspypUe;Nj

jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;Rthr Ntu;fs; flw;gQ;Rj; jd;ikahdjhf

,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? rpe;jpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.

mtiu ,dj ; jhtuq ;fs pd ;

(,nyFkpNdNr FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspd;) Ntu;fs;>

Ntu;Kbr;Rfs; / Ntu;r;rpWf; fZf;fisf;

nfhz;lit. ,t;Ntu ;r ; rpWfZf;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; gw;wPupahf;fs; tspapy; fhzg;gLk;

iejurid iej;jpNuw;W cg;ghfj; njhFj;Jj;

jhtuq;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jdhy;>

tsq;Fd;wpa kz;zpYk; ,j;jhtuq;fs;

tsu;fpd;wd. gjpyhf gw;wPupahf;fSf;F ,j;

jhtuq;fs; czTk; MjhuKk; toq;Ffpd;wd.

,q ;F gw ; w P u pahf ;fSk ; mtiua pdj ;

jhtuq;fSk; xd;wpathopfs; vdg;gLk;.

xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7re;ijapypUe;J thq;fptug;gl;l kuf;fwp tiffSs; czT Nrkpf;fg;gl;l

jz;L> Ntu; vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhZq;fs;. mtw;iw NtWgLj;j

cjtpa ,ay;Gfisf; $Wq;fs;.

cU 6.28cU 6.28cU 6.28cU 6.28cU 6.28

ntw;wpiyf; nfhb

cU 6.27cU 6.27cU 6.27cU 6.27cU 6.27

Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L

cU 6.26cU 6.26cU 6.26cU 6.26cU 6.26


6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL

6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk;

,aw;ifiag; ngupJk; Nerpf;Fk; rpWkpahd rush nrd;w

Gj;jhz;L tpLKiwiaj; jdJ FLk;gj;jpdUld; fpuhkj;jpYs;s ghl;b

tPl;by; fopj;jhs;. mq;F jq;fpapUe;jNghJ jdJ ghl;bapd; tPL ,aw;ifr;

#oYld; kpf neUf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gij mtjhdpj;jhs;. mq;F mts;

mtjhdpj;jit ,d;Wk; mtsJ kdij tpl;lfytpy;iy.

ghl;bapd; tPl ;Lf;$iu kuf;fk;Gfshy; mikf;fg ;gl ;Lj;

njd;Ndhiyfspdhy; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ. tPl;Lr; Rtu;fSk; jiuAk;;

fspkz;zpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. tPL fl;Ltjw;Fr; nraw;ifahd

nghUs;fs; vitAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghy; mq;F

fhzg;gl;l cuy;> cyf;if> RsF> fuz;b> mfg;ig> tl;b> igfs;>

gha;fs; Nghd;w tPl;Lg; nghUs;fSk; fjpiu> Nkir> thq;F Nghd;w

jsthlq;fSk; kuj;jhNyh> jhtug;gFjp;fspdhNyh cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jij

mts; mtjhdpj;jhs;.

rikayiwia MtYld; Muha;e;j mts;> xU %iyapy; kzypy;

Gijf;fg;gl;bUe;j cyu;e;j gyhf;nfhl;ilfs;> vYkpr;rk;goq;fs;>

kuts;spf;fpoq;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lhs;. mLg;Gf;F Nkyhf

mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j guzpy; gdhl;L> gdq;fl;b> fUthL> Gsp> CWfha;

Nghd;w nghUs;fs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jij mtshy; fhzKbe;jJ.

cU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiw


rikayiwapd; ntspg;Gwkhfg; gpd;Gwj;jpy; rpWJz;Lfshf;fg;gl;l

fj;jupf;fha;> ghfw;fha;> KUq;iff;fha; Nghd;wdTk; tlfk; jahupf;fg;

gad;gLk; Ntg;gk;G+> ,Yg;gk;G+ Nghd;wdTk; ghdtiffs; jahupf;f cjTk;

nghd;dhturk; G+> tpy;tk; G+f;fSk; gdhl;Lj; jahupg;Gf;fhf

gdq;fspg;gilAk; ghapy; cyu tplg;gl;bUe;jd.

md;whlk; Nkyjpfkhfg; ngwg;gLk; czTg; nghUs;fis tPzhf;fhJ

gad;gLj;JtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rush

Gupe;J nfhz;lhs;. Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj kdpjd; jdJ Njitfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhd; vd;gjw;Fr;

rushtpd; ghl;b tPL rpwe;jnjhU cjhuzkhFk;.

xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8ghl;bapd; tPl;by; rush mtjhdpj;j cgfuzq;fisAk; czTg;

nghUs ;fisAk ; jd pj ; jd pahfg ; gl ; baw ; gLj ;Jq ;fs ; .

mt;Tw;gj;jpfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jhtuj;ij my;yJ jhtug;

gFjpfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; ngau;fisAk; epuw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

kdpjdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w jhtuq;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

• czTfs;;> ghdq;fs; • RitA+l;bfs;

• thridj; jputpaq;fs; • Milazpfs;

• rhaq;fs; • gir> xl;Lg; nghUs;fs;

• mupkuk; • xsljq;fs; (kUe;Jg; nghUs;fs;)

• jsthlq;fs; • myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;

• tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fs; • kidg; nghUs;fs;

rdj;njhif mjpfupg;gpdhYk; kdpjj; Njitfs; mjpfupj;Jr;

nry;fpd;wikahYk; jhtuq;fisg; gaDWjpkpf;fthW cgNahfpj;jy;

fl;lhakhdJ. ,t;thW jhtuq;fspypUe;J nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak;NghJ jhtug; gjhu;j;jq;fis cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;JtJk;

tPz;tpuaq;fisj; jLg;gJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy ;; ;; ;

et Pd njho pDl ; g tsu ; r ; r pa pd ; fhuzkhf jhtug ;

gjhu;j;jq;fspypUe;J gy;NtW nghUs;fisg; gaDs;s Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp

nra;aKbfpwJ. ,g;gjhu;j;jq;fis cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;JtJk;

tPz;tpuakhFk; msitf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

tplaq;fshFk;.


md;whl tho;tpy; tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J

ngwg;gLk; rpy cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fSk; fPNo ml;ltizapd; %yk;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

,ijg; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk;

nghUs;fspypUe;J gad;kpF nghUs;fisj; jahupj;jy; gad;tha;e;jhFk;.

,jw;nfdj; jhtuq;fspd; gy;NtW gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba nghUs;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;>

tsq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghlw;w Efu;itj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; gw;wpAk; ftdk;

nrYj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9

cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w jhtuq;fspd; ngau;fisg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;. mtw;wpypUe;J jw;NghJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glhjJk;

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glf;$baJkhd nghUs;fspd; ngau;g;

gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;. mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;aj; jFe;j

El;gKiwfisf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

jhtuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kdpjd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; vz;zw;w

nghUs;fspy; Kf;fpakhd rpy cw;gj;jpfisg; gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.

tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs; mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$ba

cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs;

itf;Nfhy;

kuj;J}s;> kur;rPty;

myq;fhu - eWkzKs;s

kyu;fs;> gl;ilfs;

c-k; : tpy;tk;

tPzhFk; kuf;fwpfs;>

fha;fs;

c -k;: ghfw;fha;>

fj;jupf;fha;> khq;fha;

nghjpnra;Ak; nghUs;fs;> tskhf;fp

(gris)> myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;

vupnghUs;> xl;Lg;gyif

myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;> thridj;

jputpaq;fs;> ifg;igfs;> tPl;L

cgfuzq;fs;

tw;wy;

ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1


u u u u u czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;

jhtuq;fs; kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfspy; xd;whd czT kw;Wk;

ghdq;fisg; ngw mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. re;ijapy; ,t;thwhd

jhtuq;fspd; ghfq;fs; mjpfstpy; tpw;gidf;F ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

c-k;: ,iy tiffs;> g+f;fs;> goq;fs;> tpj;Jfs;> jz;L> Ntu;.

jhtuq;fspd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fSk; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.

xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10• tpahghu epiyaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; czT> ghd tiffspd; cw;gj;jp

Kiwgw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;J mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• Mrpupaupd; JizAld; mit ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; Ngzpitf;fg;

gLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nrad;Kiwfis mwpe;J ml;ltiz

xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

jhtug; nghUs;fspypUe;J czitAk; ghdq;fisAk; cw;gj;jp

nra;tjd; Nehf;fq;fshfg; gy;NtW tpjkhd czTfisj; jahupj;jy;>

,yFtpy; gad;ngwy;> tPz;tpuaq;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; Mfpaw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;

jhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpcw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;

jz;Lfs;

Ntu;fs;

tpj;Jfs;;

jpg;gpypg;gid (fpj;Js;)kh> fUk;G nty;yk;> fUk;Gr;rhW> rPdp>

,Q;rp my;th>,Q;rpr;rhW>cUisf;fpoq;Fr; rPty;fs;(potato chips)

kuts;spkh> gPw;nty;yk;> kuts;spr; rPty;fs;> ePufw;wpa

ful; > ful; my;th

vs;SUz;il> ghzpapypl;l tWj;j epyf;fliy> muprpkh>

Fuf;fd;kh> NfhJikkh> cOj;jk;kh> gaw;wk;kh> gUg;G>

Nfhg;gpj;J}s;> nfhf;Nfhj;J}s;

goq;fs; gourk;> G+rdp my;th> gor;rhW> rl;dp> Nrh];> ghzpapypl;l

gyhg;gok; my;yJ $ohk;gok;> md;dhrp> khk;gok;>

jfuj;jpyilj;j gyhg;gpQ;R> gog;ghF> cyu;j;jpa goq;fs;

(jpuhl;ir> ];Nuhngup> NguPr;rk;gok;)> cyu;j;jpa kuf;fwp

tiffs;> CWfha;

G+ ,jo;fs;

,iyfs;

tpy;tk;G+> nghd;dhturk;g+> Ntg;gk;G+> eWkzj; ijyq;fs;>

thridj; jputpaq;fs;

Njapiy


G+f;fs; /

G+e;Jzu;njd;dk;ghzp> fpj;Js;ghzp> fUg;gl;b> gdq;fl;b


nehjpaj; njhopw;ghLk; Ez;zq;fpfSk; czitg; gOjilar;

nra;tjhy; mjpfstpy; czT tPz;tpuak; milfpwJ. vdNt> czit

ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; gOjilahJ ew;fhg;Gr; nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

Vida vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; Nghd;Nw Ez;zq;fpfSk; capu; tho;tjw;F

tsp> ePu;> czT> cfe;j ntg;gepiy Mfpa fhuzpfs; mtrpakhFk;.

,f;fhuzpfspy; VjhtJ xd;iw ePf;FtjdhNyh> Fiwg;gjdhNyh cztpy;

Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;il epWj;jp czT gOjiltijj; jLf;fyhk;.

rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cztpy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; ,urhadg; nghUs;fs;

fhuzkhfTk; cztpy; Ez;zq;fpfs; capu;tho Kbahj epiy

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. czT ew;fhg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwfs; rpy fPNo

jug;gl;Ls;sd.

xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11ePz;l ehl;fSf;F ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l czT cw;gj;jpfspd; ngau;r;

Rl;bfisr; NrfupAq;fs;. mtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ew;fhg;Gg; nghUs;fs;

vit vdj; fz;lwpe;J vOJq;fs;.

rushtpd; ghl;bapd; tPl;by; czT tPzhfhJ Ngzg;gl;l Kiwfis

,dq;fhZq;fs;. mk;Kiwfis my;yJ NtW etPd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp

cq;fs; rikayiwapYk; czT tiffs; tPz;tpuakhtijj; jLf;f

KbAkh vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

cw;gj;jpcw;gj ;jpcw;gj ;jpcw;gj ;jpcw;gj ;jp

nra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czT

tiftiftiftiftif

ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;

• khthf;fg;gl;l

Njq;fha;g; ghy;

• CWfha;

• goq;fs;

,ae;jpuq;fspdhy;

cyu;j;jy;

cg;gpl;Lr; nrwpthf;fy;

gog;ghF> gourk; jfuj;jpy; milj;jy;

Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;

tsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;f

ePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzp

ePu;

• cUisf;fpoq;Fr;

rPty;

• jpuhl;ir

Fsp&l;ly;

cyu;j;jy;

ePu;

tsp

ntg;gepiy

ePu;



khtiffis cgNahfpj;J gy czT tiffs; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;nfd muprpkh> Fuf;fd;kh> fpj;Js;kh> cOj;jk;kh>

gaw;wk;kh Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf cs;s NghjpYk; ,d;Wk;

vk;ehl;by; NfhJikkhNt mjpfkhfg; gad;;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. NfhJikkh

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLtjhy; mjw;Fg; ngUksT ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

NjrpauPjpapy; khitg; ngwf;$ba Mdhy;> ftdpf;fg;glhj ek;

ehl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;> jhtug; gFjpfs; NtWk; cs;sdth? gyh> Nrhsk;>

yhTOg;gok; (Gl;Lg;gok;)> kuts;sp> tj;jhis> gdq;fpoq;F> xbay;

Nghd;wtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. ,tw;Ws; rpy> kh

cw;gj;jpf ;fhf fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy ; Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghjpYk; ghupastpyhd cw;gj;jpf;fhd Ma;Tfs;

eilngWkhapd; mJ vk; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F cWJizahf mikAk;.

nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1 kuts;spapypUe;J kh jahupg;Nghk;.

• kuts;spf; fpoq;nfhd;iwj; NjhYupj;J Rj;jkhff; fOtpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;;.

• nghUj;jkhd cgfuzj;jpd; cjtpAld; mjidj; JUTq;fs;;.

• rpwpjsT ePu; Nru;j;J mjid ed;F gpope;njLq;fs;.

• fopTfis xJf;Fq;fs;;.

• gpope;njLj;j ghiy Xa;thf mila itAq;fs;.

• rpy kzpj;jpahyq;fspd; gpd;du; fiurypd; mbapy; Nru;e;Js;s khtpd;

msit mse;J ghUq;fs;.

• ftdkhf ePiu tbj;njLj;Jtpl;L khit cyu;j;Jq;fs;.

u u u u u kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;

jhtuq;fspy; mlq;Fk; ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; fhuzkhf

mtw;wpypUe;J gy kUe;J tiffs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ePq;fs; MAu;Ntj

kUe;Jf;filf;Fr; nrd;wpUg;gPu;fs;. mq;F Njd;> jPk;ghzp> f];J}up

Nghd;w rpy kUe;Jfs; jtpu;e;j ngUk;ghyhd kUe;J tiffs; jhtuq;fspy;

,Ue;J ngwg;gLgitahf ,Ug;gijg; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. MAu;Ntj

kUe;jfq;fspy; gy Neha;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w kUe;J vz;nza;

tiffs;> cUz;ilfs;> Fspiffs;> J}s; tiffs;> ghF> #u;zk;

Nghd;witAk; frhak;> FbePu; Nghd;w ghdq;fSk; ntt;NtW msTfspy;

ntt;NtW nfhs;fyq;;fspy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.


xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12MAu;Ntj kUe;jfnkhd;Wf;Fr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s kUe;Jg; nghUs;fis

mtjhdpAq;fs;. kUe;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w jhtug; gFjpfis

,aYkhdtiu ,dq;fhZq;fs;. KbAkhapd; mtw;wpy; rpwpjsit

thq;Fq;fs;. mtw;iw tFg;giwf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J FOf;fshf xd;W

Nru;e;J goq;fs;> tpj;Jfs;> ,iyfs;> G+f;fs; vd;gdthfNth my;yJ

NtWKiwapNyh tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

jhtuq;fspd; kUj;Jtg; gz;G fhuzkhf mit thridj; jputpaj;

jahup;g;gpYk; gad;gLfpd;wd. kQ;rl;nfhb> re;jdk;> rijfiur;rhd;> Ntk;G

Nghd;wd ngUk;ghyhd clw; G+r;RfspYk; rtu;;f;fhu tiffspYk;

mlq;Ffpd;wd.

u u u u u jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;

ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fspy; ehu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehu;fspd;

td;ik> cWjpj;jd;ik vd;gd fhuzkhf mit gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfSf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ehu;fSld;$ba jhtug; gFjpfis ePupy;

Cwitf;Fk;NghJ mjpYs;s nkd;ikahd gFjpfs; Ez;zq;fpfspd;

njhopw;ghl;bdhy; rpijtile;J mopa ehu;g;ghfq;fs; khj;jpuk; vQ;Rk;.

cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;


rpy ehu;g; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

• Cwitj;j Njq;fha; kl;ilfisf; fbdkhd Nkw;gug;gpy; mbg;gjd;

%yk; njd;de;Jk;G gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;.

• Cwitj;j rzy; jhtu ,iyfis %q;fpy; rPg;gpdhy; rPTtjd;

%yk; rzy; ehu; Ntwhf;fg;gLk;.

• Cwitj;j thioapd; Nghypj; jz;il epyj;jpy; mbj;J thio

ehu; ngwg;gLk;.

xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13md;dhrp my;yJ rzy; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfis NrWs;s ,lj;jpy; ,uz;L

thu fhyk;tiu Gijj;J itj;J mtjhdpAq;fs;. mj;jhtuj;jpd;

,iyfspypUe;J ehu;fs; NtwhfpapUf;Fk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpAq;;fs;.

u u u u u mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;

ehk; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;Fk; tiu ehk; cgNahfpf;Fk; gy nghUs;fs;

mupkuj;jhy; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;. mupkuj;jpd; cWjpj;jd;ik> ePz;l

ehs; cgNahfk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; fl;llj;jpd; tis> Fj;Jf;fhy;>

jPuhe;jp> ryhif> ghTif> fjT> ad;dy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpapy;

mupkuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

mupkuq;fisg; ngw gyh> Kjpiu> eJd;> Njf;F> thif Nghd;w

kuq;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,it jtpu tPl;Lj; jsthl cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk;

mupkuq;fs; ngUkstpy; gad;gLfpd;wd.

cU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpy


,t;thW ghupastpy; nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jpfSf;fhf mupkuq;fisg;

gad;gLj;JtJ ,j;jhtuq;fspd; epyTiff;Fg; ngUk; mr;RWj;jyhf

mike ;Js ;sJ. MfNt> Nkyj pf gad ; ghL fhuzkhf

mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfpa ,dq;fshff; fUjg;gLk; jhtuq;fis

(c-k;: fUq;fhyp) gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>

gad;gLj;Jk; jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Nkyjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapy;

kPz;Lk; jhtuq;fis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?

rpq;fuh[h Nghd;w fhLfspd; vy;iyf;F ntspNa Fwpg;gpl;l xU

gug;gpDs; tsUk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; kdpjdpd; gad;ghl;bw;fhf

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhd tyaj;ij jhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyak; (buffer

zone) vd;gu;. ,it kdpjj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wTk; fhLfisf;

fhg;Gr; nra;aTk; toptFf;fpd;wd.

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gad;gLj;jp ,d;W tPl;Lj; jsthlq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ntfkhf

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gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cyu;j;Jjy;> gjg;gLj;Jjy;> ,urhadg;

nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd %yKk; epwg;G+r;Rfisg; G+Rjy;

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Mf;Fq;fs;.

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jahupAq;fs;.

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1. (i) jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; rpytw;iw vOJf.

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• gyhf;fha;r;; Ris • vYkpr;rk;gok; • gRg;ghy; • goq;fs;

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10-----------

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8-------------

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4-------------

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VWk;)

7.-------------

(c-k;) njd;id> ghf;F

(c-k;) jhio> ,wk;ig

(c-k;) Mykuk;

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1

------

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3------------

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jz;L

2---------

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gpwe;j Ntu;

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(c-k;) 9 ------- --------

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jz;L

ituk;

nrwpe;j

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(5---------)

ngupa (c-k;)

khkuk;> gyh

(c-k;)

.....................

(c-k;) .............

(c-k;) ntw;wpiy

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