Challenges In Managing Drinking Water And Domestic Wastewater In Indonesia

Prof. Dr.Ing. Prayatni Soewondo

prayatni@ftsl.itb.ac.id

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research GroupFaculty of Civil and Environmental EngineeringInstitut Teknologi Bandung,, Indonesia

2018 Taipei International Water Environment Forum & Taipei Water Expo August 30th ~ September 1st 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.

72.04% of drinking water national access

in 2017,76.37%

of municipal wastewater access in

2016

National Medium-Term Development Plan of

Indonesia

Universal Access (100%) Target

for Water and Domestic Wastewater Access

Sustainable Development

Goals Access to safe water

and sanitation

The 1945 Constitution of IndonesiaArticle 33: The land, the waters and the natural riches contained therein shall be controlled by the State and

exploited to the greatest benefit of the people.

BACKGROUND

Source: Budi, 2016

BACKGROUNDContribution of Pollution Sources in Major River Basins

84%

61%

48%

59%

47%

6%

4%

16%

10%

22%

4%

15%

35%

13%

22%

6%

20%

1%

18%

9%

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Ciliwung River

Cisadane River

Musi River

Citarum River

Brantas River

Domestic Agriculture Livestock Industry

Water bodies has been polluted by wastewater, specifically domestic wastewater.

The water bodies is also used as intake for water treatment plant (to provide drinking water)

No Parameters UnitEffluent Standard

OldRegulation*

NewRegulation**

1 pH - 6-9 6-92 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/L 100 303 COD mg/L - 1004 Total Suspended Solid mg/L 100 305 Oil and Grease mg/L 10 56 Ammonia mg/L - 107 Total Coliform total/100 mL - 3,0008 Discharge L/orang/hari - 100

Explanation:* Regulation of Minister of Environment No 112/2003 about Wastewater Quality Standard and

Regulation of Minister of Environment No 5 /2014 about Wastewater Quality Standard.** Regulation of Minister of Environment and Forestry No.68/2016 about Domestic Wastewater Quality

Standard

BACKGROUNDIndonesia has tighten the effluent standard for domestic wastewater to improve water quality of water bodies.

DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT

Drinking Water Development in Indonesia

2011

20132015

20172019

55.04%

Urban52.16%

Rural57.87%

67.73%

Urban79.34%

Rural56.17%

71.05%

Urban81.30%

Rural60.58%

72.04%

Urban80.82%

Rural62.58%

100%

Urban100%

Rural100%

Gap 27.96%

Challenges in Drinking Water Development

Challanges

Water realibility

Intake water quality

Service Area

Idle capacity

Commercial losses and

physical losses

Regional Drinking

Water Company

Performance

Funding

National losses of 33%(BPPSPAM Audit, 2016)

Decrease of water quantity

High load of pollutant

Up to 38.000 L/sec in total(due to decrease of water quantity or overdesign capacity)

27.96% gap to reach 100% total access in 2019

Unsignificant improvement of

performance

National Fund: 3.5 M USD

Non-National Fund:14 M USD

(fund to complete 100% in 2015-2019)

Based on Directorate of Water Supply System Development Indonesia, Ministry of Public Works and Housing Indonesia (2018)

QUANTITYMeet the standard water

requirements of 60 liters/person/day

AFFORDABILITYAffordable price (≤ 4% of

household income)

CONTINUITY24 hour service

QUALITYFulfill drinking water quality

requirement in Regulation of the Health Minister No 492/2010

CLEAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAFour Principles for Drinking Water Management

CLEAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAEfforts to achieve the 2019s universal access to drinking water

REGULATION GUIDANCE AND SUPERVISION

MANAGEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION NEW DEVELOPMENT NON PIPING SYSTEM

IMPROVEMENT

Preparation of Legislation and Guidelines

• Development of Drinking Water Management Planning

• Construction guidance• Restructuring of drinking

water companies• Development of increased

access to investment• Coaching the

implementation of good governance

• Development of RPAM implementation

• Guidance for "Full Cost Recovery" tariff fulfilment

• Optimization and rehabilitation of existing systems

• Decrease in water loss

• Application of "Idle Capacity"

• Water Grant• Increased energy

efficiency

• Regional drinking water supply system

• Urban drinking water supply system

• Community-based drinking water supply system

• Special area drinking water supply system

• Quality improvement of non piping water supply system construction

• Improved water quality of non piping water supply systems

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

Challenges in early 2000s

Source: Asri Indiyani & Aldy Mardikanto, 2017

Source: Asri Indiyani & Aldy Mardikanto, 2017

Wastewater Access Achievement in Each Province in Indonesia

Basic AccessNoAccess

Improved Sanitation Access

TARGET*

BASELINE CONDITION IN 2015**

Source:* Susenas 2014** Susenas 2015

General Challange in managing domestic wastewater in Indonesia: Access distribution

44.20% 48.56% 51.19% 55.54% 55.60% 57.35% 60.91% 61.06%62.14%67.20%

14.57%12.61%

13.32%11.36% 11.04% 10.45%

10.79% 11.55% 11.54%9.17%

58.77%61.17%

64.51%66.90% 66.64% 67.80%

71.69% 72.61% 73.68%76.37%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Improved Sanitation Basic Sanitation (Rural Area) Sanitation Access

+ 2%/yearincrease

Reported in MDGs

SDG’s

100%

85%

15%

Universal Access for SanitationRPJMN 2015-2019

Wastewater Access Development in Indonesia

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

ON-SITE SYSTEM

OFF-SITE SYSTEM

On-site Treatment Sub-system Septage Transport Sub-system

Septage Treatment Sub-system

Individual Scale Communal Scale

Septic Tank Communal Septic Tank

(2-10 Household

Share Toilet

Septage Truck, others proper transportation (three wheel

motorbike, etc.)Septage Treatment Plant

Service Sub-system Collection Sub-system

Treatment Sub-system

Pipe network inside the household area, inspection chamber

Service Pipe, Lateral Pipe, and Main Pipe Network

Centralize Urban WWTP

Settlement Scale WWTP

Specific Regional Scale WWTP

The sludge will be

transported to STP

Source: Suharsono, 2018

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAON-SITE SYSTEM

Desludging

Septic tank

Transporting

Treatment

Treated sludge recycle

Cost

umer

Management Institution

Private sector

Sanctions

Payment Mechanisms

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAON-SITE SYSTEM

Source: IGES and GES, 2017

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAOFF-SITE SYSTEM: Communal scale

• Wastewater Treatment, secondary piping system, pumping station (optional)

• 11-100 households• Manage by local community

OFF SITE – COMMUNAL SCALE

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAOFF-SITE SYSTEM: Regional scale

• Wastewater Treatment, secondary piping system, pumping station (optional)

• 20-2000 households• Business and settlements

area

OFF-SITE – Regional Scale

Construction of regional scale domestic wastewater treatmentin Bekasi City for 150 households.

Technology: Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAOFF-SITE SYSTEM : Regional scale

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

WWTP, Service Sewerage Pipe, Lateral Sewerage Pipe, and Main Sewerage Pipe

Urban area (City)

CENTRALIZE URBAN (CITY) SCALE

OFF-SITE SYSTEM: City Scale

THANK YOU