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A PRESENTATION ON:
CHALLENGES IN WATER SANITATION SERVICES PROVISION IN KENYA
by
Eng. Prof. Patts M.A. OdiraDean, School of EngineeringUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya
Drainage basins of Kenya
Drainage Area Catchment area Annual Rainfall(km2) (mm)
Lake Victoria 46,229 1368Rift Valley 130,452 562Athi River and Coast 66,387 739Tana River 126,026 697Ewaso Nyiro S. & North 210,226 411
Population Pyramid
Introduction
•The water sector in Kenya is facing enormous challenges today
•Major sectors affected by poor provision of water supply and sanitation services include:
HealthIndustry and commerceAgriculture
•In addition, women and children labour is spent more on looking for water rather than for productive purposes.
• All these have contributed to the increase in poverty levels in the country.
Introduction (cont..)•Reforms in the water sector to restructure and improve performance have been going on for the last 5 - 6 years with long-term objective of a significant reduction in poverty levels in the country. •The reforms are guided by the Water Act 2002 that is based on the principles of:
Separation of supervision from regulation and policy making;
Separation of management of water resources from water supply and sanitation provision;
Decentralization, participation, autonomy, accountability, financial and ecological sustainability and efficiency.
Institutional structure of water sector
Water and sanitation coverage:• Access to safe (improved) water source is currently
estimated at 91% in urban areas and 53.1% in rural areas, or a national average of about 60.4%
• Access to improved sanitation is estimated at 85.2% in urban areas and 81.8% in rural areas, or a national average of about 83%
• But regional disparities are very significant especially in the rural areas e.g. 13.5% have access to safe water in Bondo district compared to 92.6% in Nairobi.
• Similarly 15.3% of population in Wajir district have access to improved sanitation compared to 99% in Central Province
Water and sanitation coverage:• Access to safe water supply:
Populationurban rural
• Water on premises 64.1 23.4• Less than 30mins 26.1 34.4• 30mins and more 7.8 41.9
Access to sanitation: urban rural • Improved sanitation (not shared) 34.3 21.8
• Improved (shared among households) 50.9 60.0
MDG Targets of access to water and sanitation in Kenya
Historical Data Targets
Base
Year
Reference Intermediate Monitoring
MDG
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Access to safe drinking
water
urban 89.7 91 96
rural 31 43.5 53.1 66
Access to improved
sanitation
urban 95 85.2 96
rural 81 81.8 89
Population (Millions) 21.4 30.2 33.4 39.5 40
Challenges•Kenya has been identified as facing a complex water resources crisis arising from the following situations:-
An extremely limited annual renewable fresh water resource per capita.
A rapidly growing demand for water for multi-sectoral uses, on the one hand, and diminution of natural storage capacity and lack of development of artificial storage capacity to meet demand and to buffer against shocks.
Sharing of over half of rivers, lakes and aquifers with neighbouring countries, that complicates management of these water resources with implications for regional security and development.
Challenges....•Growing Population: The growing population increases the demand for water for domestic use, food security and industrial development. The population growth trend (Figure 1) has resulted in reduction of per capita water availability.
•Water scarcity: Kenya’s natural endowment of fresh water is currently limited to an annual renewable fresh water supply of only 540m3/per capita per year (Figure 2). In this regard, therefore, Kenya is classified as a water scarce country.
Figure 1: Population growth
Figure 2: Renewable fresh water availability per capitaSource: Ministry of Water and Irrigation
P
Challenges...
Climate variability and Water Resources Degradation:•Drought is recurrent and its impact on water resources is usually devastating. •Floods have led to disasters particularly in low-lying areas. •Both climate variability and environmental degradation have resulted into:-
Catchment degradationDrying up of RiversReceding of lake levelsHeavy siltation in dams and pans meant for both
hydropower generation and water suppliesDeterioration of water quality
F
Figure 3: Rainfall variability
Annual Rainfall Variation about the Average
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
Challenges...
Storage and Infrastructure Investment:
•The storage capacity has been low due to the fact that investment level in water management infrastructure (especially large reservoirs) was on a declining trend for many years. •Catchment degradation has reduced groundwater recharge and storage.
Water Demand: By 1992, studies indicated that water demand would increase significantly from 2073 MCM/year in the year 1990 to 5817 MCM/year in the year 2010. Water resources development has not kept pace with this demand.
Figure 4: Diminution of water storage
• Storage has reduced from 11.5m3/capita in 1969 to an estimated level of 3m3/capita currently
02468
1012
1969 1979 1989 1999STOR
AGE
AVAI
LABL
E PE
R CA
PITA
IN C
UBIC
MET
RES
YEAR
AVAILABLE WATER STORAGE PER CAPITA IN CUBIC METRES
Storage
Challenges...Climate change:
•It influences the Earth’s surface temperature, as well as the amount, timing and intensity of precipitation, including storms and droughts.
•On land, global warming affects freshwater availability and quality, surface water run-off and groundwater recharge, and the spread of water-borne disease vectors.
•Climate change is expected to exacerbate pressure, directly or indirectly, on all aquatic ecosystems.
Challenges...
Catchment Degradation:
• The main causes of catchment degradation are poor farming methods, population pressure and deforestation
• By 1963 Kenya had 12% forest cover; this has reduced to 1.7%
• Catchment degradation results in increased runoff, flash flooding, reduced infiltration, erosion and siltation.
Challenges.. • The new constitution has introduced new administrative
structures that will require amendments of the current legal and institutional frameworks, in particular to cater for anticipated devolvement to the county level;
• The political strength and/or will to implement the reforms may not be sufficient to allow for creation of efficient institutions;
• Sufficient financing, in particular from the government to uphold institutional capacity may not be forthcoming;
• The capacity building exercise is insufficient to create efficient and transparent institutions.
Challenges.. • Technical, financial and commercial management of
WSS utilities is poor, either because they cannot attract the right people or because the utilities lack conditions for proper commercial management.
• WSS utilities are either run down or operating below requirements due to poor O&M
• Institutions for water resources management lack qualified water resources engineers and planners; staff without relevant experience were offloaded to these institutions from Ministry of Water &Irrigation
• Funding for WRM is a challenge because it does not generate funds like WSS utilities
Way forward
In order to reverse this trend of water resources depletion and erratic climatic variations, there is need to put in place:
Adequate investment in capacity building of WSS and Water Resources managers
Effective management of water catchment areasConstruction of dams and pans, and initiate groundwater
recharge to increase water storage capacities,Measures to curb water pollution by ensuring adherence to all
waste water treatment standards before disposal into the water bodies,
Embrace IWRM principles in efficient use of existing water resources including recycling and reuse of wastewater,
Judicious and rational apportionment of water resources thereby avoiding water use conflicts.
Way forward…. .Improve the efficiency of water management and consumption
Increase capitation for development and conservation of water
resources and environment
Augment the existing sources of water with more sustainable alternatives:
Rainwater harvesting and construction of storage infrastructure
Groundwater recharge Water recycling and wastewater reuse for:
Agriculture IndustryHousehold useUrban landscaping
THANK YOU ALL
