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EFSA/EPPO Joint Workshop
Data collection and information sharing in plant health
1-2-3 April 2014
EFSA, Parma, Italy
Challenges of data collection in Pest Risk Analysis
Françoise Petter, Muriel Suffert & Sarah Brunel European and Mediterranean Plant Protection
Organization
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
• Regional Plant Protection Organization (article IX of the International
Plant Protection Convention)
• Created in 1951 by 15 countries
• International cooperation in plant protection (plant quarantine and
plant protection products)
In 2014:
50 member countries
EPPO activities in plant quarantine
Identification of potential risks: Early warning systems to identify emerging risks
Evaluation of potential risks: Pest Risk Analysis
Recommendations on pests which should be regulated as quarantine pests (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists)
Preparation of Standards (e.g. official control standards, diagnostic protocols, inspection procedures….)
Provide information to EPPO members
EPPO Standard PM 5/3 (5) Decision-support scheme for
quarantine pests
Pest Risk Assessment
Categorization
Probability of entry (pathways, detection, survival in transit)
Probability of establishment and spread (host plants, vectors, climate)
Economic impact assessment (direct/indirect damage)
Pest Risk Management
Is the risk acceptable?
For each possible pathway evaluate the
efficacy of possible phytosanitary measures
Propose management options
Initiation Which pest to analyse?
Definition of the PRA area
Does an earlier PRA exist?
Computerized versions
EPPO Standard PM 5/5 (1) Decision-support scheme for an
Express Pest Risk Analysis
Schemes used by the EPPO EWGs for PRA
PRA and data collection
Data needs on:
The pest evaluated,
The pest situation in its current area of distribution,
The pathways of entry,
The factors affecting its establishment, spread and impacts,
The measures available for its management.
Lack of data is recognized globally as a major challenge in PRA.
PRAs at different levels in the EPPO framework
PRA conducted for groups of countries e.g.
EU or EEC level
PRA conducted at EPPO level
PRA conducted at national level
Challenge of data collection in an open system
PRA for multiple possible origins
Agrilus anxius a lot of information from US & Canada
Aromia bungii: few information from China, Mongolia, Vietnam and only recent
information from an Italian outbreak
Difficulty for EPPO to ask information to non-EPPO NPPOs
Language challenge
Challenge of data collection
Access to experts through personal contacts
Reliability of information
Examples of challenges with data collection in the different sections of
the PRA
Main data challenges in the categorization
Pest distribution
For some areas detailed records of pest distribution are not easy to obtain
Host list
Is this species a true host? PRA for Aromia bungi : data for Rosaceae but for many species host status needs confirmation. For PRA on Thaumatotibia leucotrata hours spent to clarify the host list.
Cactoblastis cactorum in 2003
Main data challenges in the entry section
Identification of pathways • Is this disease truly seed transmitted? • PRA on Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (pollen
transmission only recently demonstrated no study available when PRA performed)
• Presence of the pest in soil or only on debris?
Most information only available through direct contacts with experts (on pest but also on commodities)
Wood chips
Main data challenges in the entry section
Concentration of the pest on the pathway in the country of origin and the influence of practices
I would like to find some
information!
Not always easy to find
information and for some origins
the information is very scarce
Main data challenges in the entry section
Trade data: Main sources of information=
EUROSTAT and FAOSTAT both based on custom data (custom codes)
No detailed information for some commodities
e.g. plants for planting
Trade data can be precise for some commodities but is
often aggregated
Specific surveys are organized to fill the
gaps but are one shot (e.g. import of palm trees, data gathered in the framework of the EPPO study on plants for planting)
Trade data in Euros or kg What is the phytosanitary significance?
Both commodities rooted same number of units same weight?
Unrooted cuttings
Central database on plants for planting would be useful.
Such changes require modifications of
custom legislation
Inconsistency of data Saperda candida PRA Export data from Canada
different from EU import data
Data not available for movement between EPPO countries (e.g. between EU countries) and for all our member countries
Closed pathways?
Main data challenges in the entry section
• Interception data very useful to evaluate the association with a pathway but data available mainly for regulated pests rarely for other pests.
• Not all commodities are inspected Transfer
Main data challenges in the establishment section
Host plant distribution (surface or production)
Access to some Global Crop Maps (e.g. Data from McGill University) But validity sometime Questionned
Little data on nursery production by species how much where?
When information on areas of distribution is available is it representative of density of
hosts?
Distribution of Eichhornia crassipes in the USA Records highlighted in blue were initially provided as established populations while
they were only transient
• In order to perform climatic need for:
– data from a sufficient number of location
– information on survival thresholds
Main data challenges in the establishment section
Evaluation of climatic suitability
CLIMEX - Compare Locations (1 species)
Saperda candida f inal
Run on Dec 07 2009 14:45
World
No Climate Change / Irrigation: Not Set
0 to <10
20 to <3040 to <50
60 to <7080 to <90
90 to <100
Saperda candida (round-headed apple tree borer)
Spread
Little data usually available Frequent information found in articles:
This insect is a strong flyer (no distance mentioned), transported by wind….
Little epidemiological data on an area wide basis
Main data challenges in the establishment section
Models for spread have been developed but rely on data which are not always
available.
Little quantitative data
Many articles refer to “severe damage” or “severe losses”
How to evaluate monetary data (How to relate $ to Euros in terms of costs?)
Quantifying impact for different countries (an impact depends on current practices and these differ)
Integration of ecosystem services
Main data challenges in the impact section
Usually lack of data on: – treatments and their efficacy on different pathways
– Pest-Free Areas, Pest-Free Production Place and efficacy of this option (usually linked on lack of data on spread)
Main data challenges in the management section
Fumigation Cold treatment
• Questionnaires to NPPOs to gather data on trade, production and production practice (not easy to elaborate usually one shot so no long term validity)
• Involvement of experts from areas where the pest occurs in the PRA process
• Try to involve stakeholders
• Collaboration with other region to gather data.
• Collaboration with EFSA (EFSA opinions used as a source of information)
• Find ways to improve import data
• Research is needed to better understand the biology and epidemiology of invasive pests, and mechanisms of biological invasions, data on treatments (EUPHRESCO projects)
Some improvements
« By the end of the day, it is also the role of the risk analyst to provide an opinion based on the information available, but also to highlight uncertainty and how it can be reduced by gathering more data or initiating research »
EPPO’s achievements are based on collaboration between experts from
our region.
Thank you for your attention!
