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Workbook
Change Management
Foundation
Instructions to Follow
Please follow the below Instructions before reading this workbook:
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3. Upload this workbook at the time you request for the exam
1
Contents
About Change Management ................................................................................ 4
Change Management as a process ................................................................... 4
Change Management Competency .................................................................. 4
Importance of change management ................................................................ 5
Understanding three models of Change Management ................................... 5
Lewin’s three stage Model ............................................................................ 6
Kotter’s Eight Step Model: ............................................................................. 6
Kotter’s Dual Operating System .................................................................... 6
Senge’s Systemic Model ................................................................................ 7
Multiple Choice Questions 1 ............................................................................. 8
Implementation of Change Management ......................................................... 10
Individual Change Management .................................................................... 10
Organisational Change Management ............................................................. 10
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ......................................................................... 11
Beckhard and Harris Change Formula ............................................................ 12
Five Stages of Team Development by Tuckman ............................................ 13
Benefits Management ..................................................................................... 13
Purpose of benefits management ............................................................... 13
Benefits Management Responsibilities ...................................................... 13
Benefits Management and business cases ................................................. 14
Benefits Management Process .................................................................... 15
Multiple Choice Questions 2: .......................................................................... 17
Stakeholder Engagement ................................................................................... 19
Principles of Stakeholder Engagement .......................................................... 19
Change Management ...................................................................................... 20
The Purpose of Change Communication ..................................................... 20
Stakeholder Analysis ....................................................................................... 21
The significance of Stakeholder Analysis in Change Process ..................... 22
2
Fundamentals involved in Change Communication ...................................... 23
Multiple Choice Questions 3 ........................................................................... 26
McKinsey 7S Model ............................................................................................ 28
Three Key Motivators (Dan Pink) ................................................................... 29
Levels of Organisational Culture (Trompenaars and Hampden‐Turner) ...... 29
MBTI ‘Type’ Theory ......................................................................................... 30
Sample Exam....................................................................................................... 31
3
About Change Management
Change management is concerned about the people side of change. It is the
processes, tools and techniques to accomplish the people side of change to
attain its vital business outcomes. It is the systematic management of
employee engagement and adoption when the organisation changes how work
will be done. Eventually, change management emphases on how to help
employees hold, adopt and utilise a change in their day‐to‐day work.
Change management is a process as well as competency.
Change Management as a process
From a process point of view, change management is the set of steps taken by
a team member on a specific project or initiative. For the specified
transformational effort, it is the strategy and set of plans dedicated on moving
people via change.
Prosci’s research‐based methodology comprises three main stages:
I. Preparing for change (in which readiness assessments help in guiding the
formulation of a strategy)
II. Managing change (in which five change management plans incorporate
into the project plan)
III. Reinforcing change (in which compliance audits and mechanisms deploy
to cement the change)
Change Management Competency
Change competency is the ability of a manager or leader or manager to
efficiently lead their people through change. The leadership competency
concept is universal, but what that competency involves depends on the
relationship of a person to change.
In case of senior leaders, competency signifies being an effective sponsor of
change and representing their own as well as the organisation’s commitment
4
to the change (read more about the sponsor role and training). For frontline
supervisors, change management competency is linked to coaching direct
reports by their own change journey. While competency differs depending on
one’s relationship to change, organisations are more operational and
successful when they build change management competencies throughout
their ranks.
Change management is not simply a training or communication. It is not just
handling resistance. Effective change management follows a structured
process and uses a holistic set of tools to drive successful individual and
organisational change.
Importance of change management
There are several reasons to employ effective change management on both
large‐ and small‐scale efforts. Here are three main reasons to employ change
management:
I. Organisational change happens one person at a time
II. Poorly managing change is costly
III. Effective change management increases the likelihood of success
Understanding three models of Change Management
• Lewin’s three stage model: showing how collective mindsets are broken
down to enable change
• Kotter’s eight step model: showing a road map for change based on
common errors made by organisations
• Senge’s systems thinking model: showing how profound change can be
achieved through learning
5
Lewin’s three stage Model
Kotter’s Eight Step Model:
I. Establishing a sense of urgency
II. Creating the guiding coalition
III. Developing a vision and a strategy
IV. Communicating the change vision
V. Empowering employees for broad‐based action
VI. Generating short‐term wins
VII. Consolidating gains and producing more change
VIII. Anchoring new approaches in the culture
Kotter’s Dual Operating System
Traditional ‘family tree’ hierarchy is optimised to deliver business as usual. A
part of the organisation that is composed of largely autonomous, self‐directed
teams is likely to generate a great deal of change. The challenge is to keep an
organisation ‘change‐ready’ whilst retaining the stability to do its business
effectively. An organisation’s traditional structure and processes are designed
to achieve best results for its day‐to‐day work
A second, strategic ‘operating system’ is needed to work alongside ‘business as
usual’. This second system (owned by a ‘guiding coalition’) is designed to be
agile, making use of a network structure to monitor every aspect of the
organisation’s internal and external world
6
It identifies, initiates, and implements changes, constantly reviewing and
maintaining the organisation’s strategy and direction
Senge’s Systemic Model
Systems thinking addresses some of the difficult‐to‐explain phenomena we see
in organisations and in change processes. Senge uses biological and ecological
metaphors to describe the processes that limit organisational growth ‐ and the
implementation of proposed changes
To understand how profound change can be nurtured and sustained requires
us to understand the many self‐reinforcing growth processes which will
support and enable change, and the limiting processes which, if not addressed,
will stunt or kill it. Understanding the various reinforcing and balancing
‘feedback loops’ that will affect a change process allows us to look for ways to
strengthen the reinforcing processes and to mitigate those that would work
against progress
7
Multiple Choice Questions 1
1. Which according to you is NOT among the three stages of Prosci’s research‐
based methodology?
a. Reinforcing change
b. Developing change
c. Managing Change
d. Preparing for change
2. Change management is _______as well a _______
a. process, approach
b. process, methodology
c. process, competency
d. approach, competency
3. Effective change management increases the likelihood of success.
a. True
b. False
4. In Lewin’s three stage Model, which stage represents “a period of
confusion, challenge and clarification”?
a. Freeze
b. Unfreeze
c. Refreeze
d. Change
5. Which of the following models represents a road map for change based on
common errors made by organisations?
8
a. Senge’s systems thinking model
b. Kotter’s eight step model
c. Lewin’s three stage model
d. None of these
9
Implementation of Change Management
Effective change management needs two perspectives: one is an individual
perspective and the other is an organisational perspective.
Individual Change Management
The individual perspective is an understanding of how people experience
change. Change is described as successful when an individual has the
following:
Awareness of the need for change
Desire to participate in and support the change
Knowledge on how to change
Ability to implement required skills and behaviours
Reinforcement to sustain the change
If any of these five building blocks is missing in an individual, then the change
will not be successful. Then, the goal in leading the people side of change is
assuring that individuals have desire, awareness knowledge, ability and
reinforcement.
Organisational Change Management
The organisational perspective of change management is the process and
activities that project teams utilize to support successful individual change. The
organisational change management is the group of actions that help in building
awareness, knowledge, desire, ability, and reinforcement across the
organisation. Prosci’s organisational methodology utilises the readiness
assessments and strategy development to support the creation of five targeted
plans:
a) Communication plan
b) Sponsor roadmap
c) Coaching plan
10
d) Training plan e) Resistance management plan
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
It is a motivational theory in psychology covering a five‐tier model of human
needs, often illustrated as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
Before individuals can attend to needs higher up, needs lower down in the
hierarchy must be satisfied first. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards,
the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self‐
actualisation.
Maslow suggested that people have five ‘basic needs’:
People need food, water, sleep and shelter at the most basic level – the
physiological needs.
Safety needs represent the necessity for an orderly, secure world with a low
level of perceived threat to life and the future. It includes the reasonable
Self‐
actualisation
Needs
achieving one's full potential including creative activities
Esteem Needs
feeling of accomplishment
Belongingness and Love Needs
Friends and loved ones
Safety Needs
Security, safety needs
Physiological Needs
food, water, rest, warmth
11
expectation that my physiological needs will be met tomorrow as well as
today.
Maslow states the next level of his hierarchy as ‘love needs’ (sometimes called
‘social needs’). By this he means the craving for love, affection, social
interaction and ‘belongingness’.
Esteem needs are satisfied by a blend of self‐esteem, strongly fixed in real
achievements and capabilities, and respect and recognition from others,
together with the status this often grants. These support self‐confidence and
feelings of self‐worth.
Maslow’s last ‘basic need’ is stated as a ‘need for self‐actualisation’. This is an
aspiration to ‘be the best that I can be’, a longing to fulfil my potential and to
use my creativity in accordance with my particular talents. Maslow writes: ‘A
musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write... to be
ultimately happy. This need we may call self‐actualisation.’
Beckhard and Harris Change Formula
A number of factors need to be in place for a change to occur. These factors
are put into a change formula by Beckhard and Harris. This change formula is
unreliably simple but tremendously useful.
It can help to highlight several of the following problem areas:
o Staff are not experiencing dissatisfaction with the status quo o The proposed end state has not been clearly communicated to key
people
o The proposed end state is not desirable to the change implementers
o The tasks being given to those implementing the change are too
complicated, or ill‐defined.
According to Beckhard and Harris Pinpoint areas to focus on to increase
motivation is the objective of the ‘change formula’.
12
Five Stages of Team Development by Tuckman
1. Forming e.g. high dependence on direction, questions, unclear roles
2. Storming e.g. uncertainty, challenge assumptions, difference of opinion
3. Norming e.g. working together, consensus, purpose clear
4. Performing e.g. unity, shared vision, mutual support, autonomy
5. Adjourning (or mourning) e.g. completion, achievement, sense of loss
Benefits Management
Benefits management is a structured methodology to maximise good business
results for an organisation as a result of change. It is important for effective
programme and project management.
It involves identifying, planning, measuring and tracking benefits from the start
of the programme/project investment till realisation of the last projected
benefit. The purpose of benefits management is to make sure that the
anticipated benefits are specific, measurable, agreed, realistic, and time
bounded.
Purpose of benefits management
Benefits management act as the mutual thread between programme and
project delivery and successful change management. The approach to
programme, project, and change management desires to be benefit driven to
make sure maximum value from the investment in change. Eventually an
organisation’s approach to benefits realisation requires to be integrated within
corporate planning to confirm a strong management focus beyond
implementation of the programme/project.
Benefits Management Responsibilities
13
The following are the roles and responsibilities relevant to benefits
management:
Senior Responsible Owner is accountable and responsible for
programme or project success reinforced by delivery of expected
benefits.
Programme manager or project manager is responsible for making sure
proper day‐to‐day management with a strong emphasis on benefits
realisation.
Business change agent or benefits manager is responsible for oversight
and direction of provisional arrangements into business as usual and the
insertion of new ability to deliver expected benefits.
Programme or project management officer (PMO) is responsible for
retaining a benefit documentation library for the programme/project
including version control; the PMO may also be responsible for support
and advice on benefits management and for reporting on progress
towards benefits realisation.
Organisational board is responsible for upholding strategic oversight of
the full range or portfolio of benefits being anticipated across the
organisation.
Gradually, organisations are heading towards more holistic business change
models, in which programme and project management provides the structure
for a wider approach to business transformation. This approach focuses on
how the business will be actually benefited from the changes being put in
place and how these benefits will be measured, realised and assessed is known
as benefits management.
Benefits Management and business cases
A business case generally provides the formal justification for a programme or
project’s existence. The SRO (Senior Responsible Owner) possesses the
business case and is accountable for its development, maintenance and
progress ‐ reporting to the significant programme board or project board. In a
14
business case development, an SRO is also accountable for ensuring that the
programme or project objectives, costs and benefits are properly aligned with
the business strategy/direction.
The business case should:
assess/estimate the benefits that the programme/project should deliver
define the boundaries with other programmes and projects to ensure
benefits are not double counted
document the process for identifying, monitoring and realising the
benefits
ensure plans and processes are in place to achieve the benefits
define the baseline benefits position to allow comparison with projected
benefits
Benefits Management Process
Management of the delivery of programme/project benefits can be
categorised into four distinct stages. Every high level stage has several key
objectives, activities, and deliverables linked with it. This direction outlines
what is involved in each stage, giving context, practical guidance, valuable
tools, techniques, templates and instances to demonstrate the theory.
The four stages are:
I. Identifying and structuring benefits
II. Planning benefits realisation
III. Realising and tracking benefits
IV. Evaluation of benefits
15
While this process will provide a structured approach to manage the
programme and project benefits, it should not suggest that benefits
management is just a mechanistic activity, or a one‐off paper exercise.
Concentrating on the vital consequences of any investment, and putting
proactively in place a framework to manage and realise benefits, should be at
the heart of all programme and project delivery, driving the change and
helping to concentrate on the end goals.
16
Multiple Choice Questions 2:
1. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, esteem needs are satisfied by
a. A combination of self‐esteem, strongly anchored in real
achievements and capabilities, and respect and recognition from
others.
b. Affection, social interaction and ‘belongingness’. c. An orderly, secure world with a low level of perceived threat to life
and the future.
d. None of these
2. Maslow covers a ____‐tier model of human needs.
a. Four b. Five c. Six d. Three
3. Which of the following is NOT among the targeted plans that are utilised by
Prosci’s organisational methodology?
a. Communication plan
b. Sponsor roadmap
c. Coaching plan d. Resistance roadmap
4. Who is accountable and responsible for programme or project success
reinforced by delivery of expected benefits?
a. Senior Responsible Owner b. Programme or project management officer (PMO)
c. Business change agent
d. Organisational board
17
5. The four stages are of business management process are:
I. Identifying and structuring benefits
II. Planning benefits realisation
III. Designing benefits roadmap
IV. Realising and tracking benefits
V. Evaluation of benefits
a. I, ii, iii and iv b. I, ii, iv and v c. I, ii, iii and v d. I, iii, iv and v
18
Stakeholder Engagement
Stakeholders are people or group of people with an interest in a project. The
more and more stakeholders can be engaged in a project, the better its
probabilities of success, and the easier the Project Team’s work will be. Good
stakeholder engagement can lessen opposition to a project from those who
may be negatively influenced by the changes it creates, however, poor
stakeholder engagement can cause negative reactions from those who stand
to gain.
An important thing to remember is that stakeholders are people. Hence,
effective stakeholder strategy is influenced by the development of effective
relationships that consider the needs, emotions and behaviours of people.
Principles of Stakeholder Engagement
Seven principles to Stakeholder Management are:
I. You can forget about stakeholders, but they won’t forget about you
II. Identifying stakeholders should be a continuous process – new
stakeholders emerge during a change, old ones can fade away
III. Prioritising & segmenting stakeholders is a moment in time. Keep
revisiting your approach to see if priorities have changed.
IV. Some stakeholders are best engaged by others
V. Seek first to understand, and then be understood
VI. Emotion trumps reason
VII. Demonstration trumps argument
19
Change Management
Communication is significant and one of the most complex parameters to
implement a change management efficiently as it comprises of an exchange of
ideas and feelings with people in an organisation via several mediums.
It is one of the strongest issues which an organisation faces during the
complete process of implementation of change. Effective communication must
involve the below elements:
o The message sent by the individual must be clear and intensely
presented. The message must issue genuineness and authenticity.
o The message must be listened attentively, questions can be asked for
clarifications and feedback can be shared on the understanding of the
message.
o The message delivery method must be compatible with the
environments of both the sender and the receiver of the message.
o The message content must be capable of connecting well with the
thoughts and beliefs of the recipient for being able to be acceptable.
To achieve successful results from the change management program, the
stakeholders’ involvement, commitment, and acceptance in the overall change
process is very important. To achieve this, the stakeholders must be well
informed about the objectives of change, and they should be given a chance to
share their own thoughts in the process of change program implementation.
The Purpose of Change Communication
Research has verified that in the absence of a suitable communication plan,
the whole change process may turn into a disaster. Over communication or no
communication both are undesirable as because to this complete effort of
20
change can be disrupted. In the absence of adequate two‐way conversation or
effective communication at all the levels, the change attempt may fail to fulfil
its objectives. If a communication plan is designed proficiently and evidently, it
helps in awareness building and in attaining the consequent support in the
whole program.
The communication range given below demonstrates how effective
communication impacts the stakeholders in building commitment towards the
change.
The communication plan must be an essential measure of the change plan that
will address the questions of how, why, what, and when of change from the
people’s perspective. Similar to the other documents of planning, the
communication plan should also be documented and be subjected to periodic
reviews.
Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholder Analysis tools like Stakeholder Radar or in the Power/ Interest Grid
can be used when mapping stakeholders to understand the level of interest
and importance of the stakeholders.
Depending on where stakeholders are placed on the Stakeholder Radar or in
the Power/ Interest Grid, you can customise the level and type of engagement
you have with them. Both template documents are used for the same purpose
You can also group stakeholders into those affected by change and those
delivering change.
The stakeholder radar can be used when mapping stakeholders to understand
the level of interest and importance of the stakeholders.
Awareness Understanding Acceptance Commitment
21
The significance of Stakeholder Analysis in Change Process
Stakeholder Analysis can be considered as the basis tasks before preparing and
implementing a communication plan during a change process. If the nature of
change is complex, stakeholder analysis becomes all the more a vital task as
any implementation of change might be subjected to resistance because of
one or several reasons from the stakeholders. Stakeholder analysis aids in
minimising the possible resistance from the participants in the change process
by understanding the requirements and expectations of the key stakeholders
who are directly or indirectly being influenced by the change. Stakeholder
analysis can be useful in the following ways:
o Recognising the key stakeholders as well as the stakeholder groups and their impact on the change.
o Understanding the widespread attitudes towards their change and how this may affect the overall process.
Necessary to Engage
Good to have on board
Courtesy to inform
Vital to Engage
22
o Recognising the needs of communication and the probable risks involved
if the needs are not fulfilled.
o Defining the several methods for communicating the messages and also
the timing of delivery of these messages.
Fundamentals involved in Change Communication
The following factors take part in communicating change approaches
effectively:
Communication of the change vision clearly and doing it quick is the most
important stage as it includes communicating the vision of change and what
the organisation will attain at the end of the change effort. The vision should
be defined in simple form, must be clear and must be able to effect people
strongly in implementing decisions. If the vision for the change is
communicated earlier, the easier it will become for the people to be able to
adapt and understand the degrees of change.
Highlighting the Benefits and the Impacts of Change: Effective communication
plan through a change process helps in controlling the inertia/fears because of
a change by clarifying how the change will influence the people linked with it
and why it is being implemented.
Making certain that the Leaders of the Organisation actively communicate in
the whole process of change: The leaders of the organisation must convey
how important the change is and must reflect their personal and visible
commitment towards the entire process of change, as this will be sending a
powerful message to the key stakeholders about how seriously an organisation
is committed towards the implementation of change.
23
Using several channels/mediums for communicating the message of change:
Care should be taken in understanding how people learn about change from
different mediums of communication. For visual learners, documented
materials may best appeal and help them in understanding the change vision
and for effective listeners, importance should be given to the presentation
style and selection of words for impressing such category of stakeholders.
Providing Opportunities for Exchange of Dialogue or Conversation: Providing
opportunities for discussion and facilitating a two‐way communication with the
stakeholders creates a sense of ownership and fosters a sense of responsibility
among the stakeholders.
Repeating the Messages of Change Periodically: Regular communication of
the change message facilitates a greater understanding of the objective of the
change and there will be a much greater probability that people will act in
accordance with the requirements of the changing situation and extend their
cooperation accordingly.
Communication Channels
A channel act as the means of passing information from a sender to a recipient.
Determining the most appropriate channel, or medium, is critical to the
effectiveness of communication. Channels include oral means such as
telephone calls and presentations, and written modes such as reports, memos,
and email.
Communication channels differ along a scale from rich to lean. Think about
how you would select a steak—some have more fat than others; they are rich
and full of flavour and body. If, however, you are on a diet and just want the
meat, you will select a lean steak. Communication channels are the similar: rich
channels are more interactive, provide opportunities for two‐way
communication, and allow both the sender and receiver to read the nonverbal
messages. The leanest channels, on the other hand, trim the “fat” and present
information without allowing for immediate interaction, and they often convey
24
“just the facts.” The main channels of communication are grouped below from
richest to leanest:
Richest channels: face‐to‐face meeting; in‐person oral presentation
Rich channels: online meeting; video conference
Lean channels: teleconference; phone call; voice message; video (e.g.,
Facetime)
Leanest channels: blog; report; brochure; newsletter; flier; email; phone text;
social media posts (e.g., Twitter, Facebook)
25
Multiple Choice Questions 3
1. Complete this the communication range by adding the suitable step
Awareness Understanding _________ Commitment
a. Communication
b. Acceptance
c. Ownership
d. Stakeholders
2. The message delivery method must be compatible with the environments
of both the _______and the _______ of the message
a. Medium, content
b. Sender, medium
c. Sender, receiver
d. Medium, receiver
3. Complete this principle of stakeholder engagement
Emotion trumps ______
a. Reason
b. Argument
c. Awareness
d. None
4. Effective stakeholder strategy is NOT influenced by the development of
effective relationships that consider the needs, emotions and behaviours of
people
a. True
b. False
26
5. In the absence of adequate ________at all the levels, the change attempt
may fail to fulfil its objectives.
a. Two‐way communication
b. One‐way communication
c. Informal communication
d. None of these
27
McKinsey 7S Model
• Strategy: the plan devised to maintain and build competitive advantage over
the competition
• Structure: the way the organisation is structured and who reports to whom
• Systems: the daily activities and procedures that staff members engage in to
get the job done
• Shared Values: called "superordinate goals" when the model was first
developed, these are the core values of the organisation that are evidenced in
the corporate culture and the general work ethic
• Style: the style of leadership adopted
• Staff: the employees and their general capabilities
• Skills: the actual skills and competencies of the employees working for the
organisation
28
Three Key Motivators (Dan Pink)
Autonomy
People like to be self‐directed, with a high degree of freedom to decide the
direction, methods, and circumstances of our work.
Mastery
People like to do things well, and to get better at doing things they value, so
opportunities to grow, develop, and excel at their work are intrinsically
motivating.
Purpose
People like to feel that their work has meaning and value, and will choose to
invest themselves in activities they consider worthwhile.
Levels of Organisational Culture (Trompenaars and Hampden‐
Turner)
• Level one (surface): Visible artefacts and products. e.g. office layout and
furnishings (who gets what)
• Level two (deeper): Norms and values
o Norms are the shared and accepted sense in an organisation of what
is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’
o Values are the basis on which something is seen as ‘good’ or ‘bad’
• Level three (deepest): Basic assumptions. e.g. the assumption that
‘all people are equal’. Basic assumptions are seldom articulated (except as
political slogans) but underpin many of the norms and values of some
societies.
29
MBTI ‘Type’ Theory
• The MBTI® model is based on four pairs of opposite ‘preferences’ that
people show
• In each case, neither preference is better than its opposite; they simply lead
to different choices
• The analogy of being right‐ or left‐handed is often used: we can do most
things with either hand, but one feels more comfortable than the other,
and through regular use has become stronger
• There are four pairs of preferences:
Extravert – Introvert (abbreviated as ‘E’ or ‘I’ ‐ how people are energised)
Sensing – iNtuiting (abbreviated as ‘S’ or ‘N’ – the N avoids confusion with
‘Introvert’ ‐ how people process information)
Thinking – Feeling (abbreviated as ‘T’ or ‘F’ ‐ how people make decisions)
Judging – Perceiving (abbreviated as ‘J’ or ‘P’ ‐ the situations people prefer)
30
Sample Exam
1. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what represents the need for an orderly,
secure world?
a. Safety
b. Love
c. Esteem
d. Self‐actualisation
2. What is the sequence of stages in Lewin’s three‐stage model of the change
process?
a. Unfreezing, change, refreezing
b. Change, unfreezing, refreezing
c. Refreezing, change, unfreezing
d. Unfreezing, refreezing, change
3. According to Beckhard and Harris, what is the objective of the ‘change
formula’?
a. Calculate the cost and benefit of a change
b. Pinpoint areas to focus on to increase motivation
c. Help create detailed plans for a change initiative
d. Identify skills and training requirements
4. What is the definition of a stakeholder?
a. Any individual or group with an interest in the change or its outcomes
b. An individual who may be overlooked but who will want to be involved
in the change
c. A temporary organisation used to take forward a specific piece of work
d. Those parts of the business model in an organisation that give a
competitive advantage
31
5. Which pair of MBTI® preferences focuses on preferring situations to be ‘cut
and dried’ rather than more ‘open‐ended’ and ambiguous?
a. Sensing – iNtuiting
b. Thinking – Feeling
c. Extravert – Introvert
d. Judging – Perceiving
6. What role in change must act as a role model for the change?
a. Advocate
b. Sponsor
c. Idea‐Generator
d. Change Agent
7. What is the key area in a change management plan that covers how
stakeholders can share their ideas about the change and approach to
implementation?
a. Building support
b. Stakeholders
c. Feedback
d. Measurement
8. What are the engagement levels of Mayfield’s stakeholder radar technique?
a. Ideal; Required; Preferred to have; Politeness to inform
b. Vital; Should; Could; Courtesy to inform
c. Must; Should; Could; Won’t inform
d. Vital; Necessary; Good to have; Courtesy to inform
9. In learning theory, which statement correctly describes the time required to
re‐establish a conditioned behaviour that has been lost?
32
a. It takes much longer compared to the time required for initial
conditioning
b. It takes the same length of time whether it is initial conditioning or
re‐establishing the response
c. A shorter time is needed compared to when initial conditioning
occurred
d. It is NOT possible to re‐establish a conditioned response that has
been lost
10. According to Lewin’s ‘force field analysis’, what would be the outcome of
augmenting the driving forces and at the same time decreasing the
restraining forces?
a. Change could be made more quickly
b. Cost of change will be increased
c. Scope of change will need to be amended
d. Reduction in the staff ‘buy‐in’ to change
11. According to Tuckman, in what stage of the team development model will
the team have established a way of working together that is focused on
outcomes?
a. Forming
b. Storming
c. Norming
d. Adjourning
12. When comparing ‘lean’ and ‘rich’ communication channels, which
characteristic applies to a ‘lean’ communication channel?
a. Allows multiple layers of feedback signals
b. Relies on multiple cues such as sound and visual
c. Conveys a combination of non‐verbal cues
d. Limits interactivity of participants
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13.Which approach is recommended for helping people through the ‘change
curve’?
a. Actively involve line managers in listening and providing support
b. Recognize negative emotions as a sign that the change is being managed
badly
c. Advise people not to discuss their problems with colleagues
d. Assume that people will eventually move on in time to deal with the
change
14. According to Morgan, what is the ultimate challenge when using metaphors
to shape organisational management?
a. Selecting the metaphor that represents the type of organisation
leaders want to develop
b. The ability to take a variety of different perspectives and viewpoints
into account
c. Deciding on which elements of each of the metaphors should be
rejected
d. Matching the available metaphors to fit the model that leaders
believe will work best
15. Which of the following statements about roles in change management are
true?
Change managers should consider possible threats related to the change.
Only business managers need to consider the business opportunities
related to the change.
a. Only 1 is true
b. Only 2 is true
c. Both 1 and 2 are true
d. Neither 1 or 2 is true
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16. Which benefit is gained from using a facilitated workshop to identify
stakeholders?
a. Enables the core team to understand how to engage with
stakeholders
b. Provides the time to develop the stakeholder engagement strategy
c. Helps to address the fear that there are too many stakeholders to
manage
d. Ensures that stakeholders identified by attendees are all engaged
17. Which action describes ‘change’ in Bridges’ model of human transitions?
a. Adjusting attitude to move to a new approach
b. Becoming comfortable with the new patterns
c. Abandoning the previous patterns of behaviour d. Performing the tasks to make a change
18. Which of the following statements about Morgan’s ‘Political systems’
metaphor are true?
I. Leadership focuses on forming influential groups of opinion leaders.
II. Differences of opinion can be ignored.
a. Only 1 is true b. Only 2 is true c. Both 1 and 2 are true d. Neither 1 or 2 is true
19. Which statement describes 'skills' in the McKinsey 7S model?
a. The ability of employees to perform their roles
b. The gap between current and future reporting structures c. Different work ethics demonstrated in different parts of the
organisation
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d. The processes underpinning the organisation
20. Which reason explains why it is helpful to segment stakeholders?
a. Identifies how power is distributed amongst stakeholders
b. Enables stakeholders’ changing needs to be prioritised over time
c. Helps identify the organisation’s culture for scoping appropriate engagement
d. Used to target an individual stakeholder to raise their interest in a change
21. Which management approach is recommended to help people through the
'neutral zone' phase of Bridges' model of human transition?
a. Establish temporary new ways to gather feedback on change
progress
b. Limit energy wasted on temporary solutions to problems
c. Focus communications through normal line management
d. Concentrate on individuals and performance over team dynamics
22. What step in Kotter’s model for planning and leading organisational change
focuses on showing the need for change?
a. Empowering employees for broad‐based action
b. Anchoring new approaches in the culture c. Establishing a sense of urgency d. Creating the guiding coalition
23. Which step is performed first when conducting a stakeholder impact
assessment?
a. Outline the overall effect of the change b. Determine impacts of the change on each stakeholder
c. Describe the significance of the detailed impacts for each stakeholder
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d. Verify the impacts for each stakeholder
24. Which advantage for a change team is gained from developing a Persona
for a stakeholder group?
a. Facilitates more meaningful conversation amongst the members of
the stakeholder group
b. Encourages more like‐minded stakeholders to join this group and be
actively engaged
c. Enables the change team to identify more targeted change
management actions for this group
d. Helps the change team predict the likelihood of successful change for
this group
25. Which statement about Maslow's hierarchy of needs is true?
a. The need to realise potential represents the highest level of need b. The need for security will motivate behaviour after the need for
belonging has been satisfied
c. Rewards based on achievement address a lower level than the need
for social interaction
d. Physiological needs are likely to be a focus after the need for security has been satisfied
26. Which statement about Senge’s systems thinking model is correct?
a. No organisation can achieve its full potential b. Change must be driven from the top of the organisation
c. All processes have positive feedback loops d. Self‐reinforcing processes help to nurture change
27. Which of the following statements about the four factors influencing
severity of the change impacts are true?
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I. The organisation’s previous track record of managing change is a factor.
II. How individuals react as a result of the change is a factor.
a. Only1 is true b. Only 2 is true c. Both 1 and 2 are true d. Neither 1 or 2 is true
28. What level of engagement would be required to support a stakeholder who
was positioned in the centre of a stakeholder radar?
a. Inform them of the change programme progress against objectives
b. Ideally involve them in all decisions and direction
c. Need to engage them regularly in the change programme
d. Ensure that they are completely integral to the change programme
29. Which statement is suggested by one of Dan Pink’s three motivators?
a. Opportunities to improve skills will act as motivators
b. Financial reward will always act as a motivator
c. Assume that people will do the minimum work required
d. People are motivated by high levels of direction
30. According to Block, which aspect of the social contract between a change agent and a line manager addresses power issues affecting their
relationship?
a. Mixed motivation
b. Concerns about loss of control c. Concerns about exposure d. Clarity about who is involved
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31. Who is MOST likely to be the best person to fill the role of Change Agent in
an area affected by a change initiative?
a. New recruits who bring fresh ideas b. A member of the team from the area impacted
c. A full time Change Agent allocated from HR
d. An external consultant with change experience
32. Which statement BEST describes how people develop cognitive biases?
a. People use their previous experience as a quick way to understand a situation
b. People tend to defer to more senior authority figures
c. People apply careful logic to situations they face and use the results to make decisions
d. People pay most attention to evidence that confirms their existing
opinions
33. According to Schein, which approach would increase ‘survival anxiety’?
a. Explaining that the organisation will fail if nothing changes b. Describing how the organisation will provide all the required training c. Showing respect for people’s attempts to make a change
d. Encouraging staff to try new things
34. According to Trompenaars and Hampden‐Turner, which example is a level
two ‘norms and values’ expression of culture?
a. Each staff grade has its own space and furniture allowance b. All staff are of equivalent status across the organisation c. All senior managers have their own office and meeting room
d. The expected behaviours are set out in the staff handbook
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35. Which is the BEST example of an advantage to an organisation of making an
external appointment to a change team?
a. The experience gained can help with personal development
b. Sharing experience gained from making change in other organisations
c. The appointment may take longer to complete and delay the change
d. Recruits will already know the organisation and its people
36. Which of the following statements about one‐way communication are true?
I. One‐way communication is useful for getting important information out
quickly to large groups of people.
II. One‐way communication encourages and increases people’s desire to
interact to find out more.
a. Only 1 is true b. Only 2 is true c. Both 1 and 2 are true d. Neither 1 or 2 is true
37. Which MBTI® preference would particularly value a high level of detail in
change communications?
a. Sensing b. Perceiving c. Feeling d. Extravert
38. Which describes how emergent change and the tendency for ‘self‐
organisation’ become apparent in an organisation?
a. Managers develop a detailed plan to implement a complex change
b. New common requirements surface in different areas of the
organisation
c. An updated corporate strategy is developed d. A select group of powerful individuals make the case for change
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39. According to Glaser and Glaser, which element of team effectiveness will
enable a team to agree their joint working arrangements?
a. Team mission, planning and goal setting
b. Team roles
c. Team operating processes
d. Team inter‐personal relationships
40. When maintaining a people‐focused approach to communication, which
action encourages engagement by 'allowing plenty of time'?
a. Keep the message consistent by including the same details across all
groups
b. Keep plans flexible and allow for multiple interactions and dialogues
c. Avoid changing the approach for change due to ideas relayed back from people
d. Repeat messages by communicating frequently, in the same way at
the same time
41. According to the conscious competence learning model, in what stage is an
individual when they are feeling frustrated about their lack of skills in using
a new system?
a. Unconscious incompetence
b. Conscious incompetence
c. Conscious competence
d. Unconscious competence
42. Which is the first step in the process to describe and define the direction of
emergent change?
a. Visualise possible future scenarios after change has been completed
b. Undertake a gap analysis to compare current and future states
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c. Identify the key change requirements and the transformation needed
d. Explore the implications of required change in the current situation
43. Which is an action to mitigate a threat to the ‘psychological contract’ during
change?
a. Avoid communicating information that may be disturbing to staff
b. Positively promote the benefits of change even if you know they will
NOT all be achieved
c. Once the ‘psychological contract’ is in place, reduce contact with staff to the minimum
d. Ensure early involvement of personnel managers if job losses are
involved
44. Which approach to communication is MOST likely to appeal to people’s
hearts and minds?
a. Demonstrate support for a new casual dress policy by getting
managers to dress more informally
b. Present a detailed specification to senior executives to explain a selected technical solution
c. Maintain an official tone for all communication at every level to
provide consistency
d. Create detailed plans before communicating about an ambitious
change programme
45. What stage of Kolb's learning cycle is displayed when an individual
attending a professional conference identifies a new principle they could
apply at work?
a. Concrete experience b. Practical experimentation
c. Abstract conceptualization d. Reflective observation
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46. Which of the following statements about the key focus when exploring
viewpoints on the vision for change in an organisation are true?
I. You must first deal with the symptoms arising from problems in the
organisation.
II. Capturing ideas about the organisation’s values and target destination is
the first step.
a. Only 1 is true b. Only 2 is true c. Both 1 and 2 are true d. Neither 1 or 2 is true
47. Which is a symptom of the ‘Disengagement’ type of resistance to change?
a. Some people are intent on finding faults with the new work
approaches
b. At a recent presentation several people spoke strongly against the changes
c. Everyone was told to attend a change meeting by their manager but
few people said anything
d. People are very dismissive of the changes when talking to others
48. Which approach is MOST likely to foster engagement and collaboration in
the early stages of change?
a. The CEO holding a company‐wide session to present why a change is
going to happen
b. Organizing an email campaign to relay key messages and ask for ideas
c. Senior management team representatives holding breakfast
meetings with small groups
d. Organising suggestion boxes and offering prizes for ideas that are implemented
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49. Which of the four strategies for building and sustaining momentum in a
change initiative suggests making announcements such as the number of
people now using the new computer system?
a. Timing of communications
b. Phased approach to implementation
c. Keep visibility of the change high d. Task managers with the responsibility for delivery
50. Where the timing for communication messages should be documented?
a. Only in the communication strategy
b. Only in the communication plan
c. In both the communication strategy and the communication plan
d. In neither the communication strategy nor the communication plan
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