Changes in W. European History

The Evolution of CommunicationBy Monica Mejia and Amanda Eiser

1500s

Mid 1400s: The printing press

1490: First paper mill in England

1500s: Printing in England, 35,000 books with 10 million copies

Spread of education creates demand

Also: the pencil, postal systems

1600s

New mediums of print formed: newspapers, etc.

1609: First regularly published newspaper appears in Germany

1659: Penny post appears in London

1696: England has over 100 paper mills

Also: mail routes, classifieds, public libraries

1700s

More portability and ease of use desired; introduction of the mass market

1710: Three-color printing developed in Germany

1714: Henry Mill receives patent for typewriter

1790: In England, hydraulic press invented

Also: the eraser, steel pen points, signaling systems, and transcontinental mail

1800s

Huge wave in advancements, especially during industrial revolution

1810: Electro-chemical telegraph constructed in Germany

1837: Electric telegraph patented in England

1839: Electricity runs a printing press

1841: The advertising agency

1851: Cable laid across the English Channel

1873: Theory of radio waves

1888: Public telephones

Also: Photography, movies, x-ray photography

1900s

Waves and other innovations create new verbal forms of communication, and later global communication

Known as the Age of Technology

1906: Voice and music broadcast in U.S.

1924: Radio sets widespread

1954: Regular color TV broadcasts

1969: Videotape on cassette

1981: The IBM PC

1996: Widespread internet use

ArchitectureBy: Alexis Rubin and Cara Hutter

1500

As the Renaissance revived Classical art, more Classical architecture was also restored.

Renaissance architecture involved classical columns, and rounded arches, as well as use of the dome, a Renaissance staple.

1600

After the religious revival of the 16th century Baroque architects desired to add spiritual accents to classical Renaissance architecture.

St. Peter’s Basilica was completed in the Baroque style.

1700

During the 1700’s the Rococo art style transferred to decorative architecture that worked well when paired with standing Baroque structures

1800

Neoclassicism continued throughout the 1800s. This later phase is called Greek Revival

Popular in Northern Europe and the United States

Showed a rediscovery of Greek architecture.

1900

Modernism reflected the rapid modernization and technological advancement of society.

Functionalism was the idea that there was to be no unnecessary ornamentation

Postmodernism mixed modernism with traditional architecture of the past.

Clothing Styles for Men, Women, and Children

By: Lauren Finley and Kimberly Shankwitz, yo

1500's - RenaissanceThe Italian city-states grew wealthy from commerce on the Mediterranean.  They could afford better fabrics and fancier clothes to wear to the parties they held to show off said wealth. Trade on the Mediterranean brought Italy into contact with many more cultures, leading to different, foreign-inspired variations on dress.  Arab styles were popular (though the Arabs themselves were not). A renewed interest in realistic beauty and classical art led to many people viewing fashion as an elaborate art form. The prevalence of Catholicism decreed that women's fashions would still be modest and unrevealing.

 

1600's - Time of Ch-ch-ch-changeNation-states started to grow, with the settling of colonies in full swing.  People started dressing more uniquely to show off their national pride. The religious conflicts had also become a way of life.  Dress became a way to signify what religion someone was.  For example, a Protestant might dress more soberly than a Catholic. The Scientific Revolution led to many uncertainties about the world.  Fashion became more outlandish as people tried to deal with the new perception of the universe.

 

1700's - Enlightenment•  The Enlightenment was an

international and cosmopolitan movement that was strongly influenced by the French. This included fashion styles, as both ladies and men began to dress "comme les Français".

•  People believed that women were natural mothers. This kept them in their traditional clothes with long skirts and sleeves.

• Children began to be considered children, and started wearing clothes that were more comfortable and more appropriate to their age.

 

Clothing Styles for Men, Women, and Children

By: Lauren Finley and Kimberly Shankwitz, yo

1500's - RenaissanceThe Italian city-states grew wealthy from commerce on the Mediterranean.  They could afford better fabrics and fancier clothes to wear to the parties they held to show off said wealth. Trade on the Mediterranean brought Italy into contact with many more cultures, leading to different, foreign-inspired variations on dress.  Arab styles were popular (though the Arabs themselves were not). A renewed interest in realistic beauty and classical art led to many people viewing fashion as an elaborate art form. The prevalence of Catholicism decreed that women's fashions would still be modest and unrevealing.

 

1600's - Time of Ch-ch-ch-changeNation-states started to grow, with the settling of colonies in full swing.  People started dressing more uniquely to show off their national pride. The religious conflicts had also become a way of life.  Dress became a way to signify what religion someone was.  For example, a Protestant might dress more soberly than a Catholic. The Scientific Revolution led to many uncertainties about the world.  Fashion became more outlandish as people tried to deal with the new perception of the universe.

 

1700's - Enlightenment•  The Enlightenment was an

international and cosmopolitan movement that was strongly influenced by the French. This included fashion styles, as both ladies and men began to dress "comme les Français".

•  People believed that women were natural mothers. This kept them in their traditional clothes with long skirts and sleeves.

• Children began to be considered children, and started wearing clothes that were more comfortable and more appropriate to their age.

 

1800's - Industrial Revolution

 • New inventions caused

a boom in the textile industry. Cotton became cheaper, so poorer people could buy it. Cotton became the material of choice for most clothes.

• The development of factories meant a new working environment. Workers had to adapt their clothes for the new, physically intensive work.

•  New products were soon developed and white collar jobs came with them. For white collar workers, fancy clothes became impractical.

 

1900's - The Modern Era

 

• With the rise of the flappers and the Women's Liberation Movement, women wanted to be equal to men. They cut off their skirts, shocking the older generation.

 • On the home front of World

War II, clothing used less material, because most material went to the war effort.

 • The 1960's saw the advent of

"peace, love, and happiness", which shaped fashion with the introduction of hippies and their psychedelic vibes, man.

 

Educational Changes Throughout European History

 By: Carly Hoilman and Mikenzie F.

Renaissance

• Humanist schools emerged all over Europe.

 • Main goal:to produce

"complete citizens" well-versed in secular subjects.

 • Vittorino da Feltre founded

the most famous humanist school.

Reformation• Education in the Reformation

opened to a wider crowd of people, as Protestantism depended on Bible-reading followers.

 •  Increase in literacy rates as a

result.  • Secondary schools for

humanism opened up and schools for religious instruction were established in Germany, following Melancthon's example.

Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution brought about a new logical way of thinking based on observation and experimentation.

 • Christian views of the Reformation

were challenged as Copernicus's heliocentric theory opposed Ptolemy's geocentric theory and finite universe.

 • Scientific societies emerged as ways

to organize research, but became government-promoted ways to better the state.

Enlightenment

• Literacy rate among women and men differed greatly by men having a higher percentage of literacy than women.

•  Greek, Latin, Math, Sciences, and languages were all part of education during the Enlightenment period.

•  Chapter Books and brochures came about during this time. The material that was included in them was both spiritual and secular.

 

Romanticism and Age of Progress

• Mass education developed during this time. People had little interest and attendance was not required.

• Primary School was no available for boys and girls between the ages of six through twelve.

• Teachers were female because this was the only job they could hold even though it gave them lower wages.

 

Mike D’AntonioKyle SchraderJT Hickman

Ch-Ch-

Ch-

Ch-Changes

in

Government

Government in the 1500s

Divine Right monarchy still in place.

Religion was central to politics and the Church was very much intertwined with the state.

To weed out potential enemies of the state, governments used a religious inquisition (most famous being the Spanish Inquisition).

Colonial governments established small governmental bodies for themselves.

Religion was central to many political and diplomatic decisions.

Government in the 1600s As a continuation, the upper class still

basically dominated governments. Most countries were still run by a monarchy or some other indirect form of oligarchy, with the most wealthy and lavish citizens running the state.

“The bureaucracy is growing to meet the needs of the expanding bureaucracy.”

Governments increased centralization, curtailing the power of local authorities and opting for more control over the far-flung reaches of their empires.

Countries made a move toward secularization – that is, they stopped focusing so heavily on religion in international affairs and began to focus more on what was best for the state.

The Palace of Versailles represents the move towards secularization by showing the power of the state and king over religion and God.

Government in the 1700s

The Enlightenment brought revolutionary ideas to government, including the idea that people had natural rights

Enlightened Absolutism- rulers put some of the natural rights into action

Enlightened Absolutists were limited by the power of the nobility and old order

French Revolution unleashed liberalism and nationalism in governments

Catherine the Great was an Enlightened Absolutist but realized the power of the nobility and helped to preserve their positions.

Conservatives supported traditional institutions like monarchies

Industrialization created a new liberal middle class that wanted representation

Revolutions of 1848 caused governments to realize it was time to change

Mass Politics-expansion of democracy through reform, prevailed in Britain and France

Old order remained in the East

The 19th century was a time of vast government change. Revolutions flared up across Europe and demanded representation for lower classes.

Government in the 1800s

Government in the 1900s

New government types arose to destroy the remaining proponents of the Old Order.

Democracy and legislatures replaced single-person or small group rule, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, by the latter half of the 1900s.

Communism, Fascism, and others rose out of the ashes of the old order as ‘viable’ government types.

Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union: acted much like the US Congress. This government replaced the Tsarist Regime of Imperial Russia.

Literature Through the Ages

Megan Valentine and Margaret Daubert

16th Century: Religion in Literature Indulgences were catalyst

for Martin Luther’s ideals.

Publishing switched from Latin to the vernacular. Ninety-Five Theses

On the Freedom of a Christian Man

Pamphlets became popular: “Robbing and Murdering

Hordes of Peasants”

17th Century: Theater and Science

William Shakespeare known for plays, sonnets, dramas “Master of the English

language” Spanish and French Theater-

Lope de Vega Jean-Baptiste Racine

Galileo’s The Starry Messenger

Newton’s Principia

18th Century: Enlightenment Travel Literature- James Cook

Locke vs. Newton

Jean-Jacques Rousseau- The Social Contract

Denis Diderot- The Encyclopedia

Mary Wollstonecraft- The Vindication of the Rights of Women

Production of the novel- Pamela by Samuel Richardson

Documentation of History

19th Century: Romanticism and Realism Romanticism: nature, idealism,

imagination, individualism

Emphasis on emotion and sentiment Sorrows of a Young Werther- Von

Goethe Ivanhoe- Walter Scott

Gothic Literature Frankenstein- Mary Shelley “The Raven”- Edgar Allen Poe

Poetry Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley

Realism Madame Bovary- Gustave

Flaubert

20th Century: Modernism and Postmodernism

Psychoanalysis

Modernism: Naturalism and Symbolism

“stream of consciousness”

“Theater of the Absurd” Waiting for Godot- Samuel

Beckett

Postmodernism Magic realism

-Emphasis on education throughout the middle classes

-Art

-Many were illiterate

Leisure Time

Religious values became a revived interest...

-Education

-The emergence of protestant schools

In the midst of religious turmoil...

-Theater became popular among the wealthy as the patronized playwrights

- Many also began to take interest in science as scientists began to redefine the field of science.

Education continued to be an important factor ...

-Spread of literacy

-Popular literature

-Alcohol and taverns

- Grand tours

Due to material prosperity and the hours created by the industrial system....

-New technology

-Emergence of mass leisure

-Music

-Dance halls

-Team sports

-Tourism

Music from the 16th to 20th Centuries

Jack Heiger and Gill Hanna

1500s

Madrigals became prevalent Written for five or six

voices Used text painting Spread to England Eg: Deck the Halls

1600s

The opera, oratorio, sonata, concerto, and symphony were developed in Italy; spread across Europe

Most musicians depended upon patrons

Italy and Germany were musical leaders

1700s Baroque era

Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel

Classical era started in 1750 Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

New instruments appeared, such as the piano; orchestral music became more popular

1800s

Ludwig van Beethoven was the bridge between the classical and romantic styles; used uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifting resolutions

Era of Romanticism Hector Berlioz: used music

to express emotions, stories, and personal experiences

1900s

Music became pop culture Blues, jazz, impressionism, rock-

and-roll, punk, rap, hip-hop, serialism, minimalism

Began to include social commentary

It was able to spread faster and farther through technology

Jazz and rock were based on African American styles; influenced later styles, especially as they crossed to Britain and back

Warfare Throughout The Ages

Chadd David Heller and Kyle Alexander Deckman

Warefare in the 1500'S

• Mainly relied on calvary for distinct advantage over other armies

 • Soldiers practiced a code

of chivalry, keeping their honor in tact

 • Used crude weapons to

stab/slice/crush/impale/beheaded

• Wars often started because of religious differences or territorial disputes

• Ex. Habsburg-Valois War, Netherlands Revolt

 

             Habsburg- Valois War, 1551 to 1559

Warfare in the 1600's

• War becomes more important role in determining European affairs

• Military power considered essential to a ruler's reputation

• A "military revolution occurs"

• Introduction of squads and battalions - Gustavus Aldophis

• Ex. Thirty Years War, Wars of Louis XIV, The Great Northern War

T

Thirty Years War, 1618 to 1648

Warfare in the 1700's

• Use large armies to create a "Balance of power" among other European Nations

• Popularization of firearms, muskets and rifles

• Gunpowder based weapons such as cannons 

• Ex. War of Austrian Succession, Seven Years War, French and Indian War

F

French and Indian War, 1754 to 1763

Warfare in the 1800's

•  Focus of war was for political measures rather than religious

• Ex. Napoleonic Wars, Crimean War, American Civil War, German Unification Wars (Danish, Austro-Purssian, etc)

Crimean War, 1853 to 1856

Warfare in the 1900's

• Invention of the rapid fire machine-gun causes havoc across "No mans land"

• Trench warfare used in WWI

• Automatic rifles used in World War II, tactics become even more important

• Ex. World War I, World War II, Korean War

World War I, 1914 to 1918