Changes leading to 1890 Firing of Bismarck change of foreign
policy in Germany Ending of British and French isolation Rise of
Japan
Slide 3
Kaiser William II (Germany) 1890 fired Bismarck based on
political differences Weltpolitik world politic Wanted to establish
Germany as a GLOBAL power and compete with GB and France Establish
Germanys place in the sun Diverged away from Bismarcks continental
policy Unraveled Bismarcks web of alliances and agreements not
compatible with Williams vision of Germany
Slide 4
Lapse of Reinsurance Treaty (1890) Germany allowed the
Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to expire Wanted to sure up
relationship with AH and not have conflicting goals with Russia
(Balkans) Wanted to pursue relationship with GB GB foreign policy
conflicted with Russia Russia wanted to continue treaty
Slide 5
Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) Late 1880s and early 1890s
French investment in Russia increased in response to German
economic moves against Russia ex. Russian grain tariff 1892 France
and Russia signed military treaty Pledged mutual aid if either
attacked by Germany Pledged mobilization if either attacked by a
member of the Triple Alliance 1894 formalized alliance Ended French
isolation
Slide 6
British Foreign Policy Imperialistic rivalries ended with
France after the Fashoda Crisis (1898) Development of German
rivalry Kruger telegram and William IIs support for Boers in the
Boer War (1895) Berlin-Baghdad RR William II wanted to
finance/construct RR in OE to build trade in Middle East (1898)
Anglo-German Naval rivalry
Slide 7
Anglo-German Naval Rivalry German naval construction bills
1897/1900 German began to build navy to rival the naval power of GB
GB increased naval spending Development of dreadnought class
battleship Created arms race
Slide 8
British-Japanese Naval Alliance 1902 GB and Japan signed naval
alliance with Japan Allowed GB to remove naval presence from
Pacific and concentrate closer to the Atlantic to help counter
German naval build-up Also gave GB ally against potential Russian
threat in China Ended the splendid isolation of GB
Slide 9
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) (See Russo-Japanese Powerpoint
with the rise of Modern Japan)
Slide 10
Slide 11
Japan:Meiji Era (1868-1912) Modernization of Japan based on
western economics and politics Centralized govt. Emperor with full
authority - ministers Parliament Constitution & legal system
Currency
Slide 12
Army modeled on Prussian army Navy modeled on British navy
Economic: RR, telegraph, steamship Industry and factories exports
increase Demand for raw materials (empire)
Slide 13
Why modernize? Check foreign influence in Japan did not want to
become China US and European countries strong-armed trade rights in
Japan (1850s) Japanese port cities bombarded by US and European
nations Emperor forced to sign and confirm trade treaties
Slide 14
Lacked political unity Lacked military power Modernize or
become European colony adopt western technology to promote
Japan
Slide 15
Russo-Japanese Rivalry Manchuria and Korea regions of
competition
Slide 16
Sino-Japanese War (1894) Japan vs. China Japanese victory!
Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895): Korea independent nation (formally a
part of China) Japan took control of economic interests in Korea
Japan annexed Formosa (modern Taiwan) Japan received economic
concessions in Manchuria and control of Port Arthur (Liaotung
peninsula) Mining rights
Slide 17
Slide 18
Russia-Japan Rivalry Japanese interests in Manchuria competed
with Russia Russia RR in Manchuria that connected Vladivostok to
Trans-Siberian RR, and mining interests European nations forced
Japan to concede Manchuria back to China Russia leased Liaotung
peninsula from China (1898) built RR to connect Port Arthur to
Trans-Siberian RR
Slide 19
Russian Interests Needed a foreign political distraction Czar
losing support at home Manchuria and Korea support port of
Vladivostok RR connecting Vladivostok and Manchuria (Port Arthur)
trade rights, mining rights
Slide 20
Japanese Interests Need for raw materials to boost
industrialization New markets Asian mainland Great Power status Did
not want to see Russia gain economic concessions from China 1902
Japan/Great Britain sign alliance GB anticipated conflict with
Russia
Slide 21
Russo-Japanese War - 1904 Japan attacked Port Arthur Manchuria
region of war Battle of Mukden Japan won Russia could not support
troops via land trans-Siberian RR not complete Battle of Tsushima
Strait Japanese navy defeated Russian navy Upset!
Slide 22
Slide 23
Treaty of Portsmouth - 1905 US involvement Pres. T. Roosevelt
US did not want to see Russia or Japan become powerful challenge
interests in China Portsmouth, New Hampshire US, Japan, Russia
met
Slide 24
Effects and Outcomes Concessions: Japan: Received Port Arthur
Liaotung Peninsula preferred position in Manchuria Korea =
protectorate Southern half of island of Sakhalin Japan Great Power
in the East challenged European supremacy
Slide 25
Russia: Shifted political/foreign focus to Europe Balkans
region Czar lost prestige questioned ability to rule Revolution of
1905 Loss viewed as shock to Europe
Slide 26
Rise of Asian nationalism revolts in Asian countries against
European powers and rulers supported by European powers
Slide 27
French Foreign Policy French-Italian Agreement (1898) Economic
agreement ended tariff and France supported Italy with loans for
economic development Italy recognized Morocco as French sphere of
influence France recognized Tripoli as Italian sphere of influence
Anglo-French Agreement (1904) France recognized Egypt as British
protectorate England recognized Morocco as French sphere of
influence Northern Morocco went to Spain Siam = neutral buffer
between Burma (GB) and French Indo- China
Slide 28
The First Moroccan Crisis (1905) Jan. 1905 French sent mission
to Fez, Morocco to stabilize Morocco and protect French business
interests William II (Ger.) landed in Tangiers, Morocco to meet
with the sultan and voice his support for Moroccan independence
Protect German business interests in Morocco Test the new entente
between France and GB GB supported France in Morocco against
Germany
Slide 29
Anglo-French Military Staff Talks (1905) British and French
military commanders discuss plans for unified military action on
the continent Extended commitment to each other Germany =
enemy
Slide 30
The Algeciras Conference (Jan. 1906) International Conference
in Algeciras, Spain to resolve the Moroccan Crisis Morocco
recognized as French sphere of influence and be under the policing
of France and Spain France controlled the Bank of Morocco gave
France control of economic development Entente between GB and
France strengthened Germanys position in Morocco weakened Received
no support from Italy and luke-warm support from AH
Slide 31
Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) Great Britain and Russia resolve
imperialistic rivalries mostly in the Middle East Both powers stay
out of Tibet Russia recognized Afghanistan as GB sphere of
influence Persia divided into three zones North = Russian sphere of
influence Middle = neutral sphere of influence South = GB sphere of
influence secured India Agreed to bar Germany from Persia Germany
began pushing into the Middle East by cultivating relationship in
Iraq Berlin to Baghdad RR
Slide 32
Entente between GB and Russia created the ability for the
Triple Entente to exist GB had ententes with France and Russia
France and Russia had alliance Acted as political balance to Triple
Alliance
Slide 33
New Tendencies in Foreign Policy Need for allies to offset
threat from other nations and other alliance blocs (balance of
power) Cannot be isolated Restricted foreign policy flexibility of
involved nations Increase in armaments size and expenditures
Beginning of arms races New draft laws to increase service time to
increase size of trained military Increase of influence of military
leaders in government Joint war plans between countries Creation of
war plans Military leaders increasingly advising govt. action
Slide 34
Militarism Discussion Discuss the idea of an arms race and
militarism as a deterrent to war. Include the concept of balance of
power. Discuss the idea of an arms race and militarism as a
contributor to war.
Slide 35
The Bosnian Crisis (1908) The Buchlau Meeting Izvolsky Russia
wanted to open the Straits to Russian warships for access to the
Med Sea Aehrenthal AH wanted to annex Bosnia Both agreed to support
each others claims provided announced at the same time Aehrenthal
announced the annexation of Bosnia without the consent of Russia
Izvolsky had not discussed with the Czar or secured support of GB
and France Annexation received negative reaction from other Great
Powers England, France, Russia
Slide 36
Serbia mobilized army to protest annexation Wanted to annex
Bosnia themselves because of Serbian population in Bosnia Austria
mobilized army Germany supported Austria with verbal/military
support GB supported Russia with verbal support France failed to
support Russia Russia too weak from Russo-Japanese war to challenge
Germany and defend interests of Serbia Austria allowed to annex
Bosnia
Slide 37
2 nd Moroccan Crisis (1911) The Panther Incident 1911 France
sent troops into Fez (Morocco) to put down rebellion against Sultan
and protect French settlers Morocco effectively became a
protectorate Germany sent the Panther (gunboat) to Agadir (port) as
a show of force against French moves Demanded France give the
French Congo to Germany as compensation Claimed violation of
Algeciras agreement
Slide 38
GB and Russia supported France against Germany AH failed to
strongly support Germany Effects: Germany received 100,000 square
miles of worthless territory in the Congo Morocco = French
protectorate Viewed as diplomatic defeat for Germany
Slide 39
The Libyan War (the Tripoli War) 1911 Italy declared war on the
Ottoman Empire and invaded Tripoli Italy won (1912) Annexed Tripoli
and Libya
Slide 40
Haldane Conference (1912) Lord Haldane British minister of war
went to Germany to discuss the issue of the naval race Germany
wanted British neutrality in a German war with France in exchange
for modifications to German naval build up Conference failed
British / French naval agreement France concentrate navy in
Mediterranean Sea GB concentrate navy in English channel / North
Sea
Slide 41
The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) 1912- Creation of the Balkan League
Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro Cooperate if attacked,
prevent Great Powers from seizing territory in Balkans, unified
stance against the Ottoman Empire 1 st Balkan War (1912) Balkan
League attacked OE in Balkan peninsula Victorious
Slide 42
London Conference Sponsored by the Great Powers to control
distribution of territory Creation of Albania Prevented Serbia
access to Adriatic Sea and limited Serb power on peninsula
Supported by AH Serbia received expanded territory on the
peninsula
Slide 43
2 nd Balkan War Bulgaria attacked Serbia over Balkan territory
Serbia supported by Rumania and OE Serbia won the conflict Bulgaria
lost further territory Albania maintained Great Powers (Russia and
AH) did not intervene in either war mostly due to diplomatic
efforts of England and Germany
Slide 44
M.A.I.I.N Causes of WWI Militarism Alliance System Imperialism
Industrialism Nationalism Other causes identified by IB: The desire
for revenge Economic factors Specifically Balkan Nationalism
Treaties Ideology
Slide 45
Militarism The use of the military as a tool of foreign policy
The increased influence of the military in the government and
society The build up of military forces land armies and navies
Maintained balance of power among European nations
Slide 46
Alliance System Military agreements between countries typically
defensive if one country is attacked others will join to aid the
attacked country Maintained balance of power Intended to offset the
threat of war
Slide 47
Imperialism Extension of political, economic, and social
influence abroad to foreign regions/countries Often involves the
creation of colonies/empires OR the annexation of new territory Raw
materials to support industrialization Competition GB and France
established empires Germany weltpolitik create empire
Slide 48
Industrialism Rapid production of goods using machines Supports
and supplies large armies Supports technological development of
military Coincides with the development of the factory system and
urbanization concentration of labor Requires large amounts of raw
materials
Slide 49
Nationalism Putting the interests of your own country ahead of
the international interests (collective good) What is best for my
country at this time? Also applies to groups of people who seek
independence from a controlling group/country
Slide 50
the Balkan Powder Keg Why would the Balkan peninsula be
referred to as a powder keg leading up to World War I? Rivalry
between AH and Russia Pan-Slavism Rivalry between AH and Serbia AH
annexed Bosnia Serbia wanted to annex Bosnia and increase power and
influence in Balkan peninsula Issue of Albania supported by AH
Nationalist movements new Balkan nations breaking away from the
Ottoman Empire Balkan wars
Slide 51
Exercise: Historians typically sight the above five causes as
the long term causes for WWI. Find historical events that support
each of the five causes as long term causes. Cite examples from the
Age of Imperialism through June 28, 1914 to support your
answers.