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8/19/2019 Changes of water quality and water surface area in Inle Lake (Myanmar) : facts and perceptions
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INTRODUCTIONS
The Rational of the Present Study
Water is one of the most necessary things for all forms of life: human, animals
and plants. Life, therefore, cannot exist without water on the earth.
It is a source of energy, an avenue of transportation, habitat for a myriad of
organisms and essential for life (Robert J. Naiman et.al, 1995). Nowadays, water
quality assessment is greatly important to natural ecosystem as well as human and it
becomes a global issue. One fifth of the world population is without access to safe
drinking water and half of the population is without access to adequate sanitation
(2000, UNDP). As the world's population is increasing, the fresh water demand is
rapidly growing.
On the earth surface, water existed in various forms: liquid, solid, ice or snow
and water vapor. About 75% of the earth surface is covered by water, 98% of the
available water is found in the ocean. Less than 1 percent of water is found in the
lake. Among them 20% of water is in Lake Baikal and 20% is in the Great Lakes.
Lake is one of the important valued resources for water of human society as
well as aquatic environment. They provided several uses such as agriculture, livestock
watering, irrigation, fisheries, transportation, domestic use and recreation. Lakes and
their wetlands are of great advantage: storehouses of biodiversity, groundwater
recharge and modification for water quality.
Nowadays, the world's fresh water resources are under increasing pressure.
Growth in population, increased economic activity and improved standards of living
lead to increased competition for and conflicts over the limited freshwater resources
(2000. TAC).
Fresh water bodies are facing some of today's major causes of water quality
degradation by pollutants and contamination. Some problems have been present for a
long time but have only recently reached a critical level, while others are newlyemerging (1996, UNEP/WHO). Water quality is affected by a variety of natural and
human influences. Challenges of quality degradation and water shortages are faced by
many countries of the world.
Fresh water comes from river, lake, underground water, etc. Among them lake
is one of the fresh water resources. Inle Lake is the third largest and it is a natural lake
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among the 17 lakes in Myanmar. Indawgyi Lake in Myitkyina District, Kachin State
is the largest in Myanmar and Indaw Lake in Sagaing Division, is the second largest
lake, 11. Inle Lake is the most important lake in the country by virtue of its
distinguishable economic, social and cultural implications. In addition its nature the
natural wetland enhances a rich and a variety of biodiversity surroundings. It is themost important water resources for hydroelectricity generation of Lawpita, which is
one of the biggest electric power plant in Myanmar, and agricultural uses for local
people especially hydroponics farming (floating cultivation), tourist attraction of its
beautiful scenery and ecotourism for its biologically rich ecosystems, home for the
race of the Inthas who have a unique way of livelihood and culture, habitat for
resident and migratory water fouls and a variety of aquatic lives altogether account for
those implications.
The present threat to the Inle lake is that the water quality is disturbed by
floating garden using fertilizer and pesticides, eutrophication from nutrients, domestic
effluents into the lake from catchments as well as local residents and non-point
sources of pollution problem are taking place in this region and it needs proper water
quality monitoring programme. Furthermore, Inle Lake has become shallower with
the problems of soil erosion in the watershed area, which is becoming serious due to
over-exploitation of natural resources, loss of vegetation cover by burning and cutting
forest, and unfavorable agricultural practices such as shifting and or slash and burn
cultivation method.
Problems and Objectives of the Research
Therefore, the main problems of this study could be used to address the
following basic questions:
Are there hydrologic water quality thresholds values beyond the quality of
water in Inle Lake?
How did the water surface area change in Inle Lake? Why? and
How do local people and visitors aware of the changes of water quality
and water surface area in Inle Lake?
The major objectives of the study are:
1 Preliminary Survey on Potentiality of Reforestation under Clean Development Mechanism inMyanmar, with Particular References to Inle Lake, 1993.
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1. To investigate the present status of water quality in Inle Lake
seasonally and spatially,
2. To assess the status of water quality in Inle Lake whether it is beyond
the quality thresholds value or not,
3. To observe the changes of water surface area in Inle Lake,4. To analyze factors which influence the changes of water surface area,
5. To observe the relationship between water quality and water surface
area changes of Inle Lake,
6. To study the perceptions of local people and visitors regarding the
changes of water quality and water surface area Inle Lake and
7. To suggest the tendency of water and environmental management in
Inle Lake from the perceptions of local people and visitors.
Concerning the water quality in Myanmar, most of the studies related to the
water quality have been carried out in many areas. Almost all of these studies were
conducted for drinking water quality and also in river water quality. Although there
are many studies concerning water quality, there is still lack of systematic studies on a
water quality of Inle Lake. In addition, another interesting problem is to study the
surface area changes of Inle Lake because it is facing shallowness and more shrinkage
by silting and agricultural extension. This study is typically based on the land cover
changes which finally produced a water surface area changes. These two factors have
strongly related to the perceptions and awareness of people and their activities in Inle
Region.
Definitions
Lakes are an impoundment of water. There are many definitions for lake.
Generally; the lake is defined simply as in "Water Quality Assessment"
(1996.UNESCO, WHO, UNEP) expressed that_
" A lake may be defined as an enclosed body of water (usually fresh water) totally
surrounded by land and with no direct access to the sea".
According to the I.A.E.Bayly and W.D. William (1973), a book of Inland
Water and their Ecology described more scholarly definition of lake as follow:
"A lake can be described as standing bodies of water. Usually a lake has an outlet
system as an open lake, however, there is no outlet at any time and then the lake is
said to be closed lake".
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lakes resting on impervious organically bonded sand-rock in dune depressions, lakes
in permeable depressions extending below a common extensive water-table, lakes in
clay basins produced by deflation include in this type.
(g)Coastal Lake or Lagoon _ formed is by the growth of a bar across some
marine inlets.
Fresh water is a crucial resource for human existence. The problem related to
fresh water quality of today is addressed in global challenges in 21st century. The
term water quality was defined in various forms. In "Environment words: A
Dictionary in plain English Published by Images Asia" defined clearly as follow:
"How good water is to use"(measure of water quality are based on, how the water
smells, its color, its taste, how pure it is).
In 1996, UNEP, WHO stated that the water quality in " Water Quality
Monitoring: A practical guide to the design and implementation of freshwater qualitystudies and monitoring programme" as:
"Water Quality is a term used to express the suitability of water to sustain various
uses or processes".
A very brief general account of water quality is explained by Lo (1986) as
follow:
"Water quality refers to chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water.
The chemical characteristics include the organic substances such as heavy metal,
pesticides detergents and petroleum. The physical characteristic consists of turbidity,color and temperature, and the biological characteristics include plankton and
pigment".
The term perception has many definitions. Actually, studying in perception is
in Psychological term. But, today, it is widely used in many subjects and it is one of
the important words in Geography. In Psychology, perception can be described as:
"Perception is the process by which we organize and interpret the sensory
information we received. Perception is a cognitive process."
In Environmental Geography Second Year Text Book, it was expressed morerelated and more comprehensively for geography as follow:
"The term perception means process by which one becomes aware of changes
through the senses of sight, hearing, etc; act or power of perceiving. There is
a need to understand that the environment is being degraded and the public
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awareness of environmental knowledge and education play a significant role
in resolving the conflicts between man and nature."
Reviews of the Previous Works
Before starting this research, literature surveys were made on the studying of
water quality of Inle Lake. Some previous works are related to geological background
of Inle Lake and the socio-economic condition. Furthermore water quality of Inle
Lake is also stated by some scholars but they did not mention seasonal and spatial
aspect. As yet all the scholars who studied the quality of water in Inle Lake are from
the Chemistry Department, Zoology Department, Irrigation Department and UNDP.
All these studies emphasized the small scale area or drinking water quality.
The first water quality measurement may be expressed in N.annadale (1918) at
"Fauna of the Inle Lake"; he referred another author, named Mr. R.V. Briggs.
Dr.annadale expressed in his study as:
"Mr. Briggs has analyzed a sample which came from the surface in the middle lake,
with the following results: _
Total Solids 0.1710 (per liter)
Organic matter 0.0160
Calcium 0.0222
Magnesium 0.0279
Chlorine 0.0017
Sulphate (So4) 0.0017
Silica 0.0010
Carbonic Acid (CO3) 0.1030
It was found that Mr. Briggs analyzed the quality status of water in Inle Lake
in 1918. But he has measured some parameters of water quality for only one sample
site on surface water. Although lake's water quality is typically based on measurement
of water samples from its deep center part, this data is a valuable document of
historical background of water quality of the lake. At that time the condition of waterquality of the lake was very good.
One of the previous works was done by Nu Nu Khin (1984), who studied of
"Abundance of Trace Elements in Representative Fish and Vegetables of Inle Area".
In this study, the researcher study only trace elements in water for fish and vegetable.
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Another interesting previous works was done by Ni Ni Moe, (1997), who
studied "Chemical Analysis on the Quality of Inle Lake Water for Drinking and
Agricultural Purposes", on M.Sc Thesis of Chemistry Department, Mandalay
University. She studied the water quality of Inle Lake emphasizing on drinking water
and agricultural purposes and water quality parameters are quite complete and dividedinto physical characteristics, metals, inorganic nonmetallic constituent, organic
constituents and bacteriological characteristics. In her study, six sample sites were
collected mainly in Ywama Village and Thale Village in summer and early winter.
This study was very interesting and valuable for the historical documents for Inle
water quality of Lake and it can be represented for the status of drinking water quality
and for agricultural purposes of water.
In 2004, the Chemistry Department, Taunggyi University has studied two
aspects of water quality in Inle Lake: one is "The Long Term Study on Sedimentation
in Inle Lake" (Khin Mu et. al) and another is "Study of Some Chemical
Characteristics of Water from Inle Lake"(Kyin Aye et al). In the study of "Long Term
Studied on Sedimentation in Inle Lake" emphasis is placed on sedimentation with five
parameters: Total Suspended Solid, Total Dissolved Solid, pH, Hardness and Total
Alkalinity. Samples were taken from 10 sample sites during the rainy season (from
June to October). This study was the pioneer of searching for silting and pollution in
Inle Lake and valuable fundamental data for further research of sedimentation.
In the study of "Some Chemical Characteristics of Water from Inle Lake" the
water samples were collected from three samples sites with six parameters and trace
elements. In this case, water quality parameter is quite enough. But the lake's water
quality was represented by only sample site 1, and the other two sample sites are
taken from the residential and floating garden areas.
In Inle region, there are many social development projects of UNDP and
NGOs. In 2004, UNDP tested the drinking water quality. Water is taken from tube
wells, streams and springs in Inle Area and investigated parameters are pH, Hardness,
E.C, Turbidity, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Arsenic, Fecal Coliform and Total
Coliform. They intended to use the test for drinking water. But some of the sample
sites are related with Inle Lake's water quality.
In 2001, consultants from the Ministry of the Environment of Japan and
Myanmar surveyed in Myanmar Wetland Areas. They surveyed all wetland areas of
Myanmar and also assessed the quality of water in Inle Lake in December. In this
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survey, they collected nine water sample sites from Inle Lake and assessed pH,
Conductivity and Dissolved Oxygen.
These above mentioned studies are related to Inle Lake water quality. But
water quality of the whole lake with spatial and seasonal variation are still lacking.
Furthermore, there are some previous works regarding geology, geography, botany and zoology with some specific aspects in Inle Lake and some are still under
study. Concerning the environment studies, there is a research of Forest Department
and CDM (Clean Development Mechanism), which proposed as "Preliminary Survey
on Potentiality of Reforestation under Clean Development Mechanism in Myanmar,
with a particular reference to Inle Region" (2000), mentioned land cover and land use
for Inle-Moebye Watershed. In this study, land cover is divided into eleven
classifications.
An Overview of the Study Area
In Myanmar, there are three main Wetland Wildlife Sanctuaries: Inle Wetland
Wildlife Sanctuary (602.32 sq. km), Indawgyi Wetland Sanctuary (775.25 sq.km) and
Moyongyi Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary (103.60 sq. km). According to the Davis et. al
(2004), Inle Lake is one of the most important lake in Southeast Asia for fish
endemism, it has very high cultural and scenic values, high water plants diversity and
it is one of highest located lakes in Myanmar.
Physical Environment of Inle Region
The Inle Lake is situated in Nyaung Shwe Township, in Taunggyi District,
Southern Shan State, between Latitude 19° 58′ 0″ and 20° 43′ 05″ North, Longitude
97° 46′ 30″ and 97° 55′ 30″ East. Inle Lake alone lies between 20° 18′ and 20° 53′
North Latitudes, and between 96° 50′ and 96° 57′ East Longitudes. Inle area is
technically referred to as Inle Watershed including Taunggyi Township, Nyaung
Shwe Township, Yaksauk Township, Pindaya Township, Kalaw Township andPinlaung Township which are wholly or partially falling within Inle area. (Figure 1)
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Figure 1 Location Map of the Study AreaSource: Digitizing on Topographic Map, Myanmar Survey Department
92
92
94
94
96
96
98
98
100
100
102
102
1
0 1 0
1 2 1 2
1 4 1 4
1 6 1 6
1 8 1 8
2 0 2 0
2 2 2 2
2 4 2 4
2 6 2 6
2 8 2 8
20°15' 20
20°30' 20
20°45' 20
21°00' 21
96°45' 97°00'
N
EW
S
5 0 5 10 15 20 Miles
100 0 100 200 Miles
Inle Lake
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The lake is situated at 2900 feet above mean sea level, occupies the central
part of a trough between two mountain ranges, which runs almost from north to south.
This area of the Shan Plateau is formed with mountain ridges which split up and
parallel, formed the flat-bottomed basins or valleys namely, the Thamakhan Basin, the
Heho Basin and the Nyaung Shwe Valley (Yaungshwe Valley), which are separatedfrom each other by a mountain. It is evident that drainage must be taking place from
these three basins and directly drained into the Inle Lake. Generally, the watershed
can be divided into three parts: the eastern hilly part, the northern part and the western
hilly part, and several streams and rivers flow through these hilly areas and enter into
the lake. The following table shows that the watershed area of Inle Lake which was
characterized by eleven distinct land systems with an area of some 2169 square miles
designated as follow:
Table 1 Physical Characteristics of Inle's Watershed Area
Designation Area (sq.mile) Designation Area (sq.mile)
Thamakhan Plain 178.6 Pinlaung Range 286.7
Lonpo Plain 116.0 Taunglaylone Range 244.7
Nyaung Shwe Valley 487.2 Taunggyi Range 244.7
Mobye Valley 195.3 Kyauktalone Range 241.3
Heho Basin 61.4 Thikaung Ridge 56.2
Kalaw South Mountains 168.2Source: Mapping and Land use Planning for Watershed Management, GAF, and March 1996.
The whole of Shan States including Inle region is formed with limestone of
early Paleozoic to the Mesozoic Era. Around the lake the rocks are mainly limestone,
dolomites and marls of Ordovician and Permo-Carbonniferous age formation.
Structurally, the lake is bounded by a fault running east to west and can be called as a
graben. Along the western shores of the lake, the composition of silt and sandstone
were deposited. Moreover, the rocks present in the western ridge are of lowerresistance as compared to those in the eastern ridge, which rises more steeply above
sea level of the basin.
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Figure 2 Physical Map of the Study Area
Source: 50 meter DEM
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Strictly speaking, numerous streams enter into the lake, there are 29
streamlets, 17 streams from the eastern part, 11 streams from western part and only
one stream from northern part, and these are the major sources of water for Inle Lake.
Among them it receives water from swift streamlets of the eastern mountain range;
many of them dry up in winter and all are very short. None of these streams are ofgreat size. On the western side, rather larger streams enter by several mouths,
especially Thandaung Chaung (Kalaw Chaung) and Indein Chaung, which is the
major streamlets of the lake, their sources of water is from Pinlaung Ranges and
Kalaw Ranges entering the lake through tributaries and forming as large alluvial fan
and deltas. It is evident that some streams of the watershed, disappeared (underground
stream) while running for some miles at a great distance beneath the surface before
reaching the lake; which is a habit of the rivers of the Shan State. Likewise, in the
northern and northwestern part Namlit Chaung which is one of the major streams,
flow through Yatsauk and Shwe Nyaung Valley before entering the Inle Lake. From
the southern end of the lake, a larger stream, Nam Pilu Chaung flows through the
Sankha Basin into the Loi Kaw Basin, enters the Mobye Reservoir after flowing for
60 miles as Nam Pawn which drained into Thanlwin (Salween) river about 18° 52
North latitude.
Due to the location, the climate in the Inle region has a tropical climate. The
annual maximum temperature is in the month of April and minimum temperature is in
the month of January. In Nyaung Shwe Township, the average minimum temperature
is 2.8° C and the average maximum temperature is 36.6° C (Myanmar Agriculture
Service, Nyaung Shwe, 2000). The average annual rainfall for the last 4 years is 855
mm for Nyaung Shwe Township. Not only south-west monsoon brings rainfall into
the region but also waves of whirlwind from South China Sea which brings rainfall in
the late monsoon.
Table 2 Climatic Data of Inle's Watershed Area (1990-2005)
Mean Temperature (degree centigrade) of Inle Watershed (1996-2005)
Township Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Kalaw 14.17 16.61 20.30 22.46 23.40 23.24 22.90 22.76 21.84 21.53 18.74 15.68
Nyaungshwe 17.73 19.06 22.81 24.91 24.70 23.61 23.11 22.92 22.90 22.21 20.32 18.15
Pinlaung 13.71 14.94 18.47 20.92 21.89 20.39 19.69 19.89 20.46 19.20 17.46 15.42
Taunggyi 16.00 18.14 20.86 22.74 22.18 21.68 21.21 21.16 21.11 20.74 18.56 16.47
Yaksauk 18.49 20.56 22.76 26.07 27.24 27.83 27.63 27.28 26.96 27.13 23.44 19.97
Total 80.10 89.31 105.20 117.10 119.41 116.75 114.54 114.01 113.27 110.81 98.52 85.69
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Table 2 Climatic Data of Inle's Watershed Area (1990-2005)
Total Average Rainfall (inches)of Inle Watershed (1996-2005)
Township Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Kalaw 0.09 0.53 0.73 2.16 5.07 4.15 8.00 8.88 4.90 4.69 2.22 0.30
Nyaungshwe 0.01 0.15 0.27 1.02 3.72 6.16 7.66 10.19 8.28 3.99 2.03 0.22
Pinlaung 0.32 0.56 0.73 2.49 12.81 15.17 16.44 17.53 10.63 6.07 2.27 0.64
Taunggyi 0.20 0.38 0.83 2.12 8.53 6.20 9.55 8.92 9.10 6.33 2.39 0.47
Yaksauk 0.07 0.27 0.73 2.34 4.85 5.14 5.82 7.04 7.17 4.85 1.73 0.44
Total 0.69 1.89 3.29 10.13 34.98 36.82 47.47 52.56 40.08 25.93 10.64 2.07
Source: Meteorology and Hydrology Department, Taunggyi
Figure 3 Temperature and Rainfall of Study Area (1990 to 2005)Source: Meteorology and Hydrology Department, Taunggyi
A general description of soils in Inle Lake watershed belong to the "sub
tropical monsoon zone" and yellow soils- up to 65 feet deep- dominate the plateau and
intra mountain basin. On the dissected mountains shallow and gravelly red soils
occur.
The vegetation is quite luxuriant and rich in a number of species around the
Inle Lake, generally: Wet Mixed Deciduous Forest, Dry Forest and Indaing Forest are
found over 3000 feet above mean sea level, Upper Mixed Deciduous Forest are
covered at 3000 feet above mean sea level, and at 4000 feet and over 4000 feet there
are Mountain Forest, Pine Forest and Grasslands. In the Wetland and Lake, the
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
R a i n f a l l ( m m )
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
T e m p e r a t u r e ( ' c )
Nyaung Shwe Kalaw Pinlaung Taunggyi
Yaksauk Kalaw Nyaungshwe
Pinlaung Taunggyi Yaksauk
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aquatic vegetation of floating plants, marshes and weeds are common. According to
Dawan Mohinder Nath,2 "The Botanical Survey of the Southern Shan States With a
note on the Vegetation of the Inle Lake", University of Rangoon), fiftieth Anniversary
Conference: Subtropical Pine Forest are found growing in Kalaw, Aungban,
Taunggyi and their neighborhood; Subtropical Moist Forest with many species coversthe Taunggyi Ridge, Kalaw Hill; Indaing Forest are found on recent alluvium formed
by the Namlet Chaung and along the Shwe Nyaung-Yatsauk; and Subtropical Hill
Savannah Forest are commonly developed on the flat muddy soils in the Nyaung
Shwe basin from Taungni to Shweyanbye and along the foot of the mountain ridges.
Since Inle region is an expansion by agriculture land and settlement which cause the
deforestation.
Shallow lakes tend to be more biologically productive than deep lakes. Inle is
one of the natural shallow lakes, having rich biodiversity. Its wetland is more
remarkable for its various and luxurious biodiversity than other famous lakes in the
world. There are 1688 species of flora; among them 527 species of Traditional
Medicinal Plants, and 217 species of Local Orchids are notable. There are 25 species
of reptile in Inle Lake3. According to the 2003 census data, there may be about 400
species of bird in Inle Lake area and Eastern Sarus Crane is famous and predominant
only in Inle Lake around the world. 52 species of butterfly4, 3 species of turtle5 are
found around the lake. In aquatic animals, there are 23-43 species of fish in the lake,
among them under 2 Genera, 16 species can be found only in Inle Lake in the world6.
Socio-economic Scenario
There are seven townships and nearly all of this area fall into the Inle
catchments. All of these areas are suitable for agriculture, with favorable climatic
conditions, easily accessible to market with fairly high living standard and moderately
population. Total population and density of Inle watershed area is shown in Table 4.
2 Lecturer of Botany Department, Rangoon University (1961).3 Surveying of Myanmar and California Scientific Inventory Group (Aug, 2002).4 Inle Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary, (2003).5 Sai Than Naing, 1993.6 Dr. Jon Davies, (2001)
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Table 3 Total Population and Density of Inle Watershed Area (2005)
Townships Area (sq. miles) Total PopulationDensity (person
per sq. miles)
Kalaw 553.00 137879 249.3
Nyaung Shwe 553.0 163231 295.1Pindaya 233.50 71151 304.7
Pinlaung 1,295.60 83413 64.4
Ywangan 1,017.90 67306 66.1
Taunggyi 1928.23 272092 141.1
Yaksauk 1874.02 93368 0.01
Source: Immigration and Manpower Department, Taunggyi, Shan State.
In 2005, agriculture is the main occupation of Inle area and it is extensively
cultivated carried on in Heho Basin and Nyaung Shwe Basin. Large parts around Inle
Lake and Heho Basin are under irrigated agriculture. Rotational cultivation and
shifting cultivation are practiced in some mountain slopes. In Inle Region, paddy is
the chief crop and cash crop such as tomato, potato, sugarcane, peas, beans, maize,
cabbage, cauliflower, vegetables, etc are cultivated. Generally, land use in Inle
Watershed is shown in Table 5.
Table 4 Land use for Inle Watershed by Townships in 2000 (sq. miles)
Land use
Townships
Forestland Rain-fed hill
agriculture
Lowland
Agriculture
Shifting
Agriculture
Multistory
Garden
Kalaw 21,028.61 49,256.58 10,183.08 1,930.63 1,649.03
Nyaung Shwe 62,172.69 4,128.75 12,910.90 2,505.90 2,304.83
Pindaya 640.21 9,845.20 3,892.33 134.30 616.19
Pinglaung 35,758.78 28,565.70 2,866.80 2,616.11 124.20
Ywangan 0.00 283.89 73.73 0.00 186.85
Taunggyi 43,426.75 12,246.51 17,504.21 599.26 428.39
Yatsauk 14,228.12 2,120.50 5,388.55 38.90 66.27Source: CDM (Clean Development Mechanism), 2000
Methods and Techniques
In this study, several methods and techniques were used. Firstly, water related
literature and initial secondary data on the physical data, methodological data,
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ecological data, socio-economic data and small research related with Inle Region were
gathered through different offices at Taunggyi, Nyaung Shwe, Yangon and informal
personal interviews were conducted. The main proponent of this research is highlight
on waters and all the fundamental factors are considered on it. In this research, the
study is divided mainly into three parts: water quality, water surface area changes andfacts and perceptions on waters. Generally, an overview of the research design can be
worked out as shown in figure 2.
Figure 4 Research Design for the study of Changes of Water Quality and Water
Surface Area in Inle Lake: Facts and Perceptions
Choosing water quality parameters is an important factor to study the
limnology. To assess the quality of water variables physical characteristics, chemical
characteristics and biological characteristics were examined. Studying water quality
of a lake is a little different from those of river. Lake's water quality is typically based
on measurement of water samples from its vertical layers. Therefore, collection of
each water sample included three layers. The methods used in the present
Management on Water and Suggestions
Water Surface area Changes
GIS Technique (Geomedia& TNTSTART Software)Ground Truth Survey
Three Different TimesWater Surface Area Changes(1990, 2000 and 2005)Based on Land Cover Changes
One year roundWater QualitySeasonal Changes
Field MeasurementLaboratory Test
Water Quality Perceptions on Environmentesp: Water Quality & WaterSurface Area Changes
Structured InterviewsOpen TalksQuestionnaire Survey
Local People PerceptionVisitors Perceptions
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investigations are field measurements with test kits for some parameters and some
water sample are taken in bottles and measured in laboratory. From the experimental
results, the quality of water in Inle Lake was compared with WHO Standard. In this
study, chemical investigations have been made to assess the quality of water data
obtained from nine different sampling sites in Inle Lake. Field observations andcollections of water samples are done three times in the three seasons. (Figure 5)
Figure 5 Flow Chart for Assessment on Changes of Water Quality in Inle Lake
Source: Author
GIS and Remote Sensing technique is used to obtain water surface area
changes and land cover changes. First, field observations on some of the groundcheck in the watershed area were taken with GPS (Global Positioning System) and
checked for land cover condition. Technical work included, digitizing the topographic
map (Datum: Indian 1954), making projection on ENVI software and edit the physical
and rivers watershed boundary in Geomedia Software. Second, land cover
classification was calculated with supervised classification and maximum likelihood
Preliminary Survey
Sample Collection(Field Measurement)
- Seasonal Changes- Spatial Changes
Consideration on the study area Natural System, Human Impact
Choosing Water QualityParameters of Lake
Literature Survey onWater quality
LaboratoryO erations
On Field Measurementwith Text-kit
Assessment ofWater Quality
Data Processing andData Interpretation
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classification technique by applying TNTSTART Software and the accuracy was
checked again with ground survey. Satellite images of Landsat 7 ETM with six
Bands, for three different times (1990, 2000 and 2005) are used to observe the
changes of water surface area, land cover changes of these different times. (Figure 6)
Figure 6 Flow chart for Determination of Water Surface Area Changes
Source: Author
Ground TruthData
Satellite Data:Landsat 7 ETM
Topographic Map(Scanning andConversion toDigital Format)
Image ProcessingGeoreference Image to Map
(Rectifications)
Georeference Geographic(Lat/Lon), Projection
Datum: Indian 1954
Digitizing and EditingPhysical Boundary
Image ProcessingDigital Classification (Supervised)Algorithm (Maximum likelihood)
Extracted with Watershed Boundary
Final Editing and Overlay
Analysis of Data on GIS
Land Cover Data (1995)Land CoverData (2000)
Land CoverData (2005)
Water Surface Area Changes of these three periods
Ground Truth Data
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An interesting aspect of this work is related to the environmental perceptions.
Actually, the environmental situation of the region is strongly reflected on the people
awareness, perceptions and their activities. In this study, perceptions are based on
local people perceptions and the visitors' perceptions. Flow chart in figure 7 expressed
the perceptions of the last study.
Figure 7 Flow Chart for Assessment of Facts and Perceptions of Waters of Inle
Lake Area
Source: Author
In this study, to obtain perceptions, interviews were conducted with local people from various villages in and around the lake. Operationally, the relevant
factors for these questionnaires were derived from the pilot observation and informal
talks. After the questionnaires were prepared, tests were conducted twice. For local
people perceptions, two types of interviews were conducted with:
Structural Interviews
(150 Persons)
Visitors PerceptionLocal People Perception
Primary Observation and Talks
Local people and governmentstaff
Construction of Structural Interviews
- Environmental Perceptions esp. on water- Ecosystem Perceptions- Policy and Management- Suggestions for Conservation
Data Entry and Analysis
Overview and Suggestions
Primary Observation and TalksWith guests (Tourists& National
Visitors)
Construction of Questionnaires- Perceptions on water- Perceptions on management- Suggestions
Questionnaires Survey
(50 persons)Structured Interviews(150 persons)
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i. Structural interviews on ancestors to obtain the changing of
environmental situation, ecosystem changes and their management
on water
ii. Open talk interviews with governmental employees especially from
Forest Department, Agriculture and Irrigation Department,Education Departments, Agriculture Department, Medical
Department and non government organization (NGOs) to know the
environmental problems and present taking management in this area.
In addition, a general exploratory questionnaire survey was conducted to
obtain perceptions of visitors from national and international sources who visited to
Inle Lake for various purposes. The questionnaire is structured mainly on perceptions
of waters on Inle Lake. Questionnaires were distributed by hotel staff, tourist guides
and self.
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CHAPTER 1
CHANGES OF WATER QUALITY IN INLE LAKE
Fresh water is a finite resource, essential for agriculture, industry and even
human existence (1996, UNEP, WHO). The characteristics of water body are different
in sea, river, ground water and lake and reservoir. All forms of water quality are
affected by natural and human activities in global scale. The affect of human
influences as well as natural process are widespread and varied in the degree of bodies
of water.
Table 1.1 Important Process Affecting Water Quality
Process type Major process within water body Water body
Hydrological Dilution All body of water
Evaporation Surface water
Percolation and leaching Ground water
Suspension and setting Surface water
Physical Gas exchange with atmosphere Mostly rivers and lakes
Volatilisation Mostly rivers and lakes
Adsorption/desorption All water bodies
Heating and cooling Mostly rivers and lakes
Diffusion Lakes and groundwater
Chemical Photo degradation Lakes and riversAcid base reaction All water bodies
Redox reaction All water bodies
Dissolution of particles All water bodies
Precipitation of minerals All water bodies
Ionic exchange Ground water
Biological Primary production Surface water
Microbial die-off and growth All water bodies
Decomposition of organic matter Mostly Rivers and lakesBioaccumulation Mostly Rivers and lakes
Biomagnifications Mostly Rivers and lakes
Source: Water Quality Monitoring, UNEP & WHO, 1996
Water quality is a term used here to express the suitability of water to sustain
various uses or process. Any particular use will have certain requirements for the
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physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water. For example, limits on the
concentration of toxic substances for drinking water use, recreation on temperature
and pH range for water supporting invertebrate communities. Consequently, water
quality can be defined by a range of variables which limit water use, which will have
its own demands and influences on water quality (1996.UNEP, WHO).Lake may be defined as a closed body of water (usually fresh water) totally
surrounded by land and with no direst assess to the sea. A lake may also be isolated,
with no observable direct water input and on occasions, no direct input. Lakes are
traditionally under–valued resources to human society. They provide a multitude of
uses and are prime regions for human settlement and habitation. Uses include
drinking and municipal water supply; industrial and cooling water supply; power
generation; navigation; commercial and recreational uses. In addition, lake water is
used for agricultural irrigation canalization and for waste disposal. It has been
commonly believed that large lakes have an infinite ability to absorb or dilute
industrial and municipal waste, it is largely the result of human waste disposal
practices that monitoring and assessment are providing to be necessary in many large
lake (1996. UNESCO, WHO, UNEP).
Actually Inle Lake is important, like the other lakes of the world based on
these following factors.
i. Habitat for wild life
ii. Support for food chain
iii. Ground water recharge
iv. Flood Control
v. Home for residents
vi. Resource for agriculture
Indeed, lakes are important and valuable recourses of both human and other form
of lives. Therefore, the main purposes of this study are to investigate the present status
of water quality in Inle Lake spatially and temporally, to assess whether the status of
water quality in Inle Lake is beyond the quality of thresholds value or not and to study
the influencing factors effecting on the water quality of Inle Lake.
1.1. Sources of Water in Inle Lake
Generally, sources of water into Inle Lake are;
a. direct precipitation on the surface of the lake,
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b. inflowing water of streams from the surrounding drainage basin, and
storm runoff over the surface and
c. groundwater-subsurface flow either as seepage or discrete spring.
In Inle Watershed, there are five townships and their rainfall influence the
lake's water via inflowing water and run off to the lake. In the months of July, August,September and October are the highest rainfall period and the water level of the lake
is increased and gradually decreases again from December to April and May.
Therefore, the water level is fluctuation according to the seasonal change.
Source: Agriculture Department, Taunggyi
Figure 1.1 Average Monthly Rainfall of Inle Lake Watershed Area from 1990 to
2005
There are 29 streams which are draining into the Inle Lake. Most of the
streams flow from the watershed area except some small streams that disappeared into
the underground which the usual phenomena of the limestone area, then appeared
again after running for a few miles distance beneath the surface. Some of the streamswhich enter the Inle Lake dried up in the cold season and summer, especially in the
eastern part of the lake. They are very short. In the western part, most of the main
streams of Inle Lake flow into the lake. Streams entering into the Inle Lake and their
watershed area are shown in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.2.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
R a i n f a l l ( m m
)
Nyaung Shwe Kalaw Pinlaung Taunggyi Yaksauk
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Figure 1.2 Drainage Pattern of Inle Watershed Area
Source: Digitizing on Topographic Map, Myanmar Survey Department
N
5 0 5 10 Miles
Watershed BoundaryLakeboundaryRiver
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Table 1.2 Streams Flowing into the Inle Lake and their Catchments Areas
sr Stream(Chaung) Catchments
(Sq. Mile)
sr Stream(chaung) Catchments
(Sq. Mile)
1 Namlit Chaung* 528
Northern Catchments(528 sq miles)1 Shwe Linban Chaung 8 10 Kho Pan Chaung 2
2 Chaung Chauk Chaung 2.5 11 Nyaung Pin Kan Chaun 2.5
3 Nam Zi Chaung 13 12 Ye Pu Chaung 16
4 Loi Tant Chaung 5 13 Mae Za Li Chaung 11
5 Wartaw Chaung 1.5 14 Ye Pok Chaung 28
6 Tapyaypin Chaung 2 15 Da Li Chaung 5
7 Chaung Sout Chaung 9 16 Kan Per Chaung 2
8 Tale Oo Chaung 13 17 Nam Me Sin Chaung 19
9 Nyaung Gyi Chaung 6.5
Eastern Catchments(146 sq miles)
1 Tanakha Chaung 2.5 7 Indein Chaung 312
2 Ye Pe Chaung 136 8 Sein Car Myauk Chaung 17.5
3 Tae Kone Chaung 4.5 9 Magyi Seik Chaung 8
4 Magyi Pin Chaung 3 10 Hti Kan Chaung 4
5 Ye Oo Chaung 1.5 11 Pauktaw Chaung 3
6 Thandaung Chaung 256
Western Catchments(748 sq miles) Source: Irrigation Department, Nyaung Shwe Township.
* Chaung = Stream
Among these streams, Nantlit Chaung (with 528 sq miles), Indein Chaung
(with 312 sq miles), Thandaung Chaung (with 256 sq miles) and Ye Pe Chaung (with
136 sq miles) are the biggest catchments. Nantlit Chaung is originated in northern part
of the watershed area, near Yauk Hsauk Township and passes through the Nyaung
Shwe Basin which is occupied by the whole agriculture land and finally enters intothe lake. In the western part, Thandaung Chaung, Indein Chaung and Ye Pe Chaung
pass through Thamakan Plain, Lonpo Plain and Heho Basin which are forest land,
intensive agriculture and settlement area and finally reach to the lake with delta
formation.
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Lake can be lost their water source by outflow (surface discharge),
evaporation, losses to ground water, and water withdrawn for domestic, agriculture
(floating garden agriculture) and livestock farming. Inle Lake has one outflow stream
called Belu Chaung, and it is one of the resources of navigation (transportation),
fishing and aquaculture and water supply for Law-Pi-Ta electric power plants. Waterquality of the lake is related to the utilization of it resources. In Inle Lake, utilization
of water is as follow:
Table 1. 3 Utilization of Water in Inle Lake
Water Uses Consuming Contaminating
Domestic use Yes Yes
Livestock watering Yes Yes
Irrigation Yes YesAquaculture Yes Yes
Commercial fisheries Yes Yes
Forestry and logging Yes Yes
Food processing Yes Yes
Textile industry Yes Yes
Water transportation Yes Yes
Hydroelectric power generation No No
Recreation No Yes
Sources: Based on the Water Quality Monitoring (1996) UNEP, WHO
1.2. Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristic of Water Quality
Generally, water quality refers to chemical, physical and biological
characteristics of water. The chemical characteristics include the organic substances
such as heavy metal, pesticides, detergents and petroleum. The physical characteristic
consists of turbidity, colour and temperature, and biological characteristics include
plankton and pigment. According to UNEP and WHO (1996), water quality can be
defined by a range of variables which limit water use. Although many uses have some
common requirements for certain variables, each use will have its own demands and
influences on water quality.
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1.2.1. Physical Characteristics
Physical characteristic of the water quality included temperature, colour,
odour, turbidity, total suspended solid and total dissolved solid. In this research,
temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), conductivity and alkalinity were
measured for physical characteristics.
1.2.1.1. Temperature
The most desirable drinking water are consistently cool and do not have
temperature fluctuations of more than a few degrees. Temperature varies with
seasonally and the annual water temperature range is only 2-3º C at the surface even
less at depth greater than 30 m. In shallow lakes, there is always a constant diurnal
temperature variation.
Temperature is nearly uniform in the morning, stratification occurred in the
afternoon and it destroyed during the night. Most individuals find that water having a
temperature between 10º- 15º C is palatable. (1998. David Conwell)
1.2.1.2. Turbidity
The presence of suspended materials such as clay, silt, finely divided organic
materials, planktons and other particulate materials in water is known as turbidity.
Turbidity is of great important one because of the aesthetic considerations and
pathogenic organisms can hide or in the tiny colloidal particles. It is determined by
reference to a chemical mixture that produces a reproducible refraction of light.
The measurement unit is TU (Turbidity Unit) or NTU (Nephlometric
Turbidity Unit). Turbidity in excess of 5 TU is easily detectable in a glass of water
and its use usually objectionable for aesthetic reasons.
1.2.1.3. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
The solids measured known as total solids, which divided into two fractions:
total dissolved solids and total suspended solids. Water passes over through a variety
of rocks, soils and dissolved salts, agriculture land, urban area, industrial zones, etc
and it carry many properties. These dissolved minerals determine the chemical
properties of water such as hardness, acidity, conductivity, which in turn affect the
physical properties of water such as color, taste and odor as well as the capacity of the
water to support life (1999.Gray N.F.).
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The total dissolved solids content of portable waters usually ranges from 20 to
1000 mg/L (2003. Sawyer et al.).
1.2.1.4. Conductivity
Conductivity is a measure of water's ability to conduct an electric currentwhich linked to the concentration of mineral salts in solution. Conductivity is
controlled by the degree to which these salts dissociate into ions.
Conductivity is measured using a specific electrode and is expressed in micro-
siemens per centimeter (S-1). Natural rivers and lakes have conductivity between 10
and 1000 S cm-1.
1.2.1.5. Alkalinity
A parameter related to pH is alkalinity, or the buffering capacity of the water
against acids. Water that has a high alkalinity can accept large does of an acid without
lowering the pH significantly. Water with low alkalinity, can experience a drop in the
pH with only a minor addition of hydrogen iron. The concentration of hydroxyl ions
is negligible compared to carbonate and bicarbonate.
Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of water to neutralize H- ions. It is often
calculated as the sum of the carbonate and bicarbonate ion concentrations in mg/L.
1.2.2. Chemical Characteristics
Chemical characteristic of the water quality are organic substances such as
heavy metal, nutrient, pesticides, detergents, petroleum and other chemical
substances. In this work, pH, Alkalinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, phosphate and Arsenic were measured.
1.2.2.1. pH
pH is a term used rather universally express the intensity of the acid or
alkaline condition of a solution. Moreover, the pH of a solution is a measure of
hydrogen ion concentration, which in turn, is a measure of its acidity. It is a way of
expressing the hydrogen-ion concentration, or more precisely, the hydrogen-ion
activity (2003. Sawyer et. al).
The measurement of pH is now almost universally by electronic. The most
acceptable rate for drinking water is pH 7.
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1.2.2.2. Nitrate
Nitrogen is an important element in biological reactions. Nitrogen usually
becomes available to the aquatic in the form of nitrate ions (NO3). The sources of
nitrogen are from agriculture. Organic nitrogen may be in high energy compounds
such as amino acids. Ammonia is one of the intermediate compounds formed during biological metabolism and together with organic nitrogen, is concerned as an indicator
of recent pollution. Aerobic decomposition (oxidation) eventually produces nitrate
(NO2) and finally nitrate (NO3) from organically bond nitrogen and ammonia. A high
nitrate and low ammonia nitrogen suggests that pollution occurred, but sometime
before.
1.2.2.3. Phosphate
Phosphorus compound is important in the aquatic environment and their
measurement of total phosphates was indicated as Lake Eutrophication. Phosphorus in
waste water may be either organic or inorganic. All phosphorus in nature by
biological action will revert to inorganic forms to be again used by plants in making
high- energy materials. The sources of phosphorus are from human waste, municipal
waste water and synthetic detergents.
1.2.2.4. Arsenic
While arsenic is a highly toxic substance, it does not readily accumulate in the
food chain of ecosystems, although elevated level may be found in some fish. It may
be found as a result of minerals, contamination by industrial discharge, or runoff from
the application of insecticide.
1.2.2.5. Dissolved Oxygen
Oxygen is essential to all form of aquatic life, including those organisms
responsible for the self-purification process in natural water (1996. UNSECO, WHO,
UNEP). Dissolved Oxygen is the most important measure of water quality. Oxygen is
fundamental to aquatic life and without Dissolved Oxygen, streams and lakes become
uninhabitable to gill-breathing aquatic life organism.
Inversely, proportional to temperature and the maximum oxygen that can be
dissolved in water at most ambient temperature is about 9 mg/ L.
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1.2.2.6. Chemical Oxygen Demand
An oxidation is accomplished with the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test
measured the organic strength of domestic and industrial waste. The test allows that
measurement of a waste in terms of the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation
to carbon dioxide and water. Chemical oxygen demand values are always higher than biochemical oxygen demand.
The concentration of COD observed in surface waters range from 20 mg/L
oxygen or less in polluted waters to greater than 200 mg/L oxygen in water receiving
effluents.
1.2.3. Biological Characteristic
Biological characteristic include plankton and pigment. And a bacteriological
characteristic of water is one of the biological characteristic of the water quality. In
this study, an e-coli form was measured for biological characteristic of water quality.
1.2.3.1. Total Coliform
The bacteriological quality of water is an important as the chemical quality
and for public health standpoint. It can be measure for bacteriological quality with the
concept of indicator organisms that indicate the possible presence of bacteria which
are pathogenic. This indicator most often used is a group of microbes of the family E-
Coli (Escherichia coli) often called coli form bacteria. The total coliform for drinking
water was within 20 per 100ml.
1.3. Materials and Methods
To assess the water quality, collections of water samples are important in
water analysis and it is fully representative of the water of the Inle Lake. Similarly,
materials and method are also important in water quality measurement. In order to this
work, on field measurement with water analyzer for some water quality parameters
and laboratory tests for some of the water quality parameters were used.
1.3.1. Collection of Water Samples
Before the planning of water sampling and analysis can be started, it is
necessary to define clearly what information is needed and what is already available
and identify, as a major objective of the monitoring programme, the gaps that’s need
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v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
4 0 4 8 12 MilesRiverInle LakeWatershed Boundary
v Sample Sites
N
to be filled. Lakes can be subject to several influences that cause water quality to vary
from place to place and from time to time (1996.Jamie Bartram and Richard Balance).
As a general rule, samples should be taken from each section of a lake which
can be regarded as homogeneous water mass. A small lake with single water mass
may be described by a single sampling station. If only sample is taken, it should belocated at the deepest part of the lake where oxygen deficits are likely to be greatest
(1996. UNESCO, WHO, UNEP).
The sampling of lakes for the purposes of assessing of water quality is a
complex process. As Inle Lake is a natural shallow lake and its depth varies
seasonally with the deepest part is 20 feet in rainy season and 12 feet in summer. In
this study, water samples were collected at (9) sample points (see in Figure 1.3) with
consideration for some factors as follow:
Figure 1.3 Collection Sites of Water Samples in Inle Lake
Source: Field Measurement
INLE LAKE
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Plate 1.1. Collection Sites of Water Samples in Inle LakeSource: Field Observation, 2006
Sample 1 Sample 2
Sample 4
Sample 5
Sample 7 Sample 8
Sample 9 Bird Watching Tower
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Table 1.4 Collection Sites of Water Samples in Inle Lake
Sr. Position Coordinate Code Elevation Reasons
1 Thangdaung Spring N 20º 32' 18.4"
E 96º 49' 34.8"
S.S.1 3090 ft Inflow water quality
(Western)
2 Ywama Village N 20º 29' 32.8''E 96º 53' 19''
S.S.2 2948 ft Population growth, Shallow part of the lake
3 Indein Stream N 20º 27' 32.5"
E 96º 50' 38.5"
S.S.3 2921 ft Inflow water quality
(Western)
4 Myaynigone Village N 20º 32' 14.5"
E 96º 50' 38.5"
S.S.4 2918 ft Lake water quality (passing
villages, agriculture land)
5 At the month of
Tale-U Stream
N 20º 31' 6.9"
E 96º 55' 30.5"
S.S.5 2915 ft Inflow water quality
(Eastern)
6 Kela Village N 20º 30' 8.3"
E 96º 53' 39.3"
S.S.6 2918 ft Floating Garden, Human
impact
7 Between Inya and
Taungto Village
N 20º 22' 31.5"
E 96º 54' 39.3"
S.S.7 2899 ft Outflow water quality
(Southern)
8 Rest House N 20º 34' 32.4"
E 96º 55' 16.3"
S.S.8 2946 ft Open Space (central point
of the lake)
9 Nyaung Shwe Jetty N 20º 39' 0.17"
E 96º 55' 36.8"
S.S.9 2837 ft Starting Point of the lake
(Northern)
Source: Field Observation, 2006
There are some differences between lake and river to assess the quality of
water. The quality of water in rivers is usually measured horizontally but quality of
water in lake is measured vertically according to their physical characteristics such as
temperature, turbidity, etc. Naturally, lakes are stratified with three layers or three
zones. These are
1. the epilimnion or surface water of constant temperature (usually warm) mixed
throughout by wind and wave circulation,
2. the deeper high density water or hypolimnion (this is usually much colder,although in tropical lakes the temperature difference between surface and
bottom water may be 2-3º C), and
3. a fairly sharp gradational zone between the two which is defined as the
metalimnion.
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The name metalimnion is not commonly used and the gradation is normally
referred to as the thermocline. The thickness of the epilimnion may be quite substantial,
and it is dependent on the lake surface area, solar radiation, air temperature and lateral
circulation and movement of the surface water. Commonly, it extends about 10 meter
depth but in large lakes it can extend up to 30 meter depth. Stratification in very shallowlake is generally rare since they have warm water mixing throughout their water column
due to wind energy input. However winter and cold water stratification can occur even
in the shallowest lakes under certain climatic conditions.
Figure 1.4 Collections of Water Samples for Layers in Inle Lake Source: Oliver S. Owen (1985), Natural Resource Conservation: An Ecological Approach
Since Inle Lake is a natural shallow lake in tropical area, it has some limitationto define stratification because the shallowest part of the lake's water body is only 1.4
feet (0.5 meter) but in rainy season the water body has more increased about 6 feet
more (1.8 meter) than the summer condition. Therefore, in this study water samples
were collected with three layers of surface layer (layer a), one meter depth layer (layer
b) and the deepest of the layers (layer c).
Epil imnion
Thermocline
Hypolimnion
4’8’12’16’20’24’
Surface Layer (Layer a)Middle Layer – 1 meter(Layer b)
Layer c (Deepest Part)
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Besides, three layers water samples is intended for some parameters such as
pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Conductivity, TDS, DO, COD and took samples for one
layer of Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Arsenic, Total Coliform. For seasonal changes,
water samples were taken in April (28.4.2006 to 30.4.2006) for summer water quality
condition, in August (2.9.2006 to 4.9.2006) for rainy season and in December(5.12.2006 to 7.12.2006) for cold season water quality condition.
1.3.2. Analysis of Water
To examine the water quality, two methods were used. One was on-field
measurement and another was collection on water in bottles and measured in
laboratory. The methods used for this investigation are as follow:
1.3.2.1. Temperature
Temperature of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor of Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.2. Turbidity
The turbidity of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor for Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.3. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Total Dissolved Solid of the sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA-Sensor for Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.4. Conductivity
The conductivity of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor of Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.5. Alkalinity
Alkalinity of the water sample was measured by with direct reading titrator.
1.3.2.4. pH
The pH value of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor for Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
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1.3.2.7. Nitrate
Nitrate of the water sample was measured by Cadmium Reduction Method.
1.3.2.8. Phosphate
Phosphate of the water sample was measured by Ascorbic Acid ReductionMethod.
1.3.2.9. Arsenic
Arsenic of the water sample was measured by with Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry Method.
1.3.2.10. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved Oxygen of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor of Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.11. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand was measured by Closed Reflux, Titrimetric
Method.
1.3.2.12. Total Coliform
A total coli form of water sample was measured by (MPN) Fermentation
Technique.
1.4. Spatial Distribution of Water Quality in Inle Lake
Interpretation of water quality data cannot provide meaningful conclusions
unless based on the temporal and spatial variability of the hydrological regime
(1996.UNESCO, WHO, UNEP). Spatial variation in water quality is one of the main
features of different type of water body.
In this work, 9 sample sites were collected from the Inle Lake. Collection in
water samples, sample 1 and 3 are for inflow water quality, sample 2 and 6 are for
human impact on the water (agriculture, settlement, transportation and industries),
sample 4 and 5 are water quality of the lake where water passes through settlement
and agriculture, sample 8 is for central point of the lake, sample 7 is for outflow and
sample 9 is for starting point of the lake.
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Sample 1 was collected at Thandaung Spring; it is also called as Kalaw
Chaung when it passes Kalaw and Aung Ban, and it flows through the Thamakhan
Valley which is shifting cultivation and rotational cultivation land, and as it near Inle
Lake it disappeared as a subterranean system flowing beneath the ground was called
Ngot Chaung. For some distance, than it is appeared again at Thangdaung Village asspring.
Kalaw Chaung or Thangdaung Chaung is one of the biggest streams of its
catchments for Inle Lake and it entered the lake forming deltas formation, one of the
tributaries enters at Myaynigone village: collected for sample 4. Therefore, sample 3
represented water quality of lake as well as it can compare with sample 1 the
difference between inflow water quality and lake water quality that passed through
settlement, agriculture and industries.
Similarly, sample 3 is intended for inflow water quality at Indain, which is
also one of the biggest catchments stream of the lake and it originate at Pinlaung the
southwestern part of the Inle Watershed area. This area is shifting agriculture area and
flows to the lake formatting delta formation but it has one sediment trapping dam.
Another sample was Ywama village – sample 2, was collected from for
shallow part of the lake and one of the populated areas of Inle Lake.
For inflow water of eastern part of the lake was collected at mouth of Thale-U
stream as sample 5. Turbidity is varied between inflowing water and lake's water
quality and it is very significant in sample1 and sample 3.
Sample 6 was collected for intensive floating garden cultivation, populated
area as well as shallow part of the lake. For outflow water, sample 7 was collected
between Inya and Taungto Village and sample 8 was collected for central point of the
open lake at the Rest House.
The last one was collected for starting point of the lake at Nyaung Shwe jetty.
All these samples, some of the parameters were found nearly the same value but some
variables were found different from one place to another. See in Table 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7
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3 8
T a b l e 1 . 5 P h y s i c a l , C h e m i c a l a n d B i o l o g i c a l C h a
r a c t e r i s t i c s o f W a t e r Q u a l i t y o f
I n l e L a k e f r o m 2 8 . 3 . 2 0 0 6 t o 3 0 . 3 . 2 0 0 6
S a m p l e
L a y e r
S . S . 1
S . S . 2
S . S . 3
S . S . 4
S . S . 5
S . S . 6
S . S . 7
S . S . 8
S . S . 9
W
H O S t a n d a r d
D r i n k i n g
P o t a b l e
T i m e
1 5 : 3 0
1 0 : 0 0
1 1
: 4 9
1 5 : 2 5
1 7 : 4 5
1 7 : 0 0
9 : 3 0
1 4 : 4 0
1 5 : 2 0
P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
T e m p e r a t u r e
( º C )
a b - 1 m
c
2 3 . 7
2 3 . 5
2 3 . 0
2 2 . 4
2 2 . 1
2 2 . 5
2 2 . 6
2 1 . 9
2 1 . 4
2 1 . 5
2 2 . 2
2 1 . 1
2 2 . 1
2 2 . 3
2 1 . 3
2 1 . 2
2 1 . 3
2 3 . 1
2 3 . 3
2 2 . 8
2 2 . 6
2 2 . 8
-
-
T u r b i d i t y
( N T U )
a b - 1 m
c
1 8 0
1 9 0
2 0 0
1 5 0
1 6 0
3
7
1
3
1 3 0
4 3 0
6 8 0
3 6
1 1
1 4
1 5
9 1 0
1 3
6 7 8
9 3
1 7 0
5
2 5
T D S ( m g / l )
a b - 1 m
c
3 5 0
3 5 0
3 4 0
2 6 0
2 8 0
2 6 0
2 6 0
2 2 0
2 3 0
2 4 0
1 8 0
1 8 0
2 6 0
2 7 0
2 3 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
2 2 0
1 9 0
2 0 0
1 3 0
3 0 0
1 . 0 0 0
5 0 - 1 5 0 0
C o n d u c t i v i t y
( m s / m )
a b - 1 m
c
5 3 . 8
5 3 . 0
5 3 . 0
4 0 . 5
3 2 . 0
4 0 . 4
4 0 . 7
3 3 . 7
3 5 . 3
3 6 . 2
3 7 . 7
2 8 . 3
4 0 . 8
3 2 . 0
3 5 . 0
3 1 . 0
3 1 . 1
3 1 . 9
2 9 . 9
3 0 . 6
4 7 . 0
4 6 . 9
0 . 1 5
- 1 5 . 0
4 0 0
m g / l
A l k a l i n i t y ( p p m )
a
2 3 0
2 0 0
1 8 4
1 6 0
1 2 0
2 4 0
1 4 8
1 2 8
2 0 0
2
5 0
-
C h e m i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
p H
a b - 1 m
c
8 . 0
5
8 . 0
5
8 . 0
4
8 . 5
1
8 . 5
0
8 . 6
3
8 . 6
3
8 . 6
0
8 . 5
0
8 . 5
1
8 . 3
7
8 . 0
9
8 . 0
2
8 . 0
2
7 . 5
8
8 . 3
9
8 . 4
2
8 . 7
0
8 . 8
8
8 . 6
4
8 . 2
3
8 . 4
7
7 . 0
- 8 . 5
6 . 5 - 9 . 2
D O
( m g / l )
a b - 1 m
c
7 . 0 6 . 7 6 . 6
7 . 5 7 . 3
8
. 2
7
. 8
7 . 9 7 . 5 7 . 3
7 . 2 7 . 2
4 . 1 5 . 2
5 . 7 6 . 5 7 . 1
7 . 6 7 . 9 7 . 3
6 . 4 6 . 7
-
-
C O D
( m g / l )
a b - 1 m
c
4 5 4
3 2
1 6
7 6
8 6
8
5 5 4
3 5
1 6
6 5
2 2
7 9
2 6
5 1
3 8
5 0
6 8
4 2
5 6
6 0
-
1 0 . 0
N i t r a t e ( p p m )
b
0
0
3 . 0
1
2 . 5
2
2 . 8
7
0
2 . 8
7
0
0
1 0
5 0
P h o s p h a t e ( p p m )
b
1 . 2
4
0 . 3
6
0 . 2
4
. 1 7
. 0 3
. 1 9
. 2 6
. 1 7
. 2 4
-
-
A r s e n i c ( p p m )
b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 . 0
1
0 - 0 . 5
B i o l o g i c a l C h a r
a c t e r i s t i c
T o t a l C o l i f o r m
a
+ 2 4 0 0
+ 2 4 0 0
+ 2 4 0 0
9 1 8
+ 2 4 0 0
+ 1 6 0 9
+ 2 4 0 0
N A
+ 1 6 0 9
0
1
* W e a t h e r C o n d i t i
o n : S t o r m a n d r a i n i n g
S o u r c e : F i e l d M e a s u r e m e n t
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3 9
T a b l e 1 . 6 P h y s i c a l , C h e m
i c a l a n d B i o l o g i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f W a t e r Q u a l i t y o f I n l e L a
k e f r o m 2 . 9 . 2 0 0 6 t o 4 . 9 . 2 0 0 6
S a m p l e
L a y e r
S . S . 1
S . S . 2
S . S . 3
S . S
. 4
S . S . 5
S . S . 6
S . S . 7
S . S . 8
S . S . 9
W H O S t a n d a r
d
D r i n k i n g
P o t a b l e
T i m e
P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
T e m p e r a t u r e
( º C )
a b c
2 7 . 8
2 8 . 0
2 7 . 6
2 3 . 6
2 3 . 7
2 3 . 3
2 3 . 1
2 3 . 1
2 8 . 2
2 8 . 0
2 8 . 0
2 6 . 0
2 5 . 4
2 5 . 1
2 6 . 3
2 5 . 7
2 7 . 4
2 6 . 7
2 6 . 5
2 6 . 5
2 7 . 5
2 6 . 4
2 5 . 8
2 9 . 1
2 9 . 2
2 8 . 8
-
-
T u r b i d i t y
( N T U )
a b c
5 4 0
5 6 0
5 9 0
1 5 0
2 1 0
5 0 0
4 5 0
4 3 0
2 5
5 3
5 4
1 9
2 2
2 1
4 0
4 1
6 2
1 8
1 9
2 6
2 6
3 0
3 4
1 9 0
1 6 0
1 3 0
5
2 5
T D S
( m g / l )
a b c
1 5 0
1 5 0
1 5 0
2 1 0
1 9 0
2 0 0
1 9 0
1 8 0
2 6
0
2 4
0
2 4
0
2 7 0
2 4 0
2 3 0
2 3 0
2 2 0
3 3 0
2 1 0
2 3 0
2 0 0
1 8 0
1 7 0
1 7 0
4 3 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
1 . 0
0 0
m g / l
5 0 - 1 5 0 0
C o n d u c t i v i t y
( m s / m )
a b c
2 3 . 5
2 3 . 8
2 3 . 7
3 1 . 7
2 9 . 8
3 1 . 6
2 8 . 9
2 7 . 1
4 1 . 0
3 6 . 7
3 6 . 5
4 1 . 5
3 7 . 0
3 6 . 2
3 5 . 1
3 4 . 3
5 2 . 1
3 2 . 5
3 5 . 1
3 0 . 9
2 7 . 2
2 6 . 8
2 6 . 5
3 4 . 8
3 3 . 3
3 2 . 8
0 . 1
5 - 1 5 . 0
4 0 0
m g
/ l
A l k a l i n i t y ( p p m )
a
2 0 0
2 1 0
1 9 0
1 4
5
1 1 5
2 2 5
1 4 5
1 2 0
2 2 0
2 5 0
-
C h e m i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
p H
a b c
7 . 9
5
7 . 9
2
7 . 9
2
7 . 9
0
8 . 1
0
7 . 1
0
7 . 4
0
8 . 1
0
7 . 6
5
8 . 0
5
8 . 1
4
7 . 1
0
6 . 9
0
7 . 2
0
7 . 6
6
7 . 8
2
7 . 7
0
7 . 5
0
7 . 3
0
7 . 8
0
8 . 8
5
9 . 0
2
8 . 9
9
7 . 7
7
7 . 9
0
8 . 0
1
7 . 0 - 8 . 5
6 . 5 -
9 . 2
D O
( m g / l )
a b c
7 . 1 7 . 0 7 . 0
6 . 0 6 . 1
8 . 2 8 . 1 8 . 0
8 . 3
8 . 0
8 . 0
5 . 7 4 . 3 3 . 1
2 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 8
2 . 6 4 . 1 4 . 6
8 . 5 9 . 0 8 . 7
6 . 3 6 . 4 6 . 2
-
-
C O D
( m g O 2
/ l )
a b c
4 5 2
3 0
4 5 9
9 3 9
3 3
2 4
4 8
3 2
4 6 0
2 6
2 7
7 0
2 0
3 0
4 5
3 5
4 8
5 9
3 9
5 0
5 5
2 0
-
1 0 . 0
N i t r a t e ( p p m )
b
0
0
2 . 9
8
2 . 0
0
3 . 0
5
0
3 . 0
0
1 . 0
1 0 m g / l
5 0 m
g / l
P h o s p h a t e ( p p m )
b
0 . 4
4
0 . 2
9
0 . 2
4
0 . 3
9
0 . 1
7
0 . 2
4
0 2 4
0 . 2
1
0 . 5
5
-
-
A r s e n i c ( p p m )
b
0