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Human Behaviour
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CHANGING HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR
Session Objectives
Describe factors that influence behavior Describe how identification of doers /
nondoers can influence decisions List reasons why research to identify
behavioral determinants is important Identify potential determinants relevant to
their own intervention programs
Questions to Address
What determines behavior? How do we explain behavior?
Background Models and Theories
1. Levels of Influence (adapted from Glanz & Rimer, 1995)
Individual Factors: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, personality
Interpersonal Factors: social identity, support, roles
Institutional Factors: rules, regulations, informal structures
Community Factors: social networks, norms
Public Policy: regulations/laws
2. Stages of Change Model(Prochaska, et. al., 1992)
Precontemplation- unaware of problem
Contemplation- thinking about change in near future
Decision / Determination- making a plan to change
Action- implementation of specific action plans
Maintenance- repetition of desired behavior
3. Social Learning / Social Cognition (see Glanz & Rimer, 1995)
a. Behavioral capability
b. Expectations
c. Self-efficacy
d. Observational learning
e. Reinforcement
f. Social support
a. Behavioral Capability
Knowledge and skills to influence behaviorapplication:
• provide information and training about new behavior
b. Expectations
Beliefs about likely results of new behaviorapplication:
• incorporate information about likely results of behavior in advance
c. Self-efficacy
Defined: confidence to take action Also known as “personal control” Dimensions:
internal / external globality / specificity stability / instability
Illusions of control point out strengths use persuasion and encouragement approach behavior change in small steps
d. Observational Learning
Beliefs based on observing others like self and / or visible physical resultsapplication:
• point out others’ experiences, physical changes• identify role models to emulate
e. Reinforcement
Responses to person’s behavior that increase or decrease changes of recurrenceapplication:
• provide incentives, rewards, praise• decrease possibility of negative response that
deter positive changes
f. Social Support
Defined: communications process that occurs between people, between providers of support and recipients of support, that functions very specifically to help people reduce the uncertainty they face (Albrecht & Adelman, 1987).
4. Diffusion
a. Relative advantage
b. Compatibility
c. Complexity
d. Trial-ability
e. Observability
a. Relative Advantage
Degree to which change is preferable to status quo or competing behaviorsapplication:
• point out unique benefits of change: convenience, time saving, prestige, etc.
b. Compatibility
How consistent new behavior is with values, experience, and needsapplication:
• tailor new behavior for the intended audience’s values, norms, and situation
c. Complexity
How difficult new behavior is to understand and / or useapplication:
• create behavior to be accomplished, easy to perform and understand
d. Trial-ability
Extent to which the new behavior can be experimented with before a commitment to adopt is requiredapplication:
• provide opportunities to try on a limited basis with incentives
e. Observability
Extent to which the new behavior provides tangible or visible resultsapplication:
• give an expected time• assure feasibility of desired results
In Summary:
All these theories are different views of why people do what they do these models are complementarysome models may be more relevant than
others depending on the circumstances and behavior
all are useful for asking questions about what influences people
Specific Determinants of Behavior
Which Determines Behavior: Knowledge and skills? Perceived risk? Attitudes / Beliefs? Perceived consequences? Self-efficacy? Other relevant characteristics?
1. Knowledge and Skills What do people know about the
program? Do they know how to do the target
behavior? Can they access the program or
service? What do we need to do to ensure
they receive needed information?
2. Perceived Risk
Does the target audience believe they are personally susceptible or vulnerable?
How severe do they perceive the condition to be?
3. Attitudes
What are the attitudes of the target audience?
How do they feel about the program, service, or target behavior?
Are there rumors in the community which would affect their attitude?
4. Perceived Consequences
What does the target audience believe they will gain if they adopt the target behavior?
What does the target audience believe they will lose if they adopt the behavior?
How can we address this situation?
5. Self-efficacy
Defined: An individual’s belief that he/she can do a desired behavior
Do consumers believe they can adopt the target behavior?
……successfully?
6. Social Norms
Defined: standards of behavior for attitude accepted as usual practice
What do consumers perceive the norms to be?
7. Intentions
What does the audience already plan to do about the new behavior?
How ready are they to change?
8. Demographics Race / Ethnicity Where they live Age / Gender Education Religion Marital status Income Occupation
9. Other Social-Psychological Determinants
Self concept / Self esteem- hopes, fears, aspirations
Occupational stress Religiosity Recreation and leisure Social support networks Media habits
- what they watch, listen, read- how often? where? when?
THANK YOU