Changing Urban Traffic and the Role of Bicycles

Editors: Marcel Roethig and Darya Efimenko

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Moscow Office

Copenhagen

Hamburg

Helsinki

Moscow

Voronezh

Ekaterinburg

Perm

St Petersburg

Oulu

London

Changing Urban TraFFiC and ThE rOlE OF biCyClESRussian and International Experiences

iMprinT:

Marcel roethig, darya Efimenko (Ed.):Changing Urban Traffic and the role of bicycles - russian and international Experiences

Moscow: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2014

Translated by: anastasiya Shamotko

This publication consists of several contributions, which were presented by the authors during the conference ”Urban Sustainable Traffic and the Use of bicycles” from 16 to 17 May 2014 in St. petersburg. The conference was jointly organized by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, the law academy of the Ministry of Justice of the russian Federation, the hamburg Club, the organizations “Velosipedisation” and “Velopiter”, the newspaper “The Village”, the institute of Sustainable development Strategy and the german-russian Environmental bureau.

The texts orient themselves based on a broad readership of students and scholars, bicycle activists, politicians and traffic planners.

iSbn 978-5-902293-17-0

© Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in the russian Federation, 2014.

in collaboration with

Sabrina Schaerf


as presented during the conference on 16 and 17 May 2014 in St petersburg

Editors:

Marcel roethig and darya Efimenko

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Moscow Office

German-Russian Environmental Bureau

Law Academy of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation

Hamburg Club Velosipedisation

VeloPiter The Village

Institute of Sustainable Development Strategy

Changing Urban TraFFiC and ThE rOlE OF biCyClES

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COnTEnT

04 Rudolf Traub-Merz, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

russia’s First international bicycle Conference

06 Marcel Röthig, Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungSustainable Transport policy with the Stronger promotion of Cycling infrastructure

09 Georgy Safonov, higher School of Economics, City of Moscow: Use of bicycles – Economic Factors

11 Markus Appenzeller, Mla+, City of rotterdam:Cycling – past, present and Future

19 Annette Quaedvlieg, adFC bonn, City of bonn:The Work of a bicycle lobby – The Example of the adFC germany

24 Frits Bredal, danish Cyclists’ Federation:The Case of Copenhagen

29 Pekka Tahkola, navico ltd. / Winter Cycling Federation:The Case of Oulu

44 Marek Salermo, Traffic planning division, helsinki City planning department: The Case of helsinki

53 Nick Aldworth, Transport for london, barclays Cycle hire:The Case of london

66 Raimund Brodehl, department for Mobility, Ministry of Economy, Transport and innovation, Free and hanseatic City of hamburg:The Case of hamburg

CyCling – paST, prESEnT and FUTUrE

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CaSE STUdiES

94 Organizers

96 The Conference in pictures

72 Alexey Mityaev and Olga Maltseva, department of Transport and road infrastructure development, City of Moscow: The Case of Moscow

80 Maxim Kis, »perm road Movement«:The Case of perm

85 Igor Titov, »VeloVoronezh«:The Case of Voronezh

88 Vladimir Zlokazov, Urbanist:The Case of Ekaterinburg

90 Daria Tabachnikova, »Velosipedization«:pilot Schemes to promote bicycle Traffic in St petersburg


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Rudolf Traub-Merz, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung:

rUSSia’S FirST inTErnaTiOnal biCyClE COnFErEnCE

anyone who has ever seen traffic in major russian cities knows the chaos and dan-gers it harbors. The russian traffic system is about to implode because there are too many cars, which are also too heavy, too dirty and too noisy. There is a daily struggle in congested city centers and traffic jams from and to the suburbs. The automobile has become a status symbol and the transportation vehicle of choice for the well-off urban elites, even though one can reach one’s destination quicker by russia’s gran-diose, but alas even more crowded Metro system. Walking to work is equally chal-lenging as streets in urban agglomerations, rather than conforming to traffic regula-tions, follow a »might makes right« approach. anyone trying to ride a bike to work under these circumstances will probably be considered crazy.

however, they do exist, the brave cyclists of russia, and some of them are getting organized and have begun a struggle to improve urban traffic systems. The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) has brought together some of these groups to share views and ideas on how to forward their agenda. Surprisingly, many russian cities could offer favorable conditions for a bicycle-friendly environment if only the existing infrastruc-ture was adapted accordingly. Wide streets, once created for military parades, offer plenty of space for everybody. recently, a modest rethinking of traffic planning has been discernible in departments of urban administration, concepts of sustainability have entered political debates and there appears to be growing public support for statements such as »a car is not necessarily an efficient means of transportation in an already crowded urban center«. To move these issues further up the political agenda, the FES initiated this discussion on the future of bicycles in St petersburg on 16 and 17 May 2014. This has led to the first major international bicycle conference in russia. With this publication we want not only to show our respect and support for russia’s cycling activists, but also to say thank you to our partners without whom this outstanding conference could not take place: the St petersburg branch of the russian academy of law, the activists from »Velosipedization« and the hamburg Club of St petersburg.

not only did we bring to St petersburg important speakers and experts from cities that have already mounted bicycle campaigns, such as rotterdam, hamburg and Copenhagen, and facilitated a lively exchange with the russian cycling activist com-munity, but we also invited representatives of so-called »unmanageable« cities which

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rUSSia’S FirST inTErnaTiOnal biCyClE COnFErEnCE

despite all odds have implemented well-designed transport policies. a case in point is london, where Mayor boris Johnson believes in the ultimate victory of the bicycle. We also looked at frost-bitten cities such as helsinki and Oulu in Finland, where a substantial proportion of people commute by bicycle, even when the temperature is below zero in deepest winter. The message is clear: if policy change plays out well in london or helsinki, then it is possible in Moscow and St petersburg and other rus-sian cities, too. We are therefore delighted to gather in this publication the inspiring examples of russian and international cities that are on track to become truly bicycle-friendly. We hope that more cities will follow their lead.

however, debating in the baroque halls of St pe-tersburg has little effect if you do not voice the demands in the streets, where the bicycle actu-ally belongs. One can imagine that it is difficult to organize a demonstration in russia. Until the very last moment, we could not be certain if it would work at all. We had hoped for maybe 50, a maxi-mum of 100 participants. but there were many more. More than 600 people responded to our call to participate in our bicycle demonstration in St petersburg. it took us through the center, crossing

the hermitage and riding along nevskij prospect. Cyclists of all ages and from all social backgrounds joined in. a stunning sight, not only for the slightly overwhelmed traffic regulators, but also for the many tourists along the way and the television crews who covered the event, not to mention the car drivers. They looked on envi-ously at what will one day join their car as a status symbol, the bicycle, the new hope on russia’s crowded streets.

SUrpriSingly, Many rUSSian CiTiES COUld OFFEr FaVOrablE COndiTiOnS FOr a biCyClE-FriEndly EnVirOnMEnT iF Only ThE ExiSTing inFraSTrUCTUrE WaS adapTEd aCCOrdingly.


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Marcel Röthig, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung:

SUSTainablE TranSpOrT pOliCy WiTh ThE STrOngEr prOMOTiOn OF CyCling inFraSTrUCTUrE Cycling is fun. Cycling is healthy. Cycling is cheap. Cycling is good for the environ-ment. but in Moscow cycling usually just translates into a Sunday ride in gorky park. This might be a jolly good ride but it does not solve the problem of crowded streets and even contributes towards increasing Sunday traffic. To simply put the bike on the road appears to be an impossible venture for many.

Today, in some European cities – such as amsterdam or Copenhagen – two-thirds of all road users are cyclists. in other words, it is perfectly feasible for a majority in a metropolis to ride a bike and not travel by car. not everybody can ride a bike every day, however, which is why the bike should not be seen as a competitor, but rather as complementary to public transport. Especially on the way to and from work there is a lot of potential. Just to compare: in germany 35 percent of commuters use a bike on their way to work, but as yet far less than 1 percent do so in russia.

yes, a car can move very fast! 200 km per hour on a german highway is quite possi-ble and may get us from a to b in a very short time. but how many hours and energy do we really spend on our cars, including the time we are not driving it? as the great philosopher ivan illich1 wrote: »The model american male devotes more than 1600 hours a year to his car. he sits in it while it goes and while it stands idling. he parks it and searches for it. he earns the money to put down on it and to meet the monthly installments. he works to pay for gasoline, tolls, insurance, taxes, and tickets. he spends four of his sixteen waking hours on the road or gathering his resources for it. and this figure does not take into account the time consumed by other activities dictated by transport: time spent in hospitals, traffic courts, and garages; time spent watching automobile commercials or attending consumer education meetings to im-prove the quality of the next buy.« as he pointed out, normal working people spend more energy to move themselves by car than by a traditional bicycle. illich was far ahead of his time.

Since the horse-drawn era, much has improved – or has it? at least the average speed of traffic in cities such as london has hardly gone up despite billions of dol-

1 Ivan Illich: Energy and Equity, Harper & Row Publishers 1974.

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SUSTainablE TranSpOrT pOliCy WiTh ThE STrOngEr prOMOTiOn OF CyCling inFraSTrUCTUrE

lars of infrastructural investment. This is thanks to ever-increasing congestion. in nineteenth-century london, old-fashioned horse-drawn carriages moved along on cobbled streets at a slow speed of 16 kilometers per hour. Today, the average speed of cars in london is still only around 19 kilometers per hour, not much change in comparison with the olden days.

The fact that in large cities cycling is faster than driving by car has been known for quite some time in many places: in a major city such as Moscow, the average speed of cars is about 7 to 11 km per hour. however, bikes reach an average speed of around 15 km per hour in cities with a developed bicycle infrastructure. let’s look at Moscow in terms of real facts and figures:

Since the Soviet Union collapsed, more and more people have been able to afford a car. right now around 4.5 million cars are registered in Moscow and many more from other regions of russia enter the city every day. but the roads of Moscow were planned for a maximum of 4 million cars and so the number of cars using Moscow’s roads is already higher than initially foreseen. The result: noise, smog and congestion.Moscow has a network of only 1,300 km of city streets. This is very small by global standards. and it means that one out of three Muscovites get stuck in a traffic jam

every day. Even the ban on lorries between 7 am and 10 pm within the city center has helped only a little. The same applies to the introduc-tion of bus lanes, which are ignored by most drivers.

To top it off, once you reach the city center you can never find anywhere to park your car. The disaster is complete! if all this were not enough, the number of cars in Moscow’s streets is set to double within the next 10 years. This will reduce cars’ average speed to only 4–6 km per hour, which is pedestrian speed. by that time, who would still want to drive a car?

Moscow would not be Moscow, however, if the city had not started working on a master plan consisting of a substantial expansion of public transport and the devel-opment of social and commercial infrastructure in the suburbs. For example, shop-ping centers are to be opened more and more in the suburbs to relieve city center traffic. also the bicycle will play a key role: the city’s plans for investing in its cycling infrastructure envisage increasing this share to 1 percent by 2020 (from 0.04 percent today), a high growth rate but no radical change yet. in london around 2.5 percent of all commutes to work in 2011 were by bike, in berlin 13 percent, in Munich 15 percent and in amsterdam a whopping 37 percent.

MOSCOW haS a nETWOrk OF Only 1,300 kM OF CiTy STrEETS. ThiS iS VEry SMall by glObal STandardS.


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So, is a revolution in prospect in the administration’s thinking about transport policy? hardly! The principle for managing future traffic should be clear: we need to move people, not cars! and in many cities we cannot further widen the streets and make more space available for transport purposes without making our living environment uninhabitable. in particular, we have no more space for more roads. how, then, can we move more people within the same space in future? This is possible only by pro-moting a triad of pedestrian, cyclist and public transportation infrastructure.

The crucial question for the future is: Will we continue to follow the automobile path and destroy our cities with more cars and roads or will we replace cars through a wise use of public transportation and cycling? We do not want to demonize the car. On the contrary, the car has a future, but it will be for travelling between urban centers, outer regions and rural areas. The city center should belong to other means of transport.

To bring about such a turnaround in urban russia we cannot pin all our hopes on ur-ban planners and city administrators. We need a civic movement as well. The history of other cities shows that such movements need a trigger. This trigger can come from negative factors, such as rising gasoline costs and congestion charges or demonstra-tions against polluted cities. all these could tip the balance in favor of the bike, but before that happens, there may be incalculable social costs. a better solution involves active and responsible politicians who try to initiate action, as london’s boris John-son has shown successfully. and we need to consciously recall that there was a time when bicycles were the dominant means of transport, before the breakthrough of the car. a return to that time is possible; what is more, future bicycle riding will be much more comfortable than half a century ago.

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USE OF byCiClES – ECOnOMiC FaCTOrS

The development of cycling attracts attention of many experts of different fields: from sportsmen and ecologists to politicians. Economists and other scientists, who prefer to assess current developments with the help of financial indicators, also have their own point of view on this issue.

Which aspects are the most interesting for economists, when researching about such a phenomenon as cycling movement in major urban agglomerations? it is necessary to name some of the most crucial factors here:

• Fuel saving;• Reducing pollution: CO2, CO, NOx emissions, solid particles, etc;• Improving the public’s health; • Lowering the levels of street congestion at the peak times, etc.

Switzerland is the world leader of “active” sport development, including bicycles, pe-destrian traffic, and public transport. at the same time, the biggest bicycle states are the netherlands, denmark, Sweden, Finland, germany and belgium (according to percentage of the total amount of trips).

Why is bicycle such an important type of transport for people, and which factors de-termine its “economic” importance?at the first glance, economy on fuel and maintenance of the car or other vehicles are the main economic advantages of cycling. The bicycle cost is relatively low. in addi-tion, it does not need fuel or any special parking place.however, there are other benefits, foremost, those concerning public health - cycling helps to avoid the problem of insufficient physical activity, which can lead to such diseases as:

– Cardiovascular diseases– high blood pressure– depressions

it is also possible to assess health benefits using a money equivalent. according to one american research (grabow et al., 2011), if 50% of short trips were made by bikes in the Middle West (33 million people), the mortality rate would lower by 1100 per an-num. benefits from the air quality improvement as well as health benefits amount to 7

Georgy Safonov, Higher School of Economics, City of Moscow:

USE OF byCiClES – ECOnOMiC FaCTOrS

– diabetes – Osteoporosis– Cancer, etc.


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billion dollars per annum. at the same time, a shift from car to bicycle trips in Europe (for a distance up to 5 km) would amount to 1300 euros annually in the context of health benefits (rabl & de nazelle, 2012).

bicycles are also essential for the property owners (in case they have not realized it yet). Thus, price for the real estate situated next to a bicycle lane is higher: in Ohio it is 4 % higher if the distance to the lanes is 1000 feet (karadeniz, 2008), while in london this figure is 5 % (buchanan, 2007).The overall economic benefits have been estimated as well. Thus, in Oregon the ben-efits of bicycle infrastructure amount to 600 million US dollars for health and to 218 million dollars for fuel economy (gotschi, 2011). Every new cyclist brings 4000 euros of economic benefits per year (Saelensminde, 2002). and in new Zealand every mile of bicycle lanes brings $1,92 of annual profit.

an important indicator is the reduction of the current costs on transport usage. For example, decreasing peak congestion levels after shifting to bicycles in England saves 0,4 dollar for each kilometer of a ride (SQW, 2007), and saving on parking is up to $3000 annually (litman, 2009).benefits from crash reduction level are up to 5 cents per 1 mile of driving within a city (litman, 2009). Moreover, with the introduction of “active” means of transport, the level of fatal crashes is lowered (Jacobsen, 2003).

Economists can also evaluate the effects of reducing environmental pollution in mon-ey equivalent: ozone emissions, CO2, nOx, solid particles, noise, and water and soil contamination. according to the research conducted in 2007, benefits from pollution reduction amount to 10 cents per 1 mile of driving (SQW, 2007 et al.).bicycles use 18-20 times less territory and time for a 20 minutes ride than when driv-ing a car (bruun&Vuchic, 1995), which is also an “economic” benefit in the context of resources.during construction of new bicycle lanes there are 1,5 – 2 times more new jobs being created than during highway construction (garret-peltier, 2010). There is also support of local producers: cyclists usually buy more local goods and services than car driv-ers do.

Considering the fact, that the world community has set an objective to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases (first of all carbon dioxide) by 50 % by 2050, bicycles get an ad-ditional advantage, as they do not produce CO2 emissions. in great britain, it is planned to reduce CO2 emissions by 5 % by 2015. proved by my personal experience – when refusing from active driving by car, i reduce my carbon emissions by 80%.


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Markus Appenzeller, MLA+, City of Rotterdam:


in 1897, an american businessman named horace dobbins started to construct a private bicycle »superhighway« from pasadena to los angeles. nowadays unbeliev-able, but at the time, at the height of a pre-automobile worldwide cycling boom, the idea attracted the attention of some hugely powerful players. and the highway came close to completion.

by the 1930s at the latest, cycling had become the most popular means of transport in the netherlands, as the picture shows, but by the 1970s the car had already over-taken the bicycle.

The share of cycling in all trips reached its peak at the end of the 1930s in major dutch and other European cities. it has only been a few years since the proportion of cyclists began to grow again. it was high time that the tide turned.

in the 1970s, the netherlands experienced a »Velo-rution« and the first mass rallies against the growing number of cars (»Stop killing our kids!«). in 1975, 400 children

1897 Bicycle Superhighway, Los Angelesby Horace Dobbins


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were killed in traffic-related incidents (in 2010 the figure was much lower, at 14 chil-dren). Furthermore, the 1970s oil crisis and consequently surging gasoline prices made people rediscover cycling instead of driving.

There are other international examples of single events that turned the tide towards a higher use of bicycles. These include the 2005 bombings in the london underground, which disrupted public transport for several days in a row and consequently led peo-ple to rediscover their bikes, and the 2013 riots in brazil. Social unrest made the government invest in infrastructure so that poorer people could benefit from – among other services – cycling. in other cities, pollution is a major issue. Take, for example, China with its notoriously poor air quality in large cities. This could prove a tide turner for China’s bicycle development.

1930’s Cycling is the most popular mean of transport in the Netherlands

Share of cycling of all trips

1970’s The car has taken over in the Netherlands


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Bad air:

The ‘tide turner” for China?

Oil crisis made people rediscover cycling instead of driving

No public transport for a number of days brought people on bikes

Stop killing our kids

The following map shows how the city center of St Petersburg is facing a traffic collapse. This could be a possible »tide turner« for bicycle development along the Neva river.

1975: 400 kids were killed in traffic in the Netherlands 2010: 14 kids were killed in traffic in the Netherlands


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Wealth as a driver of cycling, as the following two graphs show: Environmental consciousness starts to develop, on average, from a GDP/capita between 10,000 and 15,000 USD/year. So does cycling!


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popular counter-arguments about cycling:

1. CyCLinG…

but when we compare the popularity of bicycles with density, we see something else:

also, research shows that cycling decreases crime rates and increases perceived public safety.

... only works in dense places.

... only works in safe places.


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2. CyCLinG…

But: Technology can help to make cycling popular in mountainous areas, for example the simple »bike-lift« in Trondheim, Norway.

And: It is not about going everywhere by bike. Cycling is a viable alternative for large cities when combined with public transport (convenient bike parking in Geneva, Switzerland).


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3. CyCLinG…

no: it is a matter of attitude and priority for cycle paths when clearing snow. Take, for example, the bicycle paths in Copenhagen, denmark (below left). also, technology can be used not only to make better cars but also better cycle paths, such as the proposed air-conditioned bike path in Qatar (below right). at the end of the day, it is a matter of appropriate clothing. The cycling industry provides convenient gear to withstand the rain.


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CyCLinG iS SERiOuS buSinESS!

Cycling generates 200 billion euros a year in the Eu. This emerging cycling economy consists of:

· integrated transport· Changes in transport policy· Economizing behavior in private households/by the state· bicycles for everyday use· Cycling tourism is a growing business · Cycling and energy efficiency· Cycling and health· Cycling and Society

Conclusions:

1. Cycling is cheap and requires little infrastructure – let’s use it!2. in the future, fewer people will be able or willing to afford a car. new forms of shar-

ing will also reduce the need for them, especially in St petersburg where driving is time-consuming already.

3. a cultural change is happening in cities already – mobile phones and laptops are the new status symbols of the masses, not so much cars, so why have one? St petersburg is no different!

4. The transport problems of a city such as St petersburg cannot be solved by more roads for cars without destroying the historic center beyond repair. Only alterna-tives to the car that need less space are a solution: bikes and public transport!

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ThE WOrk OF a biCyClE lObby – ThE ExaMplE OF ThE adFC gErMany

annETTE QUaEdVliEg, adFC bOnn, CiTy OF bOnn:

ThE WOrk OF a biCyClE lObby – ThE ExaMplE OF ThE adFC gErManyWHO And WHAT iS AdFC?The german bicycle Community Club (adFC) was founded in bremen in September 1979. The new club fitted into the political landscape very well. The environmental movement was becoming popular in Europe’s industrialized countries and the bicycle was becoming important in transportation again. This trend still persists.

adFC now has over 145,000 members. it represents people who cycle every day and for leisure. as a cycle lobby adFC is active at all political levels, from communities to the European Union. at a European level it is a member of the European Cyclists’ Federation (ECF). by means of its own magazine, brochures, flyers, conferences, fairs and media the organization promotes its innovative approaches and successful strategies to de-velop cycle use.

ORGAnizATiOn And FinAnCinG

There are four organizational levels:

The national union is located in berlin. Every year, there is a nationwide meeting of delegates. Every two years, the national delegates elect a national board that works on a pro bono basis. about 30 paid professionals are employed by the adFC and their wages are financed by member fees.

The state unions are situated in the capitals of all 16 federal states.

in germany as a whole there are more than 400 regional unions. They have their own offices in approximately 60 larger cities. Within the regional unions, district and local groups can be formed.

Members have legal expense insurance for all cases concerning cycling. They may participate in free local cycling tours.The adFC budget in 2013 was 5 million euros. Two-thirds of this is financed by member fees.


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AdFC TASkS

The adFC is active in the following areas: · traffic planning· traffic policy· tourism

it is also active in environmental protection, public health, consumer protection, and technology/safety and traffic education.The adFC is in keeping with the spirit of our times because more and more people understand that the bicycle is essential for short-range transportation.

The organization gave due attention to this at its 2013 meeting in aachen. a new adFC traffic policy program was introduced with great enthusiasm. it begins with the words: »We have a vision: in 2025 people will reach their destinations quickly, cheaply, in an environmentally friendly way and comfortably. in order to make this a reality, we support the development of a traffic system based on short routes and intelligent con-nection of different types of transport. and its core element is the bicycle.«

Step by step implementation of this vision, this is what the adFC’s work is about. From lobbying in a city administration to weekend cycle tours and talks in ministries or specialized entities; all this is possible only with the proactive engagement of many thousands of pro bono activists.

LOCAL ACTiViTiES OF THE AdFC in bOnn And in THE RHEin-SiEG REGiOn

Our regional union was founded in 1979. We now have more than 4,000 members and are the biggest regional union of the adFC with 15 city districts and local groups. about 200 people work in their leisure time without getting paid. We have an office of our own, called radhouse. it is open two hours a day and we offer our visitors con-sultations and various brochures, flyers and cycle cards. here they can put a code on their bikes in order to help protect them from theft. in the evenings, there are lectures about cycle trips and gpS training. also, the board of the union and many working groups have their meetings there.

TRAFFiC PLAnninG TEAM

The traffic planning team meets once a month. They discuss small as well as big is-sues. Small issues include: holes in cycle lanes, overgrown paths, snow removal and dangerous crossings. big issues include: cycle traffic planning in new developments

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near the main train station. how can we convince politicians and citizens that the square in front of the train station should be closed to cars and open only for trams, buses, cyclists and pedestrians?

Traffic planning specialists from adFC meet with representatives of the city adminis-tration in the »infrastructure working group«. here adFC makes suggestions on how to make city planning more bicycle-friendly. They ask for one-way streets for cyclists and the adjustment of traffic lights for cyclists’ convenience. They canvass for more parking places for bicycles and for bicycles for rent. They canvass for the construc-tion of new bicycle lanes when new bridges, streets, crossings are being built or renovated.

This work often demands patience and determination. The car lobby does not sleep and for bicycle use there is often no money left.but there are also success stories. in 2012, the bonn city administration decided to create a network of bicycle streets. it is based generally on a concept provided by adFC. bicycles on special bicycle streets shall have priority over cars and there is a speed limit of 30 km/h. Soon cyclists shall have routes from north to south and from east to west, so that they will be able to reach their destinations safely and quickly.The adFC organized many national »bicycle Climate Tests« at which cyclists have the opportunity to evaluate how bicycle-friendly their city is. bonn took this as an example and has been holding its own »bicycle climate test« for the past two years.

The traffic planning group is in constant contact with the police, making sugges-tions for preventing accidents and for better signage. it also evaluates road accident reports.

during municipal elections we also speak out and formulate our requests regarding bicycle traffic for political parties. We set up information stands and discuss these issues with the general public.

The adFC in bonn issues its own bicycle city plan, in which you can find the all bicycle lanes near main traffic routes.

AdFC GuidEd TOuRS

Our 80 trained guides provide almost 500 tours in bonn and suburbs every year, suit-ing all tastes: a coffee tour in a comfortable speed level and covering a distance of 15 to 20 km, or a speed cycling tour covering 70–100 km. For those interested in culture and history, there are city tours with different themes.


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both national and local adFC offices are in constant contact with policymakers in the field of tourism. adFC engages in consultations during the planning of tourist cycle tours. it also helps to design individual bicycle tours on the internet.

PARTiCiPATiOn OF AdFC in CyCLinG EVEnTS

The city of bonn holds the annual Cycle action day. adFC is one of its organizers with an information stand on the market square.For many years, from June to august, adFC together with a medical insurance com-pany has organized a campaign called »Cycle to your Workplace«. its goal is to pro-mote a healthy way of life by means of cycling. adFC activists ask employers to support this campaign. They motivate all employees to leave their cars at home and to come to work by bicycle. Teams are being formed and compete, and at the end there are attractive prizes. in 2013, almost 400 companies and 3,000 cyclists took part in this campaign in bonn and its suburbs.Once a year, the local radio station radio bonn/rhein-Sieg gives 10 listeners a week-long free cycling tour. This tour is designed and guided by adFC guides.

AdFC CyCLinG TRAVEL FAiR

in 2014, the Sixteenth Cycling Travel Fair was held. it is the biggest fair of its kind in the federal state of north rhine-Westphalia, involving 130 pro bono helpers. almost 4,000 visitors come every year and obtain new ideas for their next vacation from around 100 participants. different speakers talk about related topics.

AdFC CyCLinG SCHOOL

Many adults have never learned to cycle or have forgotten how. adFC cycling school helps: we have a trained team of experts who are able to teach you how to cycle within a compact one-week course. The success rate is 100 percent. The main par-ticipants are immigrants. They are happy to be able to broaden their circle of activities by learning how to cycle. The adFC also provides a very popular pedelec-course, on which owners can learn how to use this fast bicycle.

AdFC bOnn/RHEin-SiEG OWn MEdiA

rückenwind magazine is published quarterly with a print run of 12,000. Members get it for free and it can be also found in libraries, sport facilities, cafes, cinemas and shops. The magazine is supplemented by an online newsletter. The adFC regional office also has a website: www.adfc-bonn.de.

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An idEAL biCyCLE CiTy iS STiLL FAR AWAy

We think that in all city developments car traffic still plays far too big a role. how-ever, numerous studies show that more and more people living in cities want their squares to be free of cars, bigger pedestrian areas and cycle paths. it is all a matter of quality of life. policymakers know this. They also know that investments in bicycle traffic have great value. but there is a long way to go from knowledge to consistent implementation.

Cycling is being supported in bonn, but from adFC’s standpoint it is going very slow-ly, too slowly.

CyCLiSTS OF THE WORLd, uniTE!The commitment of adFC activists shall not be taken for granted. Their involvement comes after a hard working day and on top of personal responsibilities, the whole year round.

Where do we get the enthusiasm and the energy for it? Every day we are reminded of the fact that:

· cycling is autonomy· cycling is joy of life· cycling is enjoyment· cycling is freedom· cycling is happiness

That is why we say: long live international cycling solidarity!


24

FriTS brEdal, daniSh CyCliSTS’ FEdEraTiOn:

ThE CaSE OF COpEnhagEn

Cycling has become a metaphor for the danish solution, and the message comes across loud and clear in relation to being carbon neutral, green growth, energy-aware solutions and climate-friendly ambitions, according to lars bernhard Jørgensen, head of the tourism organization »Wonderful Copenhagen«.

Cycling in Copenhagen has a very long tradition; bicycles became common there at the beginning of the twentieth century. in 1890, there were 2,500 bicycles in the city, but just 17 years later that figure had increased to 80,000, and Copenhagen was already considered the top cycling city in Europe. Today, cycling is part of the lifestyle in Copenhagen. a lot has been done in recent years: For example, the total number of kilometers cycled in Copenhagen has increased by 36 percent since 1996 and now 1.27 million kilometers are cycled every day, probably the highest level measured in the past 50 years.

36 percent of all trips to work and education in Copenhagen are done by bicycle and 52 percent of Copenhagen residents arrive to work or education by bicycle. Further-more, cycling accounts for 26 percent of all trips in Copenhagen. also, the city puts a lot of emphasis on making the streets safer for cyclists. in the past four years, the sense of safety has risen by 50 percent, meaning that three out of four people now feel safe or very safe when cycling. The number of serious cyclist accidents in 2012 was 102, compared with 252 in 1996. Furthermore, given the abovementioned 36 percent increase in cycle traffic in the same period, individual cyclists’ risk of having a serious accident in traffic is three times lower than in 1996. This means that, to-day, every cyclist has to cycle an average of 100 times around the earth (4.1 million km) before having a serious traffic accident. Copenhagen’s 550,000 residents own 650,000 bicycles, which equals 1.2 bicycles per resident. by comparison, the num-ber of cars is 125,000, meaning that there is 5.2 bicycles for each car. all in all, very nice statistics for the capital of denmark!

Cycling is not a goal in itself but rather a highly-prioritized political tool for creating a more livable city. Copenhagen is already a fine bicycle city. Every single morning hundreds of thousands of Copenhageners choose the bicycle as the most natural

25

ThE CaSE OF COPEnHAGEn

thing in the world. Copenhageners choose the bicycle because it is the fastest and easiest way to get around. if the number of cycling citizens is to increase we need to make the bicycle the fastest and easiest way to get around for even more people than today. This is not possible without a strong prioritizing of bicycle-friendly infrastructure and a will to think out of the box. These are therefore the two central principles with regard to bicycle traffic: prioritizing and innovation. both are described in Copenha-gen’s bicycle strategy 2011–2012 (»good, better, best«).

What the strategy says: »The cycle tracks of Copenhagen are already under pressure during rush hour. it is necessary to give more space to cyclists on the main arteries in order to increase the sense of safety, make it possible for people to ride at their preferred speed and to make it more attractive for those who are too insecure to cycle today. in some places the existing cycle tracks will be widened, in other places alternative routes will be necessary to move some of the bicycle traffic away from the congested routes. infrastructural expansion will be accompanied by campaigns focused on more con-siderate behavior in traffic.

also, it is necessary to improve travel times by bicycle compared with other transport forms. it requires prioritizing ambitious short cuts such as tunnels and bridges over water, railways and large roads. in addition, many small-speed improvements are required, including allowing contraflow cycling on one-way streets, allowing cycling across squares and implementing more green Waves for cyclists. Finally, traffic calm-ing – on quiet streets near schools, for example – is also necessary if the bicycle is to have a serious advantage in traffic.

One of the unique things about Copenhagen is the cycle tracks. Working to expand and develop the cycle track network is therefore enormously important. if we are to


26

encourage many new cyclists to get onto their bicycles it is crucial that we are open to new concepts, whether it be infrastructure or other types of solution. it could involve, for example, making certain streets one-way for cars in order to create improved space for better cycling conditions, new types of bicycle parking – including cargo bike parking – and initiatives that make streets with cobblestones into attractive cycle routes. infrastructure such as footrests at intersections and air pumps has both a practical and a communication value. partnerships within municipalities should put the bicycle onto the agenda as a way to improve health and integration. in addition, external partnerships with companies, shopping districts, public transport providers and neighboring municipalities ensure optimal effect and anchor the various initiatives. Finally, it is necessary to work systematically with communication campaigns aimed at specific target groups with the potential to cycle more. Copenhagen is also about to develop intelligent streets: in 2025, the streets will be able to handle rush hour, peak shopping hours, evening life and night ac-tivities. by using iTS (intelligent Traffic Sys-tem), the street will be transformed from static to dynamic. lEd lights in the asphalt signal which transport form has priority and when. Certain stretches, for example, can be made one-way for cars for some peri-ods of the day, just as cycle tracks can be widened during the morning rush hour by taking over space from the sidewalk. The sidewalks can then be widened during the middle of the day when there are more pedestrians and fewer cyclists. by letting the streets follow the natural rhythm of the city and not vice versa, there will be more vital-ity and a more pleasant urban space.

Cargo bikes are playing a growing role in Copenhagen’s strategy; 17 percent of Co-penhagen families have a cargo bike. Cargo bikes are used especially for transporting

parTnErShipS WiThin MUniCipaliTiES ShOUld pUT ThE biCyClE OnTO ThE agEnda aS a Way TO iMprOVE hEalTh and inTEgraTiOn.

27

ThE CaSE OF COPEnHAGEn

children and shopping and they are often an alternative to having a car: a quarter of all cargo bike owners say that their cargo bike is a direct replacement for a car. in 2025, there will be excellent parking facilities for cargo bikes outside homes, institutions and shops. in addition, cargo bikes will be an integral part of Copenhagen’s City logistics system. pilot projects for cargo bike parking will be replaced by standard solutions developed in collaboration with businesses, home-owner associations and developers. also, Copenhagen supports shopping by bicycle: shopping trips made up 34 percent of all trips made by Copenhageners in 2009 and the bicycle’s share of these trips was 27 percent. in 2025, there will be a standardized and recurring campaign directed at encouraging more shopping by bicycle. The campaigns will be supplemented with minor physical improvements (bike-thru shopping and parking, for example). The ef-forts will be made in collaboration with local businesses and citizens. On shopping streets, bicycle parking was included in the design from the beginning.

in 2025, a bike sharing system will be an integral part of the public transport system in the capital region and enjoy an equal footing with buses, trains and metro. This will apply to the payment system, system operation and marketing. Combining the bicycle with public transport is a competitive alternative to cars in the region. in 2011, Copenhagen started the process of inviting bids for a new bike share system that started operating in spring 2013. With new technologies such as smartphone apps, it will be easy to find available bicycles, receive information about the shortest route, the weather and things to do in the city.

good bicycle parking is a benefit for pedestrians and cyclists and it improves the city’s appearance. in 2025, there will still be more bicycles in Copenhagen than park-ing spots but through a coordinated effort to improve conditions and facilities – in partnership with shops, workplaces and public transport providers – Copenhageners are far more satisfied with bicycle parking« (Cycling Strategy of Copenhagen 2012).

TO SuM uP, COPEnHAGEn’S biCyCLE STRATEGy inCLudES THE FOLLOWinG kEy POinTS:

TRAVEL TiME· bicycle Superhighways (network of routes in the capital region).· Small short cuts (200–400 in all, including contraflow on one-way streets, shunts,

etc.).· large short cuts (5–8 bridges/underpasses).· iTS on, for example, routes with green Waves for cyclists.· E-bikes (infrastructure and promotion).


28

· information about the best routes (signage, gpS solutions).· lower speed limits for cars where necessary, for example around schools.· better combination of metro/train/bus and bicycles, including a bike share program

and better parking facilities at stations.· increased population density.· behavioral campaigns focusing on signaling and overtaking with care.· Cooperation with the police regarding changing traffic laws, including creating

contraflow on one-way streets, as well as solutions that make it possible to turn right at red lights.

SEnSE OF SECuRiTy· green bicycle routes.· intersection redesign (including cycle tracks running right up to the intersection as

standard and pulled back stop lines for cars).· Wider cycle tracks where there are bottlenecks.· new cycle tracks and lanes (30–40 km).· Wider cycle tracks in general (10–30 km).· painting lanes on wide and busy cycle tracks.· bicycle and bus streets.· Campaigns related to consideration and behavior.· Safer routes to schools.· Traffic policy at various schools in Copenhagen.

COMFORT· Smoother asphalt on the cycle tracks.· improved snow clearance and sweeping.· Effective bicycle parking (infrastructure, partnerships, and collecting abandoned

bicycles).· Services (air pumps, fountains, »bicycle buddy« apps, weather reports, etc.).· partnerships with workplaces and educational institutions regarding bicycle facili-

ties and information.· better conditions for city employees (parking, changing rooms, bike repair, etc.).· development of new products (valet parking for cyclists, surface treatment for cob-

blestones, etc.).

29

ThE CaSE OF OuLu

pEkka TahkOla, naViCO lTd / WinTEr CyCling FEdEraTiOn:

ThE CaSE OF OUlU


30

OuLu CyCLinG nETWORk FACTS

· 845 km of routes – 4.3m per inhabitant· routes parallel to driveways are separated with a green lane, which also serves as

snow build-up space· routes inside the city structure· all routes are illuminated· 98 % maintained throughout winter· Main route maintenance priorised over driveways· you can reach every place by bike using cycling routes· Underpasses in most busy crossings

31

ThE CaSE OF OuLu


32

CyCLiST SEGMEnTS in OuLu

SEASOnAL CHAnGES OF CyCLinG in OuLu, FinLAnd

23% non-cyclists

20% infrequent cyclists

15% Active summer cyclist, never on winter time

13% Active summer cyclist, infrequent winter cyclist

29% Active cyclists all year round Cycle daily or several times a weeks both summer and winter time

CY

CLI

STS

AV

ER

AG

E T

EM

PE

RAT

UR

E (°

C)

MONTH

• 22 % of winter cyclists use a helmet• 35 % of winter cyclists use studded winter tires

33

ThE CaSE OF OuLu

OuLu CyCLinG PLAnninG HiSTORy

· 1969 Transport system plan– Walking and cycling were included for the first

time· 1972 City development plan of bicycle and

pedestrian traffic– Extensive network separated from car traffic

covering the whole city– Separate funding for bicycle and pedestrian

projects– Major part of construction using other funding

sources– Since then cycling and pedestrian planning

have been a “part of the system”· 1981 development plan of bicycle and pedes-

trian traffic in the city center

· 1987 pedestrian zone rotuaari is opened· 1993 First extensions to rotuaari· 2007 regional strategy for bicycle and pedestrian traffic· 2010 City development plan for bicycle and pedestrian traffic· 2011 – 2013 Further extensions to rotuaari, also street heating installation


34

· 2012 Online cyling journey planner (http://pk.oulunliikenne.fi)· 2013 international winter cycling congress (www.wintercycling.org)· 2013 Cycling coordinator project· 2013 Cycle4it· 2013 –2014 Winter cyclist campaign

35

ThE CaSE OF OuLu


36

MOdAL SPLiT dEVELOPMEnT1962 1989 2009

OTHER 0%OTHER 2%OTHER 5%

5%

54%

27%

42%

17%

16%

28%

48%

22%

19%

· public transport in decline· amount of private cars still

keeps on growing· Finally some increase in walking

and cycling after declining years

37

ThE CaSE OF OuLu

SOFT MEASuRES

· Opening of winter cycling season· Oulu Winter Cycling Challenge· Oulu cycling week· European mobility week· Winter bike to work day· Winter cyclist campaign· Oulu cycling week· European mobility week· Founding of a cycling ngO· idea campaign· i bike Oulu merchandise


38

FuTuRE CHALLEnGES

• Completing the cycling super highway network “Oulun raitit”

• Marketing to both politicians and inhabitants• Cycling navigator for smartphones?

39

ThE CaSE OF OuLu

· Create possibilities· For whom?· a change is needed!· land use planning / traffic planning· plan year round cycling

Photo: Pekka Tahkola

CLiMbinG uP THE LAddER: FiRST STEPS


40

WHy i dO And dOn’T CyCLE duRinG WinTER

HOW TO inSPiRE SOMEOnE TO bE A WinTER CyCLiST?

yES (in order of importance)• good exercise• the quickest• the cheapest• the feeling of freedom to move• psychical reasons (feels good!)• other reasons• green way of living• good bicycle connections• don’t own a car• poor public transport connections• I enjoy rough, extreme conditions

i COuLd CyCLE iF (in order of importance)• better level of winter maintenance• I had a suitable winter bike (second bike)• shorter distance• “no way!”• other reasons• if good shower and other utilities at the

destination• if doctor ordered• better level of bicycle parking at the destination• I did not have to take kids along• employee supported

nO (in order of importance)• too slippery• too cold• too dangerous• poor level of winter maintenance• too difficult• other reasons• distance is too long (in winter)• no shower or other utilities at the

destination• health issues preventing• it takes too long time in winter time• poor bicycle parking facilities• too dark

The answers cover 4 cities involved in the Finnish national winter cycling survey

41

ThE CaSE OF OuLu

HOW THE bAd ROAd SuRFACE COndiTiOnS AFFECTEd THE AMOunT OF CyCLiSTS

THE COST OF LOST CyCLiSTS


42

iT’S nOT AbOuT THE GEAR….

…AFTER ALL, iT’S ALL in OuR HEAdS…

Source: www.copenhagenize.com

43

ThE CaSE OF OuLu

nAViCO LTd - CyCling COOrdinaTOr SErViCES aSk US FOr MOrE!

naViCO OykirkkOkaTU 8 a 990100 OUlU, Finland+358(0)45 876 [email protected]


44

MarEk SalErMO, TraFFiC planning diViSiOn, hElSin-ki CiTy planning dEparTMEnT:

ThE CaSE OF hElSinki

in THE bEGinninG CyCLinG WAS A REAL MOdE OF TRAnSPORT…

THEn THE AuTOMObiLE TOOk OVER And CyCLinG WAS FORGOTTEn…

1939

1970

(Picture: HS)

(Picture: Kaupunginmuseo)

45

ThE CaSE OF HELSinki

nEW PLAnninG PHiLOSOPHy

1970...

... 2000


46

CuRREnT SiTuATiOn:

· 1200 km cycle paths· Mostly combined paths for

pedestrians and cyclists

Cycling is increasing…

47


WHAT HAVE WE LEARnEd?

COMPARinG CyCLEPATH dEnSiTy: HELSinki VS. COPEnHAGEn

More focus on cyclability instead of just providing carfree solutions !!

We do not need so many cycle paths…We need more traffic calming!!

Mixing cyclists and pedestrians is not always a good idea…

We do not need cycle paths everywhere…


48

More focus on functionality !

important: separation of cyclists and pedestrians!

nEW PLAnninG PRinCiPLES (2013):

49


inTERSECTiOnS

Stockholm

How it is…

Copenhagen

How it will be…


50

nEW PLAn FOR innER CiTy biCyCLE nETWORk

OnE FOR ALL, ALL FOR OnE…

· Vision 2025· Focus on providing good cyclability on

every street· Mainly one-way cycle facilities· Main cycle routes along bigger streets· residential streets as local connections

(without cyclepaths)

51


OTHER MEASuRES THAT SuPPORT CyCLinG

PARkinG POLiCy

parking has been too easy and too cheap…

More restrictions&more expensive

new parking strategy 2014

1973

1992

1987

2004


52

nEW MObiLiTy PLAn 2014…

priorization of traffic modes:

1. pedestrians2. Cyclists3. public transport4. logistics5. Cars

53

ThE CaSE OF LOndOn

GROWTH in CyCLinG

niCk aldWOrTh, TranSpOrT FOr lOndOn, barClayS CyClE hirE:

ThE CaSE OF lOndOn

SETTinG THE SCEnEAspirAtions for growth

23% of londoners

cycled in the last year

35% of households own a bicy-

cle (8% increase over one year)

570,000 cycle trips now made in london per day

173% increase in cycling on london’s main roads between

2000/01 and 2010/11.

Target: 400% increase in cycling by 2026


54

GROWTH in CyCLinG TO dATE Currently on trACk

SETTinG THE SCEnE

5% mode share = 1 in 20Londoners making a round

trip by bike every day

2010: on track to meet target, 540k

cycle journeys

2026 Target: 1,5 million cycle

journeys

2001:320 k cycle journeys

55

ThE CaSE OF LOndOn

CyCLinG POTEnTiAL who is most likely to CyCle?

CyCLinG POTEnTiAL where is the potentiAl?

urbAn living

suburbAn lifestyle

young Couples And fAmilies

high eArning professionAl

4.3m trips per day are potentially cyclable. When plotted by trip origin, we can see that...


56

WHAT iS STOPPinG PEOPLE FROM CyCLinG?

bARRiERS TO CyCLinG

Fear and vulnerability

‘I’m worried about safety’

Physicality

‘I’m not fit enough to cycle’

Lack of confidence

‘I haven’t cycled for a long time’

Attractiveness

‘I don’t feel like a stereotypical cyclist’

Feasibility/alternatives

‘It’s not compatible with my busy lifestyle’

Lack of infrastructure

‘There is a lack of facilities’

Access to a bike

’I can’t afford a bike’

Attitudinal barriers· perception of safety· lack of confidence· Convenience of the car· not seen as compatible with

complicated lifestyles · poor image of cyclists· getting hot and sweaty· Fear of theft/security issues· Traffic volumes

Physical barriers· access to a bicycle· lack of cycle parking· lack of changing facilities· high traffic speeds· provision for cyclists –

lanes and at junctions· Severance, e.g. major roads· poor road surface

57

ThE CaSE OF LOndOn

The Mayor’s Vision for CyCling in london

Target: 400% increase in cycling by 2026 “Over the next 10 years, cycle spending will total £913m, more than treble the previously-planned levels.”

“We will ‘normalise’ cycling, making it something anyone feels comfortable doing. hundreds of thou-sands more people, of all ages, races and back-grounds, and in all parts of London, will discover that the bike has changed their lives.”

“My flagship route – a true Crossrail for the bicycle – will run for at least 15 miles, very substantially segregated.....”

“..helping cycling will not just help cyclists. it will create better places for everyone. it means less traffic, more trees, more places to sit and eat a sandwich.”

“by 2020 the london cycle network will be eas-ily understood and heavily used. We want to change the nature of cycling, attracting thou-sands of people who do not cycle now.”

“no lorry should be allowed in london unless it is fitted with safety equipment to protect cyclists, and driven by someone fully trained in cycle awareness.”


58

dELiVERinG A PACkAGE OF MEASuRES

THE TubE nETWORk FOR THE bikE

infrastructureCycle parkingFlagship Schemes

build

Support

Promote

Supporting MeasuresSafety and SecurityTrainingMapping

Marketing campaignsFlagship Eventsresponsible Cycling

59

ThE CaSE OF LOndOn

CyCLE SAFETy

· Cycle Safety action plan launched in March 2010. CSap 2 due Spring 2014. · 49% of non-cyclists say they are deterred from taking up cycling due to

safety concerns· aims to reduce the most common types of collisions

– hgVs are involved in half of cycling fatalities – 85% of casualties are as a result of a collision at a junction

· Sets out 52 actions which include:– Education through campaigns and training– actions to improve safety when cycling near lorries– Targeted infrastructure improvements– Enforcement against anti-social and illegal road user behaviour

Political support and clear targetsSupportive cyclist Mayor and a push for 400% increase in cycling by 2026

background research and analysis Enabling a targeted approach, focusing on areas of high cycling potential and implementing a package of measures across london

Flagship schemeshigh profile additions to london’s cycling infrastructure, inspiring people to give it a try and get on the saddle

LESSOnS LEARnEd whAt hAs been importAnt for delivering growth so fAr?


60

CyCLE HiRE – A nEW MOdE OF TRAnSPORT

kEy PRinCiPLES

· Ratio – more docking points than bicycles to maximize chance of finding space to dock

· density – frequent docking stations for convenience· Fixed docking stations – to ensure predictable locations and orderly arrange-

ment of bicycles· Fare zone 1 – an area big enough for the scheme to function but small enough

to deliver on time· After-rail market not to be specifically catered for (was the initial principle which

has evolved since)· Redistribution – limited vehicular support to maintain cycle availability· Sponsorship to supplement funding – on-street advertising would not be

offered as part of the contract like in paris

· access to a bicycle· Storage space· Theft · Maintenance· Cycling ‘image’· Commitment

To expand the opportunities for short cycling trips in london with a cycle hire network that reaches more people, contributing to the creation of a cyclised city

addressing barriers To CyCling:

61

ThE CaSE OF LOndOn

LOndOn’S CyCLE HiRE SCHEME

· launched 30 July 2010· 24 hour availability· area covering 44km2 – approx. fare Zone 1· 6,000 cycles, 400 stations, 10,200 docking points· Members (user key) or casual users· The shorter the trip, the cheaper the fare

· The phase 2 eastern expansion brought Cycle hire to East london in March 2014; to the Olympic legacy area, Canary Wharf and some eco-nomically disadvantaged areas of london

· Third expansion launched successfully in southwest london in december 2014 bringing additional transport options south of the river Thames. also added a new distribution depot in south london.

ExPAndinG CyCLE HiRE in LOndOn

“This scheme will make the capital a city of cyclists, where to use two wheels is common not curious”


62

WHERE ARE WE nOW?

Current area map

Total hires since scheme launch: 28 millionTotal memberships received since launch: 195,000Records: Monthly: August 2012 – 1.163m daily: 30 april 2014 - 49,014Area: 100 sq. km, 725 docking stations, 19k docking pointsnumber of bikes: 11k bikes (approx. 10k on street, to keep 1:1.8 ratio)number of members: 60k activeRunning costs: Fy 2012/13 £24mFare income: £7.7m (32%), barclays £5m, net loss of £11.3m per year

63

ThE CaSE OF LOndOn

OPERATiOnS

On street:Two depots: angel (north), Clapham (south)– Operations Centre, bike servicing and repair, Electricians– 28 large vans used for rebalancing (18 bikes per van)– 10 short wheelbase vans for electricians, cleaners

Contact Centre:based in Enfield, north london– accept phone calls and e-mails,

fulfil memberships– Can guide customers to docking

stations– 24 hour assistance in case of

accidents

Approximately 250 staff including all support functions, iT, etc.

CHALLEnGES

Finances: Often bike Share schemes are launched with ambition to self-finance – none do! Why:

- public transport – focus is on service, not profit (e.g. contact centre)- Servicing commuter (voter?) demand is expensive as it peaks- Station Space in key areas is expensive – city centres- price plans tend to include free periods.

Political scheme means high profile, non-commercial decision making, potential for bad press even when popular. an easy target!Expectations: users expect a bike on demand. redistribution cannot meet this demand at peak times (traffic and physical capacity).demand for expansion / improvements instantly but much of the com-plexity is hidden (iT and redistribution).


64

iMPACTS: bEHAViOuR CHAnGE

OPPORTuniTiES...

Finances: all public transport modes are subsidised in the Uk; the public accept that Cycle hire is in london now too.Financing model gives freedom to provide a really good service. bCh has one of the best contact centres in the country; the redistribution operation is 24/7, 365 days of the year.Political scheme means always interesting! not as difficult to gain publicity and funding as less well recognised schemes.Room to experiment to satisfy demand. public appreciate the effort.demand for expansion / improvements means politicians never lose interest... opportunities for events and publicity.Cycle hire demographic is young, dynamic, tech aware, enterprising and en-gaged. no shortage of interest from universities, social media, business.

65

ThE CaSE OF LOndOn

iMPACTS: nEW CyCLiSTS

WHAT’S nExT...

Expansion: into the Olympic park but no large-scale expansions of the types seen previouslyintensification: More Cycle hire stations in key areas. increased density drives trips and increases customer satisfactioninnovation:

· Mobile apps to buy access to a bike and to create competitions for members to engage in a ‘game’ of cycle hire.

· More manual commuter hubs· incentives for counter tidal travel

Supply chain and service model: looking to integrate horizontally with other Tfl modes, including...Payment integration with other transport modes; Very challenging technologically but very logical for the customer.


66

raiMUnd brOdEhl, dEparTMEnT FOr MObiliTy, MiniSTry OF ECOnOMy, TranSpOrT and innOVaTiOn, FrEE and hanSEaTiC CiTy OF haMbUrg

ThE CaSE OF haMbUrg

hamburg is located in the north of germany on the river Elbe, some 100 km from the coast of the north Sea. With a population of 1.8 million people it is germany’s second largest city and one of the great hubs of the European economy. after rotterdam, hamburg has the second largest port for container shipping in Europe and the ninth largest in the world. This makes hamburg germany’s leading trading centre and a traditional gateway, especially to Central and Eastern Europe, with more than 36,000 trading companies and over 125,000 jobs in the sector.

The 2008 Cycling action plan is the basis for developing the city’s cycling strategy and makes bicycles part of the general transportation system. This means that bi-cycles are accepted as a fully-valued means of transport. The action plan’s most important objectives include doubling the modal-share of bicycle traffic to 18 percent (from the 2002 level), increasing traffic safety, expanding the main bicycle route net-work, improving the bicycle-climate and public relations and securing a stable system of funding in the long term.

To implement the plan’s ambitious objectives the city authorities are focusing on priority areas, such as infrastructure for riding bicycles, bicycle parking, integration of bicycles into the public transportation system and improving traffic safety. These

in 2008 some 12 percent of all trips made by hamburg’s inhab-itants were done by bicycle, a 3 percent rise on 2002. in order to further increase the share of cy-clists the city relies on a compre-hensive »Cycling action plan« for hamburg, reissued in 2008.

67

ThE CaSE OF HAMbuRG

measures are accompanied by a public relations strategy for improving the image of cycling, bicycle tourism, service points for bicycles and a system of quality manage-ment and monitoring.

besides the bicycle infrastructure on principal streets, there are 14 so-called »Velor-outes« comprising a network of 280 km. They are special routes mostly off the main traffic roads which make cycling more pleasant, safer and faster.

Veloroute 11

Klütjenfelder pedestrian and bicycle bridge

Veloroute 6

Eilbekpark


68

Veloroutes 7/ 8/ 9 Steintordamm, Steintorwall, Mönckebergstraße: bike box

Hammer Steindamm, Cycle Lane

69

ThE CaSE OF HAMbuRG

Leisure Route 5 / Elberadweg: Long distance route Hamburg / Rügen, Tatenberger Weg bicycle path

hamburg also emphasizes the legal framework and corresponding road traffic regulations.

in addition, the city has implemented a public bike share scheme called »Stadtrad hamburg«. The system was introduced in 2009 and has been expanding ever since. in 2013, it comprised 1,650 bicycles at 130 rental stations; 221,000 people used the stations in 2013 and completed 2,055,000 journeys with them.

separate

foot and cycle path

common

foot and cycle path

cycleway


70

year bikes Hire station Clients Journeys

2009 800 68 36,500 306,000

2010 1,000 72 77,200 726,000

2011 1,500 106 131,000 1,300,000

2012 1,650 123 185,500 2,050,000

2013 1,650 130 221,000 2,055,000

in order to further encourage the use of bicycles hamburg is promoting the inte-gration of cycling with other means of public transport with a special system called Switchh. The system offers individual mobility, whether by bus, rental car, bicycle, railway or ferry and designs individual solutions on request. it is supported by an online platform and a corresponding mobile app.

71

ThE CaSE OF HAMbuRG

all measures are complemented by extensive public relations campaigns in order to raise awareness and let citizens know about what their city has on offer. Special in-formation material is available on hamburg’s Veloroutes, cycle lanes and traffic safety.


72

alExEy MiTyaEV and Olga MalTSEVa, dEparTMEnT OF TranSpOrT and rOad inFraSTrUCTUrE dEVElOpMEnT, CiTy OF MOSCOW

ThE CaSE OF MOSCOW

The russian Federation’s busy and cosmopolitan capital is the largest urban con-glomeration in Europe. Moscow is of course also a major political, economic and cultural centre and as such has huge potential for also becoming a centre in bicycle use. Shifting some of the city’s commuting activity from the use of cars and other motorized vehicles to individual traffic would help to address two of Moscow’s major challenges: reducing pressure on its chronically congested streets and improving air quality. adapting the vast urban landscape of Moscow to the need of cyclists may seem like a lifetime worth of work. however, Moscow has come up with some innova-tive approaches and has already taken the first steps in developing a comprehensive cycling infrastructure within the city.

Moscow has huge potential for commuting cyclists. according to the city’s statistics, all districts of Moscow together have a working-age population of 6.6 million people, but only 8,000 trips a day were made with commuters’ own bicycles (2013). an ad-ditional 550 trips per day were made with rented or shared bicycles. These numbers account for only 0.04 percent of daily trips from and to work. The city’s plans for investing in its cycling infrastructure envisage increasing this share to 1 percent by 2020. Examples from other cities, such as london and new york, show how increas-ing a network of bicycle paths accelerates and encourages the use of bicycles after overcoming initial inertia.

ALL diSTRiCTS OF MOSCOW6.6 million of working-age population

2013

0.04% of total transportation

8 000 trips/day with own bicycle

550 trips/days with hired (shared) bicycle

2020

1% of total transportation

200 000 trips/day

25 000 trips/days with hired (shared) bicycle

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ThE CaSE OF MOSCOW

Moscow is not starting from scratch in introducing a cycling system of its own, but there are significant challenges. Currently, there are almost 150 km of bicycle paths, while 340 more routes have been proposed by city districts and 50 routes by cycling activists. however, the different routes are not yet integrated into an integral system and there is no systematic procedure in place concerning the order in which sug-gestions for new routes are being handled. For that reason, the city has decided to focus on priority areas for 2015. in these pilot areas, full-scale cycling systems will be implemented and they allow for a system of prioritization. The full list of the streets is now being developed.

The city is also now working on the long-term bicycle and pedestrian strategy up to 2020. They are now at the stage of analyzing accident statistics, main popular routes, city structure and other factors that will make it possible to establish a con-nected and well-developed bicycle network and safe streets.

PiLOT AREAS1.4 million of working-age population

2013

0.04% of total transportation

1 680 trips/day

2020

1% of total transportation

42 000 trips/day

Bicycle paths’ length


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One of the routes planned for 2015 is boulevard ring. The reorganization of a stretch of 6.4 km on the boulevard ring illustrates how existing infrastructure can be adapted for the needs of safe cycling. in the particular case of the boulevard ring, the existing three drive lanes had been narrowed down to just two, thereby complying with road norms and allowing for the reclamation of parking lots. The city decided to put bicycle infrastructure on the same street level as pedestrian ways for cycling lanes to be used by pedestrians in winter when demand for cycling space is expected to be low. poles separate cycling lanes from the street level in order to avoid irregular parking on the bicycle pathways. One option for installing bike lanes is shown below. it is now being discussed with specialists, experts and the community – which is the best way to implement infrastructure on the one of the most important roads in Moscow.

Schematic sketch of the remodeled Boulevard Ringbefore

After

Parking lot

cycling lane

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ThE CaSE OF MOSCOW

Photos of the Boulevard Ring before and after remodeling

introducing bicycle lanes is not enough to make a city attuned to cyclists’ needs. Essential infrastructure in a city with the size and traffic volume of Moscow includes a strategy for secure parking lots and allowing for alternative ownership structures through a bike share system. Moscow decided to introduce various parking facilities appropriate for short-term and long-term parking and to introduce a bike sharing system similar to schemes in london, barcelona and paris. in 2013, there were 79 stations with 550 bicycles and in 2013 a total of roughly 20,000 individual users had registered for the system. Experience with the bike share system has been positive thus far as only 16 out of the 550 bikes (or 3.4 percent) were reported stolen in the first year of its introduction. Most of the trips still serve recreational purposes and only 35 percent of the trips were made simply to get from a to b, according to a user sur-vey. With the planned expansion of the system this share is set to increase.

before

After


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Currently, users can access 150 stations and 1,200 bikes. as of October 2014, more than 58 thousand users are registered in the system and more than 43,000 of them signed up for this season. This summer there were more than 100,000 trips, 70 per-cent of them free trips lasting less than 30 minutes; 2,500 people tried to use their Troika account card to unlock the bike at the station.

Green = Bike stations already in use

Gray = Bike stations to open soon

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ThE CaSE OF MOSCOW

Moscow covers a large geographical area for cyclists; this can involve covering large distances via bicycle which sometimes can make cycling troublesome. For this rea-son, the city is developing plans for integrating its cycling plans into the existing public transport network. Since February 2014, bicycles can be carried on public transpor-tation free of charge. bicycles are allowed on all routes of the city’s public transport system, except for local trains during rush hour. a 2013 test period yielded encourag-ing results and in 2014 free transportation for bicycles has been re-introduced in order to incentivize the integration of cycling and public transport.

new system requirements: Terminals with solar batteries More sustainable construction Electronic block on the bicycle shall allow unblocking

without a terminal user registration at the terminal Mobile apps for iOS, Android, Windows Phone user identification with Troika cards Additional functions at terminals, such as car parking

payment and Troika card top-up


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Free of charge bicycle transfer in city public transportsince 18.02.14 :- bicycle transfer is allowed on all routes of the city public transport.- bicycle transfer is free of charge.- passengers may transfer max. one bicycle per person.- bicycles should be carried into the cabin through the second door (in front

of the main cabin platform) and the passenger must pay for his trip at the second door

- in the cabin, the passenger should make sure that his bike does not move during the trip.

Free of charge bicycle transfer in local trains but not during rush hours- Since 2013 there is free transfer from 11.00 till 16.00 in test mode.- in 2014 free transfer was introduced again, discussion on increasing the time

of free transfer, while statistics are being analyzed.

a new traffic code supports the introduction of the new cycling infrastructure. ad-ditional road signs will make it easier for pedestrians, vehicles and cyclists alike to find their way around the city and provide certainty about the priority use of certain roads. Special rules have been designed for the protection of minors and youngsters in traffic.

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new classification of cycling infrastructure, specification of terms:- bicycle paths- Shared bicycle and pedestrian paths - bicycle lanes

Rules for cyclists are now in a separate chapter (they were previously in the same chapter as rules for cattle crossing and cartage).

new priority rules for cyclists on the road:- at a right- or a left-turn drivers must give way to pedestrians and cyclists,

who are crossing the road on which the turn is being made.

Rules for cycling minors have been specified:- From 14 years of age it is allowed to cycle on a bicycle path, shared path or

a bicycle lane, as well as on a sidewalk or footpath as an exception. - From 7 to 14 years of age it is allowed to cycle only on sidewalks, pedes-

trian, bicycle paths, shared paths and in pedestrian areas.- Up to 7 years of age it is allowed to cycle only on sidewalks, pedestrian and

shared paths (on pedestrian side), and in pedestrian areas.

Working together with insurance companies the city has introduced measures to allow for a safer legal position for cyclists. This includes the insurance of bicycles as property against theft, damage and third party abuse and making bicycles part of a public liability insurance scheme.

a pilot project has been launched with one partner Company and was available in august–October 2014. The product offered theft insurance for bicycles, liability insur-ance and insurance upon accidents. in 2015 we are going to expand this program with more insurance companies.

- Sidewalk, cyclist, footpath- new signs


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MaxiM kiS, pErM rOad MOVEMEnT

ThE CaSE OF pErM

The city of perm is located on the banks of the kama river, a main tributary of the mighty Volga river, and close to the Ural mountains. With a population of just under 1 million, perm has an uneven landscape and a continental climate. This means short, hot summers and long winters with temperatures below –20 degrees Celsius. in ad-dition, the city is not densely populated but includes many industrial conglomerates. Maxim kis of the perm road Movement shows how careful planning can make cy-cling happen nonetheless.

Average annual temp. +1.5°CAverage winter temp. -18-22°CMinimal winter temp. – till -47°C60% of precipitation is snowSnow thickness ca. 100 cmSummer is unstable, rains, cold weather.Comfort weather for cycling – from May, 01 till September, 15

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Cycling in an industrial city with a continental climate is a challenge. For perm this means a relatively short cycling season, with dusty streets in summer. in winter, how-ever, maintenance of streets is low and therefore makes cycling even more difficult. at the moment, there is little investment in infrastructure and road traffic continues to be dangerous. last year there were over 30 accidents involving cyclists. The city spreads across a large area and cyclists need to cover a lot of ground in order to make it to the next centre. in addition, bicycles need space for secure locking in order to avoid theft. all these factors together lead to more of a leisure-oriented use of bicycles. but perm has set out to increase its share of cycling commuters.

perm’s past efforts have already increased the number of cyclists and there is an active community building on previous success. For the opening of the 2013 cycling season over 2,500 cyclists showed their support and participated in the event. Many activists are students, but the Mayor of perm is among the supporters, too. as a result, cycling has been integrated into perm’s city master plan.


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For example, the city master plan adapts street profiles to adjust to cyclists’ needs and introduces different types of temporary and permanent bicycle lanes. The plan demarks bicycle lanes on existing roads or pedestrian walks or converts space used in winter for pushing snow away into temporary summer bicycle lanes. in some plac-es, the city has added flexible poles to separate the bicycle lane from the regular traffic lane. This allows for a quick set up of new bicycle lanes and test runs in des-ignated areas.

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City planners in perm expect these simple measures to foster a sense of safety among cyclists as bicycle lanes become clearly separated from the regular traffic lane. This makes using cycling lanes more attractive to cyclists and also keeps them from using pedestrian walks for cycling. hence, commuting becomes safer for cy-clists and pedestrians alike. Cycling lanes also have a favorable impact on motorized vehicles as bicycle lanes prevent them from using sidewalks as irregular parking lots. Moreover, bicycle lanes create a visual impression of narrowing down available space for cars and consequently induce vehicle drivers to reduce speed.

The effect of clearly visible poles to separate bicycle lanes from pedestrian walks and regular traffic lanes also works the other way round. The poles keep pedestrians from walking on bicycle lanes and thus increase safety. For this purpose, the city has also introduced new road signs all along the cycling paths.


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responsible planning is an important element in perm’s quest to increase cycling activity. Several municipal departments have integrated cycling into their list of du-ties, such as the departments for road Traffic, City development, Consumer Market, Sports, youth politics and road Traffic Safety. however, there is no bicycle sharing system planned for the near future. instead, privately owned rental stations cater to the need of citizens who do not wish to use a bicycle of their own.

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ThE CaSE OF VOROnEzH

igOr TiTOV, CyCling aSSOCiaTiOn »VElOVOrOnEZh«

ThE CaSE VOrOnEZh

The city of Voronezh is located 500 km south of russia’s capital. now Voronezh is striving to become a capital in its own right by becoming russia’s capital of the bi-cycle. Cycling enthusiasts all over the city have joined forces in »VeloVoronezh«, an association aiming to making cycling in the city safer, faster, and more enjoyable by upgrading infrastructure and involving local officials and businesses.

Voronezh features a lively community of over 800 cycling activists. They come to-gether in the association »VeloVoronezh« to discuss future changes to the cycling network and to raise awareness for their cause among citizens. Events organized by VeloVoronezh sometimes attract up to 2,000 participants and they operate inside and outside the city’s area. The picture below depicts a cycling event organized in the wake of the St petersburg Cycling Conference, organized by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and co-organized by VeloVoronezh.

in addition, they forge close ties with the city’s government in order to promote a transformation of the city towards a more bicycle-friendly future. in a joint effort, Velo-Voronezh and the mayor’s office installed about 150 bicycle parking lots for 2 to 10 individual bicycles and larger scale parking spaces for 14 and 50 bicycles, respec-tively. They also consulted with an array of organizations on how to build further bicycle parking lots, design bike tracks, and other elements of cycling infrastructure and landscape.


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Making Voronezh russia’s bicycle capital also has a social element: along with other cycling enthusiasts, VeloVoronezh regularly presents its ideas, plans and strategies in the media and holds stakeholder consultations with local communities on individual projects. Sometimes VeloVoronezh is supported by local officials who are ready to drive change in the city’s landscape or by socially responsible companies.

but the association’s activities do not stop at this. VeloVoronezh plans to install 300 additional bicycle parking lots across the city by 2015 and to elaborate a master plan for cycling tracks inside the city’s area by the end of 2014. in the midterm, the asso-ciation plans to increase the number of cyclists by facilitating 5 rent-a-bikes by 2015 and a bike sharing program with at least 50 stations by 2018 in order to achieve a steady number of 10,000 regular bike users in Voronezh by 2018. VeloVoronezh will keep raising awareness by organizing public events and plans to hold cycling fests for 2,000–3,000 people twice a year.

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ThE CaSE OF VOROnEzH

For all these activities, VeloVoronezh also reaches out internationally. They have ex-changed views and experiences with other major cycling cities, such as london and Europe’s coldest city of bicycle enthusiasts, Oulu in northern Finland.


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VladiMir ZlOkaZOV, UrbaniST:

ThE CaSE OF EkaTErinbUrg

Ekaterinburg is russia’s fourth largest city with a population of approximately 1.4 million (as of 2010). located on the border between Europe and asia, it features a fairly flat geography and winters are long. Urbanist Vladimir Zlokazov outlined what is needed to making cycling work under these conditions.

Unleashing the bicycle revolution: if policymakers, civil society and the city’s planning staff and engineers pull in the same direction they can make change happen and ensure an appropriate funding base.

a good plan changes the game: planning authorities should elaborate a network plan for all private and public projects in the city. On this basis, a primary network bicycle plan will be developed and made available for dedicated funding.

Cycling Tracks on Bolshakova Tracks in Ekaterinburg: Local advocacy groups tested the perfect width for the city’s future cycling tracks.

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adapting the urban landscape: Why should only cars circulate on multitrack road systems? Upgrading the road system to accommodate cycling commuters makes use of existing infrastructure and provides for a smooth transition towards a bicycle-friendly urban landscape.

involving urban planners and engineers in the cycling community: staff responsible for developing and approving cycling infrastructure need to be aware of cyclists’ daily deeds. in this way, the city could make sure it obtains a fully functional network of cycling tracks.

Money matters: whereas a separate and dedicated budget line needs to be made available for expanding the bicycle network, funding also needs to be facilitated through existing programs. This includes all projects planned and approved by the city itself such as repair works, upgrades and new roads. private project developers need to be compelled to contribute to the bicycle infrastructure, for example by pro-viding bicycle parking.


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daria TabaChnikOVa, hEad OF CyCling aSSOCiaTiOn »VElOSipEdiZaTiOn«:

pilOT SChEMES TO prOMOTE CyCling in ST pETErSbUrg

developing the cycling infrastructure in St petersburg, as in many other cities in the world, is a completely new, challenging, long-time and large-scale project that could totally change the look of the city and seriously influence its future.

introducing pilot schemes at every step of this multi-year project must become obligatory before taking the principal decisions, preparing concepts, master plans and construction. however, it does not always happen that way.

development of the cycling infrastructure in St peters-burg is a responsibility of the Committee on the devel-opment of Transport infrastructure (CdTi), which also finances large infrastructural projects such as West-ern high Speed diameter, bridges, tunnels and roads. The Committee for Transportation is a separate body, responsible only for public transport. issues of urban mobility, transportation and infrastructure therefore have been split between two committees, which often results in miscoordination and attempts to solve traffic problems mainly by introducing new roads or widening existing ones.

Though bicycle infrastructure could also become a large-scale project for CdTi, at the moment there is not enough political will to develop it and no understanding of its future effects and benefits for the sustainable de-velopment of the city.

nevertheless, at the moment (September 2014) in St petersburg there are several bike paths, built at the beginning of the 2000s based on the Soviet norm, with an overall length of 26.5 km. This happened mainly due to the visit to amsterdam by

Photo by Velosipedization of St Peters-burg: typical bicycle path from the 2000s — ends at intersections, in the park, two-dimensional, 2013.

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ThE CaSE OF ST PETERSbuRG

Valentina Matveenko, former governor of St petersburg, who was deeply inspired. These paths are mostly in the parks, are not connected to each other, do not lead to any tourist attractions and end before intersections. all of them are gradually getting worse.

in 2013, at the request of Velosipedization of St petersburg, a first modern step was taken by the city administration to benefit cyclists – 400 bicycle racks were estab-lished in all areas of the city, but none of them can now be used because of their poor design: bicycles just fall down or their spokes become bent. Some of them have been upgraded at our request, but most district administrations have refused to do so. if a pilot bike rack had been installed on expert advice, the city could have saved its budget and would have had a chance to see the high usage of such racks. anyway, private business seems to be more active in establishing bike racks and is making them more usable and nicer-looking than the city administration.

Photo by Velosipedization of St Peters-burg: unusable bike racks established by the city administration, 2013.

Photo by Velosipedization of St Peters-burg: business start establishing nice and usable bike racks (veloparkk.ru), 2014.

in June 2014, a bike sharing scheme was introduced supported by the bank of Moscow. There are now 29 stations with 170 bicycles. The opening ceremony was attended by the governor of St petersburg georgy poltavchenko and president of the bank of Moscow Mihayil kouzovlev. Though the governor did not ride a bike, he said that »the bicycle is now for the first time becoming an alternative to the private car and public transport«. if the project is successful, the number of stations will be increased next year. This is a very good example of using the pilot approach to intro-duce bicycle infrastructure.


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Photo by Administration of St Petersburg: start of the bicycle sharing pilot scheme in St Petersburg, 2014.

Gorokhovay St today (September 2014).

Illustration by Olga Boeva, Velosipedization for St Pe-tersburg: visualization of Gorokhovaya St with cycle lane (proposal).

in 2013, sending numerous proposals for the draft concept of St petersburg’s Socio-economic development Strategy 2030 and its Transport Strategy, we managed to include in both documents the bicycle thesis and particularly »development of the bicycle infrastructure« as one of the priorities of the future development of St pe-tersburg. a competition has been announced for pre-design work on the 16 cycle routes throughout the whole of St petersburg, and the work should be finished by december 2014.

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This seems to be good news, but it could easily fall flat. it seems clear that the pre-design work for bicycle routes for the whole city cannot be done to the required qual-ity by the current road engineers who have no training and experience in developing bicycle infrastructure. There are simply no specialists in bicycle infrastructure in rus-sia at the moment. The story of the bike racks is repeating itself, but now at a more serious level.

When cities start bicycle projects, the critical points should be:

· Consulting with bicycle activists to obtain an understanding of modern approaches to bicycle planning, to select best practices and obtain general knowledge;

· drawing on international experience and best practices, especially in the initial stages of planning and design;

· Consulting with international experts, especially during pilot projects;· doing pilot planning and construction before introducing large-scale projects.

if it ignores these obvious things, the city risks ending up with an old-fashioned, confused and not very safe bicycle infrastructure which will need to be re-designed in several years’ time.


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The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in RussiaThe Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung works in Russia since the establishment of its first representative office in Moscow in 1989. Our aim is to contribute to the German-Russian dialogue and cooperation between Russia and Europe. The Foundation is headquartered in Bonn and Berlin and has more than 100 offices all over the world. The objectives of FES are:

• Political and public education for approaching to democratic values;• Support of national and international socio-political dialogue, promoting under-

standing between peoples of different countries;• Support for gifted and socially active students and young scientists in Germany

and abroad through scholarships;• Internal research and development projects and support of other research institu-

tions, especially in the field of social history, economic policy, labor and social relations.

Russian Law Academy of the Ministry of Justice is the central scientific and edu-cational institution of the Ministry of Justice. It is one of the largest departmental law universities in Russia.

For more than 40 years the Academy has been educating future specialists with higher law education and organizing professional trainings for employees of the Ministry of Justice. Located in Moscow, the Academy has 14 branches across the country. Around 7000 students are studying at these branches and more than 1000 professionals every year are taking courses to improve their knowledge and to keep up to date with the current changes.

Russian-German Bureau of Environmental Information (RNEI) operates since 2009. The purpose of the RNEI activities is the collection and dissemination of infor-mation concerning environmental problems, climate protection as well as ecological enlightenment and strengthening ties between experts of both countries. Since the beginning of 2009, RNEI organizes events aimed at ecological enlightenment in dif-ferent regions of Russia and Germany. Since the beginning of 2012, once half a year, RNEI publishes analytical articles, studies and interviews devoted to ecological and law topics. The project receives a great support from the German Federal Foundation for the Environment and the program for international development „Brot für die Welt“ (Bread for the World).

OrganiZErS


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Hamburg Club in St. Petersburg is the representative of the German-Russian com-munity (Deutsch-Russische Gesellschaft) in Hamburg. Since 1993 the Club has been traditionally supporting social, cultural and educational civic initiatives aimed at strengthening of civil society and cooperation between the twin towns. The develop-ment of cycling infrastructure and city transport are important tasks for sustainable development in St. Petersburg as well as in Hamburg. That is why the Hamburg Club will keep on creating new frameworks and platforms for communication and exchange of experience between both cities in this field.

Velosipedization of St. Peterburg is a public project aiming at the creation of com-fortable and safe city cycling infrastructure. It unites more than 10 000 people who support the creation of cycling infrastructure and energy of those who are interested in cycling movement development in St. Petersburg. Targets of the organization are the dissemination of best foreign practices, consulting by project works, organizing professional conferences on cycling infrastructure development, production and in-stallation of bike parking stations, education of correct and safe cycling on the roads and organizing of big city events connected with the use of bikes.

VeloPiter is the biggest cycling club uniting cycling tourists and cycling lovers. Velo-Piter also deals with book publication devoted to cycling topics, cycling guides and organizes cycling events and tours evenin extreme regions (such as the Arctic re-gion). Club experts have been involved in elaborating of road regulations (its parts devoted to cycling), have been acting as consultants for committees of St. Peters-burg on creating cycling infrastructure, and have helped in elaborating the concept of cycling development of St. Petersburg.

The Village is a city online newspaper publishing information on cultural and public life, entertainments, services, food and people in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Institute of sustainable development strategy was officially registered as an au-tonomic non-commercial organization in 2013, but it had been active already before. Its mission today is to unite the attempts of expert community of St. Petersburg, North-West and other regions of Russia in promoting sustainable development strat-egies, new „green“ systematic interdisciplinary way of thinking through education, research projects, discussion, support of civil society initiatives, support of interna-tional cooperation and mutual understanding and experience exchange.


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ThE COnFErEnCE in piCTUrES


as presented during the conference on 16 and 17 May 2014 in St petersburg

Documents

Changing Urban Traffic and the Role of Bicycles