Chap-1 - GenType of Computer

8/7/2019 Chap-1 - GenType of Computer

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MCM SemesterMCM Semester -- II


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MCMMCM--II SEM.SEM.--II

Subject NameSubject Name InternalInternalMarksMarks

ExternalExternalMarksMarks

C Programming (CP)C Programming (CP) 3030 7070

Fundamental of InformationFundamental of InformationTechnology (F.I.T.)Technology (F.I.T.)

3030 7070

Software Engineering & BusinessSoftware Engineering & BusinessProcess (S.E.B.P.)Process (S.E.B.P.)

3030 7070

PPM & OBPPM & OB 3030 7070Web Programming & EWeb Programming & E--CommerceCommerce 3030 7070

Practical (Internal)Practical (Internal) 5050


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Internal AssessmentInternal Assessment

3030 Marks of each subject for InternalMarks of each subject for InternalAssessment.Assessment.

Division of 30 Marks for InternalDivision of 30 Marks for InternalAssessment.Assessment.

1.1. AttendanceAttendance

2.2. AssignmentAssignment

3.3. Midterm examination/TutorialMidterm examination/Tutorial 4.4. Presentations/SeminarsPresentations/Seminars

4. Behavior of Candidate in overall semester.4. Behavior of Candidate in overall semester.


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Standard of Passing for MCMStandard of Passing for MCM

Must secureMust secure 40 %40 % in each head.in each head.

Passing marks for external isPassing marks for external is 2828out of 70out of 70 and for Internaland for Internal 12 out12 out

of 30.of 30.


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Syllabus of F.I.T.Syllabus of F.I.T.

IntroductionIntroduction Characteristics, Generation, types of computerCharacteristics, Generation, types of computer

Block Diagram & different unitsBlock Diagram & different units..

Input, output unit, Storage & Process devices.Input, output unit, Storage & Process devices.

Number SystemNumber System Non Positional & Positional Number SystemNon Positional & Positional Number System Conversions of One number to anotherConversions of One number to another

Coding SystemCoding System-- BCD, EBCDIC, ASCII.BCD, EBCDIC, ASCII.

Memory ManagementMemory Management

Primary StoragePrimary Storage-- RAM,ROM,PROM,EPROMRAM,ROM,PROM,EPROM Cache MemoryCache Memory

Secondary StorageSecondary Storage Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk,Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk,

Floppy Disk, Hard disk, CD, DVD, Pen Drive.Floppy Disk, Hard disk, CD, DVD, Pen Drive.


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Syllabus Contd.Syllabus Contd.

Operating SystemOperating System Definition &Definition & Functions of O.SFunctions of O.S.. Types of O.S.Types of O.S. Processing ActivitiesProcessing Activities High level & Low level LanguagesHigh level & Low level Languages Language convertersLanguage converters

NetworkingNetworking Types of Network, Intranet & InternetTypes of Network, Intranet & Internet.. Internet TopologyInternet Topology OSI ModelOSI Model Communication MediaCommunication Media

Practical ApproachPractical Approach Computer Assembly, Boot Setup, Installation O.S.Computer Assembly, Boot Setup, Installation O.S. Connecting your client to Server,Connecting your client to Server, User & Workgroup Handling.User & Workgroup Handling.


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Reference BookReference Book

Computer FundamentalsComputer Fundamentals

( 4( 4thth Edition ) byEdition ) by P.K. SinhaP.K. Sinha

Computer FundamentalsComputer Fundamentals

byby RajaramanRajaraman

Elements of InformationElements of InformationTechnologyTechnology by by Dr. Milind M. OkaDr. Milind M. Oka


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IntroductionIntroduction


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What are the Characteristics ofWhat are the Characteristics of

Computer ?Computer ?


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Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers

AutomaticAutomatic :: it works without human intervention.it works without human intervention.

SpeedSpeed :: Modern computers performs millions of operation inModern computers performs millions of operation ina second.a second.

AccuracyAccuracy :: is consistently highis consistently high..

StorageStorage :: Can store large amount of data and retrieve theCan store large amount of data and retrieve thesame at high speed.same at high speed.

DiligenceDiligence:: it does not suffer from tirednessit does not suffer from tiredness..

VersatilityVersatility :: Computers are capable of performing almostComputers are capable of performing almost

any task.any task.


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Generations of Computers

Generations of Computers


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Computer GenerationsComputer Generations

First GenerationFirst Generation (1942(19421955)1955) ::

Is referred asIs referred as Vacuum TubeVacuum Tubecomputers. Vacuum Tube which wascomputers. Vacuum Tube which wasglass deviceglass device that could control &that could control &amplify electronic signalsamplify electronic signals ..

Advantages :Advantages :

1.1. Vacuum Tube were theVacuum Tube were the onlyonly

electronic components availableelectronic components availablein those days.in those days.2.2. Vacuum tube technology madeVacuum tube technology made

possible thepossible the advent ofadvent ofelectronicelectronic digitaldigital computercomputer..

Disadvantages :Disadvantages :

1.1. Too Bulky in size, unreliable.Too Bulky in size, unreliable.2.2. Air conditioning required.Air conditioning required.3.3. Constant maintenance required.Constant maintenance required.4.4. Non Portable.Non Portable.5.5. Manual Assembly.Manual Assembly.6.6. Limited Commercial useLimited Commercial use..


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SecondSecond GenerationGeneration ((19551955 19641964)) :: InIn secondsecond GenerationGeneration TransistorsTransistors

werewere usedused inin placeplace ofof VacuumVacuum TubeTube..

AdvantagesAdvantages ::11.. SmallerSmaller inin sizesize ..22.. LessLess heatheat generatedgenerated ..33.. LessLess HardwareHardware FailureFailure..

44..B

etterB

etter PortabilityPortability..

DisadvantagesDisadvantages ::11.. AirAir ConditioningConditioning requiredrequired..22.. FrequentFrequent MaintenanceMaintenance requiredrequired..33.. ManuallyManually assemblyassembly ofof eacheach

componentcomponent..44.. CommercialCommercial useuse isis difficultdifficult &&

costlycostly..


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Third GenerationThird Generation ( 1965( 1965-- 1975)1975)

In Third GenerationIn Third Generation I.C.I.C.(Integrated Circuits)(Integrated Circuits) werewereused in place of Transistors.used in place of Transistors.

I.C.I.C.-- It made possible toIt made possible toIntegrate larger number ofIntegrate larger number ofcircuits into very smallcircuits into very smallsurface ofsurface of silicon chipsilicon chip..

AdvantagesAdvantages ::As compare to 1As compare to 1stst & 2& 2ndnd

Generation.Generation. --1.1. Smaller in Size.Smaller in Size.2.2. More reliable.More reliable.3.3. Less Heat generated.Less Heat generated.4.4. Less hardware failure.Less hardware failure.

5.5. Maintenance cost is less.Maintenance cost is less.6.6. Easily portable.Easily portable.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages ::1. Highly technology is1. Highly technology is

required for manufacturing.required for manufacturing.


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FifthFifth GenerationGeneration ((19891989 onwards)onwards) AdvantagesAdvantages ::

11.. VLSIVLSI technologytechnology becomebecome

ULSIULSI.. 22.. MoreMore PowerfulPowerful PCSPCS..

33.. PortablePortable PCsPCs (Notebook(Notebook ))

44.. ConsumeConsume LessLess PowerPower..

55.. FasterFaster andand largelarge

inin memorymemory && StorageStorage.. 66.. TremendousTremendous growthgrowth ofof

NetworkNetwork..

77.. PopularityPopularity ofof InternetInternet..

88.. SeveralSeveral newnew typestypes ofofexcitingexciting applicationsapplications likelikewww,www, electronicelectronic commercecommerce,,VirtualVirtual librarieslibraries,, VirtualVirtualclassrooms,classrooms, DistanceDistanceeducationeducation,, MultimediaMultimedia etcetc.. areareusedused inin thisthis GenerationGeneration..


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Check PointCheck Point

What is the Disadvantages ofVacuumWhat is the Disadvantages ofVacuumTube ?Tube ?

Which Device used in 3Which Device used in 3rdrd Generation.Generation.

What is meant by VLSI.What is meant by VLSI.

What is meant by ULSI.What is meant by ULSI.


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Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers

ComputersComputers werewere classifiedclassified byby theirtheir sizesize,,processingprocessing speedspeed && costcost.. ModernModern ComputersComputers areare

classifiedclassified accordingaccording toto theirtheir computingcomputing powerpower inintoto fourfour mainmain typestypes

1. Micro Computers1. Micro Computers

2. Mini Computers2. Mini Computers

3. Mainframe Computers

3. Mainframe Computers

4. Super Computers4. Super Computers

Micro ComputersMicro Computers ::

These areThese are low costlow cost, small, digital computers, small, digital computers.. 88--32 bits32 bits capacitycapacity..

Uses RamUses Ram 640 KB640 KB 2 MB2 MB..

Used forUsed for general purposegeneral purpose calculationscalculationsoffice automation.office automation.


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MinicomputersMinicomputers:: MoreMore powerfulpowerful than microcomputer.than microcomputer.

32 bit capacity32 bit capacity

Uses RamUses Ram 128128 --256 MB256 MB..

It supports up toIt supports up to 100 terminal in100 terminal in NetworkingNetworking..

Used forUsed for Payroll, accounting & ScientificPayroll, accounting & Scientificcomputationcomputation..

Mainframe ComputersMainframe Computers :: More Powerful than mini ComputersMore Powerful than mini Computers

64 Bit capacity64 Bit capacity

256 MBRAM256 MBRAM.. Mainly used forMainly used for Handling Bulk of data.Handling Bulk of data.

Used inUsed in Research OrganizationResearch Organization, Large, LargeIndustries, Government sector,Industries, Government sector, BanksBanks,, AirlineAirline

& Railway Reservations.& Railway Reservations.


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Super ComputerSuper Computer :: More Powerful &More Powerful & much fastermuch faster than mainframe.than mainframe.

Capacity 96 bit.Capacity 96 bit.

Uses Ram 256 MB and More.Uses Ram 256 MB and More. MoreMore Harddisk CapacityHarddisk Capacity

Used inUsed in whether forecastingwhether forecasting,, weapon researchweapon research ,,rocketing,rocketing, AAtomic & nucleartomic & nuclear ..

However the rapidlyHowever the rapidly changing technologychanging technologytoday computers are classified astoday computers are classified as

1. Notebook Computers (Laptop)1. Notebook Computers (Laptop)

2. Personal Computers2. Personal Computers3. Workstation3. Workstation

4. Mainframe4. Mainframe

5. Supercomputer5. Supercomputer

6. Client Server6. Client Server


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Notebook ComputersNotebook Computers : (Laptop): (Laptop) PortablePortable ComputersComputers.. DesignedDesigned toto operateoperate withwith chargeablechargeable batteriesbatteries.. UsedUsed eveneven atat placesplaces wherewhere therethere isis nono powerpower..

UsedUsed forfor DataData entry,entry, MakingMaking Presentations,Presentations, etcetc.. PersonalPersonal ComputersComputers :: (PC)(PC)

NonNon PortablePortable GenerallyGenerally designeddesigned forfor usedused byby oneone personperson.. MainlyMainly usedused toto meetmeet thethe personalpersonal computingcomputing needsneeds.. AlsoAlso usedused forfor educationeducation && entertainmententertainment..

WorkstationWorkstation ComputersComputers :: PowerfulPowerful desktopdesktop computercomputer DesignedDesigned toto meetmeet thethe computingcomputing needsneeds ofof Engineers,Engineers,

ArchitectsArchitects,, andand otherother professionalsprofessionals.. CommonlyCommonly usedused forfor Design,Design, Multimedia,Multimedia, ScientificScientific

andand engineeringengineering problemsproblems..

ClientClient ServerServer :: NetworkingNetworking ConceptConcept.. ClientClient SavesSaves datadata centrallycentrally onon ServersServers.. UsedUsed forfor SharingSharing FacilitiesFacilities..


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What is main Difference betweenWhat is main Difference betweenNotebook & other Computers ?Notebook & other Computers ?

What is the advantage of client serverWhat is the advantage of client servercomputer over personal computer ?computer over personal computer ?

What is main use of Mainframe computer?What is main use of Mainframe computer?


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BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTERBASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

ProgramsPrograms

and Dataand Data ResultsResults

CPUCPU

-- -- -- -- Lines shows control exerted by control unit on otherLines shows control exerted by control unit on other

components of computercomponents of computer

InputUnit

OutputUnit

StorageUnit

ControlUnit

A.L.U.


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Computer Consists of Five mainComputer Consists of Five main

ComponentsComponents

1. Input Unit1. Input Unit

2. Output Unit2. Output Unit3. Storage Unit3. Storage Unit

4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit

5.5. Control UnitControl Unit


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1.1. InputUnitInputUnit ::aa.. ItItacceptsaccepts thethe listlist ofof instructionsinstructions andand datadata

fromfrom thethe outsideoutside worldworld..

bb.. ItItconvertsconverts thesethese instructionsinstructions andand datadata intointo aacomputercomputer readablereadable formform..

cc.. ItItsuppliessupplies thethe convertedconverted instructionsinstructions andand

datadata toto thethe CPUCPU forfor furtherfurther processingprocessing

ee..gg.. -- Keyboard,Keyboard, MouseMouse.. 22.. OutputOutput UnitUnit::

aa.. ItIt acceptsaccepts thethe resultsresults producedproduced byby thethecomputercomputer whichwhich areare inin codedcoded formform andand

hencehence cancan notnot bebe easilyeasily understoodunderstood byby usus..bb.. ItIt convertsconverts thesethese codedcoded resultsresults intointo thethe

humanhuman readablereadable formform..

cc.. ItIt suppliessupplies thethe convertedconverted resultsresults toto thetheoutsideoutside worldworld.. ee..gg.. -- Monitor,Monitor, PrinterPrinter


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3.3. Storage UnitStorage Unit::

aa.. ItItstoresstores thethe datadata toto bebe processedprocessed andand thetheinstructionsinstructions requiredrequired forfor thethe processingprocessing..

bb.. ItItstoresstores finalfinal resultsresults ofof processingprocessing..

TypeType ofof StorageStorage UnitUnit :: 11)) PrimaryPrimary StorageStorage :: MemoryMemory (RAM,(RAM, ROM)ROM)

22)) SecondarySecondary StorageStorage :: HardHard disk,disk, PenPen drive,drive, CDCD

4.4. ArithmeticLogicUnitArithmeticLogicUnit: (ALU): (ALU)

ALUALU isis designeddesigned toto performperform thethe fourfour basicbasic operationsoperationssuchsuch asas addition,addition, subtraction,subtraction, multiplicationmultiplication andanddivisiondivision andand operationsoperations suchsuch asas lessless than,than, greatergreaterthanthan oror equalequal toto..


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5.5. ControlUnitControlUnit ::

11.. ControlControl unitunit isis ableable toto maintainmaintain thethe entireentireoperationsoperations ofof thethe systemssystems..22.. ItIt actsacts asas aa ` CentralCentral nervousnervous SystemSystem forfor

otherother componentscomponents ofof thethe computercomputer systemsystem..

33.. ItItmanagesmanages andand coco--ordinatesordinates thethe entireentirecomputercomputer systemsystem..

6 :6 : CPU(CentralProcessingUnit)CPU(CentralProcessingUnit)ControlControl UnitUnit andand ALUALU ofof ComputerComputer systemsystemareare jointlyjointly knownknown asas thethe CPUCPU.. TheThe CPUCPU isis thethebrainbrain ofof computercomputer systemsystem..


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ConclusionConclusion ::

All computer performsAll computer performs five basicfive basicoperationsoperations

forfor converting raw input dataconverting raw input dataintointo useful Output informationuseful Output information1. Inputting1. Inputting

2. Storing2. Storing

3. Processing3. Processing4. Controlling4. Controlling

5. Outputting .5. Outputting .


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What are the types of Storage unit ?What are the types of Storage unit ?

What are the five main units of computer?What are the five main units of computer?

What is the function of A.L.U.?What is the function of A.L.U.?


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INPUT DEVICEINPUT DEVICE

InputInput DeviceDevice :: InputInput DevicesDevices areareusedused toto enterenter datadata fromfrom outsideoutsideworldworld toto computercomputer..

AA HardwareHardware devicedevice thatthat sendssendsinformationinformation intointo thethe CPUCPU..

[Without[Without anyany inputinput devicesdevices aa computercomputer wouldwouldsimplysimply bebe aa displaydisplay devicedevice andand notnot allowallow usersuserstoto interactinteractwithwith it,it, muchmuch likelike aa TVTV.. ]]


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Below is a listing of different types ofBelow is a listing of different types ofcomputer input devices.computer input devices.

KeyboardKeyboard

MouseMouse

ScannerScanner

Digital cameraDigital camera JoystickJoystick

MicrophoneMicrophone

Web CamWeb Cameraera


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KeyboardKeyboard

One of the mainOne of the maininput devices.input devices.

A PC's keyboardA PC's keyboardlooks very similar tolooks very similar to

electric typewriters.electric typewriters. Standard keyboardStandard keyboard --

105 keys105 keys

Letter KeysLetter Keys ,,

Arrow Keys,Arrow Keys,Functions Keys,Functions Keys,Number Keys,Number Keys,

Special Keys.Special Keys.


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MouseMouseAAdevicedevice thatcontrolsthethatcontrolsthe

movemen

tofthemovemen

tofthe cursorcursorororpointerpointeronaonadisplaydisplayscreenscreen..

Amouse

isasmall

Amouse

isasmallobjectobjectyouyoucanrollalong ahard, flatcanrollalong ahard, flat

surface.surface.

The mouse is also useful forThe mouse is also useful forgraphicsgraphics programs that allowprograms that allowyou toyou to draw picturesdraw pictures by usingby usingthe mousethe mouse -- like a pen, pencil,like a pen, pencil,or paintbrush.or paintbrush.


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There are three basicThere are three basictypes of mouse :types of mouse :

MechanicalMechanical:: HasHas aa rubberrubber orormetalmetal ballball onon itsits undersideunderside thatthat cancanrollroll inin allall directionsdirections.. MechanicalMechanicalsensorssensors withinwithin thethe mousemouse detectdetectthethe directiondirection thethe ballball isis rollingrolling andandmovemove thethe screenscreen pointerpointer accordinglyaccordingly..

OpticalOptical:: UsesUses aa laserlaser TechnologyTechnologytoto detectdetect thethe mouse'smouse's movementmovement..TheyThey respondrespond moremore quicklyquickly &&preciselyprecisely thanthan MechanicalMechanical MouseMouse..

CordlessCordless :: BluetoothBluetooth TechnologyTechnology ororWirelessWireless TechnologyTechnology.. TheyThey relyrely ononinfraredinfrared oror radioradio waveswaves totocommunicatecommunicate withwith thethe computercomputer..


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OpticalscannerOpticalscanner

aa scannerscanner is a device thatis a device thatanalyzes images, printedanalyzes images, printedtext, ortext, or handwritinghandwriting, or an, or an

object and converts it toobject and converts it toaa digital imagedigital image ..

Types of ScannersTypes of Scanners 1. Flatbed Scanner1. Flatbed Scanner

2. Drum Scanner2. Drum Scanner


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OUTPUTDEVICEOUTPUTDEVICE : Any peripheral that: Any peripheral thatreceives and displays output from areceives and displays output from acomputercomputer

An output device whichAn output device which accepts data fromaccepts data froma computer and translates them into aa computer and translates them into a

form,form, which is suitable for use by thewhich is suitable for use by theoutside world.outside world.

Several Output devices are as followsSeveral Output devices are as follows

1. Monitors1. Monitors2. Printers2. Printers

3. Plotters3. Plotters


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MonitorMonitor:: Monitor is most popular outputMonitor is most popular output

device.device.

Also called Video Display Unit (VDU).Also called Video Display Unit (VDU).

Monitor looks like a television screenMonitor looks like a television screen-- is used to display the processedis used to display the processedresults.results.

The two basic types of monitors usedThe two basic types of monitors usedtoday are :today are :

Cathode RayTubeCathode RayTube (CRT): Look(CRT): Lookmuch like as Television & are usedmuch like as Television & are usedwith nonwith non--portable computer system.portable computer system.

FlatFlat-- panelpanel : Flat panel monitors are: Flat panel monitors arethinner and lighter, and are commonlythinner and lighter, and are commonlyused with portable computer systems.used with portable computer systems.LikeLike notebook computersnotebook computers..


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PrintersPrinters : Printers are the: Printers are themost commonly used outputmost commonly used outputdevice for producingdevice for producing hardhard--

copycopy outputoutput.. The various types printers asThe various types printers as

belowbelow 1.1. Dot Matrix PrinterDot Matrix Printer ::

Dot Matrix printer areDot Matrix printer arecharacter printerscharacter printers whichwhichprint one character at a time.print one character at a time.

Dot Matrix printers areDot Matrix printers are impactimpactPrintersPrinters because they print bybecause they print byhammering the pinshammering the pins on theon theinked ribbon.inked ribbon.

Dot matrix printers areDot matrix printers arenormallynormally slowslow with speed.with speed.

They are cheap in terms ofThey are cheap in terms ofCost of OperationCost of Operation..


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InkjetPrinterInkjetPrinter:: These areThese are non Impactnon Impact

Character Printers based on aCharacter Printers based on aNew Technology.New Technology.

They printThey printcharacters bycharacters byspraying small drops of inkspraying small drops of ink

on the paper.on the paper. Inkjet printers produceInkjet printers produce higherhigher

qualityquality output than dot matrix.output than dot matrix.

Inkjet printer areInkjet printer are slowerslower thanthandotdot--matrix printer.matrix printer.

Inkjet printer are moreInkjet printer are moreexpensiveexpensive than a dot matrixthan a dot matrixprinter.printer.


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Page PrintersPage Printers : These are: These areveryvery high speedhigh speed nonnon

impact printersimpact printers. Which. Whichprint one page at a time.print one page at a time.Electronics xerography,Electronics xerography,lasers and otherlasers and other

technologiestechnologies have madehave madethese high volumethese high volumeprinters. Theseprinters. Thesetechniques called astechniques called as

electro photographicelectro photographictechniques.techniques.


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PlottersPlotters :: PlottersPlotters areare usedused totoproduceproduce hardhard copiescopies ofof graphsgraphs

andand designsdesigns.. PlottersPlotters areare idealidealforfor architects,architects, engineers,engineers, citycityplannersplanners whowho needneed hardcopyhardcopy ofofwidelywidely varyingvarying sizesize..

PlottersPlotters areare ofof twotwo typestypes

11.. DrumDrum PlotterPlotter 22.. FlatFlat bedbed PlotterPlotter

DrumDrum PlotterPlotter :: InIn casecase ofofdrumdrum plotterplotter thethe paperpaper ononwhichwhich thethe designdesign hashas toto bebemademade isis placedplaced overover aa drumdrumthatthat rotatesrotates backback andand forthforth totoproduceproduce verticalvertical mot ionmotion.. ItItconsistsconsists moremore penpen holdersholdersmountedmounted horizontallyhorizontally acrossacrossthethe drumdrum..


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FlatBedPlotterFlatBedPlotter: A: Aflat bed plotter plots onflat bed plotter plots onpaper that is spread andpaper that is spread and

fixed over a rectangularfixed over a rectangularflat bed table. In thisflat bed table. In thistype normally the papertype normally the paperdoes not move and thedoes not move and thepen holding mechanismspen holding mechanisms

is designed to provideis designed to provideall possible motions.all possible motions.

Normally flat bedNormally flat bedplotters are used in theplotters are used in the

design of cars, airdesign of cars, aircrafts, building andcrafts, building andhighwayshighways etc.etc.

Size of designSize of design up toup to20 ft. x 50 ft.20 ft. x 50 ft.


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Thank YouThank You

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Chap-1 - GenType of Computer