Chap 23 Day 1, Aim: How did Transoceanic Encounters lead to Global Connections?

Do NOW: PAIR/SHARE 1) Why did Columbus include these statements to Isabel and Ferdinand?

1. That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said island, no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those who have taken out colonists' papers, and have built houses for their abode, in the town in which they are, that they may live united and in greater safety.

2. That there shall be a church, and parish priests or friars to administer the sacraments, to perform divine worship, and for the conversion of the Indians.

3. That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license from the governor or alcalde of the town where he lives; and that he must first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he may have found…

Portuguese Exploration and the Lure of Trade

• Originally for fishing

• Land hunger• Discovery of

Azores, Madeiras Islands

• Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane – Why?

• Maritime routes to Asia– Spices, silk, porcelain

• Silk roads more dangerous since spread of Bubonic Plague

• Prices, profits increase• Indian pepper, Chinese

ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes

• African gold, ivory, slaves

The Technology of Exploration• Chinese rudder introduced in

12th century• Square sails replaced by

triangular lateen sails– Work better with cross

winds• Navigational instruments• Knowledge of winds, currents• The Volta do Mar

– Navig. Technique- learn winds- circular

Wind and current patterns in the world’s oceans – Effects?

Portuguese Breakthroughs

• Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460)– Promoted exploration of west African coast– Established fortified trading posts

• 1488 Barolomeo Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin– Storms, restless crew force return

• Vasco de Gama reaches India by this route, 1497– By 1500, a trading post at Calicut

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)• Believed Earth was smaller

– Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles)

• Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip

• Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage

• Discovers Bahamas, Cuba

Hemispheric Links• Columbus tries three

times, never reaches Asia

• But by early 16th century, several powers follow- WHY? Diff with China?– English, Spanish,

French, Dutch• Realization of value of

newly discovered Americas

European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486-1498- How does this differ from earlier exploration?

Circumnavigation of the Globe• Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while

searching for gold in Panama, 1513– Distance to Asia unknown

• Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by Portuguese, uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in 1519-1522– Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of

South America– Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors

survive journey– Magellan killed in local political dispute in

Philippine Islands

Exploration of the Pacific

• Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route- WHY?

• English, Russians look for Northwest Passage to Asia– Most of route

clogged by ice in Arctic circle

• Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America

• Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait

• James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific

Establishment of Trading-Post Empires

• Portuguese first to set up trading posts – WHY?– 50 by mid-16th century

• Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge duties

• Alfonso d’Alboquerque major naval commander– Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands

amputated

• Yet Arab traders continue to operate• Portuguese control declines by end of 16th c. –

WHY?

European trading posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700

English and Dutch Trading Posts

• Rival, parallel trading networks

• English concentrate on Indian trade

• Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo, southern Pacific

Assessment

• Create a multiple choice question based on previous material

• Exchange question with neighbor

• Share question/answer with whole class

Extra Credit• Why was Portugal able to take an early

lead in the exploration of the Indian Ocean? How did such a tiny country gain supremacy over the trade in that region? When and how did they lose that supremacy?

• What were some of the new trade goods entering the world markets in the sixteenth century? How would European demand for these products affect overseas trade and colonization?