Upload
amir-dgreat
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
yes
Citation preview
Communicating Approaches
Chap
3Key Ideas
•Formal and Informal communication•Coordination of people and groupsOrganization Models
Organizational Communication
1Copyright Cengage © 2011
Consider this . . . Consider this . . .
It is structure that enables It is structure that enables people to work together, and in so people to work together, and in so doing to accomplish things doing to accomplish things beyond the abilities of beyond the abilities of unorganized individuals.unorganized individuals.
Wagner & Hollenbeck, Organizational Behavior, Southwestern, 2004
2Copyright Cengage © 2011
Read or describe the case studyAnswer the following questions:
What type of informal/formal communication was used at Enron?
Which organizational model was used?What role did rank and yank play in
Enron’s unethical practices?
Copyright Cengage © 2011 3
The Rise and Fall of EnronThe Rise and Fall of Enron
Formal CommunicationFormal CommunicationIncludes 3 types of communication Inside the organization. . .Includes 3 types of communication Inside the organization. . .
Downward UpwardHorizontal
Messages flow laterallylaterally between people of the same rank.
Messages flow upwardupward through the chain of command—i.e., from employee to boss.
Messages flow downwarddownward through the chain of command—i.e., from manager to employee.
4Copyright Cengage © 2011
Downward CommunicationDownward Communication
Employee performance appraisals Job instructions Job rationale Policy & procedures Motivational appeals
Copyright Cengage © 2011 5
Upward CommunicationUpward Communication
Employee work, achievements & progress
Employee opinions & feelings Outlines of work problems Ideas for improvement
Copyright Cengage © 2011 6
Informal CommunicationInformal Communication This is commonly known as The
Grapevine Indicates the health of the organization Adds to employee satisfaction &
commitment Indicates employee concerns >
Copyright Cengage © 2011 7
Informal CommunicationInformal Communication Is 75-95% accurate Travels fast Effective managers use The
Grapevine
Copyright Cengage © 2011 8
Informal CommunicationInformal CommunicationIndicates the health of the organization
Adds to employee satisfaction & commitment
Indicates employee concerns
Is 75-95% accurate
Travels fast
Information carried by the “Grapevine” . . Information carried by the “Grapevine” . . ..
Thom
as P
erde
w/Fo
cus G
roup
/Pict
ureQ
uest
9Copyright Cengage © 2011
Coordination of People and GroupsCoordination of People and GroupsMutual adjustment – horizontal
communication between peers who meet to make work decisions
Direct supervision – supervisors have the authority to organize and direct work
Standardization – specific written standards for tasks, output levels, skills and workplace norms
Copyright Cengage © 2011 10
Organization Models: Organization Models: Traditional (or Classical) ModelTraditional (or Classical) Model
Copyright Cengage © 2011 11
Scientific Bureaucratic
Standardized employee tasks Organization Structure
Example: Taylor’sExample: Taylor’s Best Best WayWay
•Scientific design of each task•Scientific selection of workers•Adequate training and rewards for productivity•Division of both labor and responsibilities
Example: Fayol’s Fayol’s Best WayBest Way
•Specific organizational structure•Clear division of labor•Formal chain of command
Fayol’s BridgeFayol’s Bridge
Copyright Cengage © 2011 12
AA
CCBB
GGFFEEDD
Fayol’s bridge:Fayol’s bridge:Bypasses chainBypasses chainOf commandOf command
Normal line of communication
X XXXXXXXXXX
Human Relations ModelHuman Relations Model
Copyright Cengage © 2011 13
MayoMayo
Human Relations ModelHuman Relations ModelPioneered by Elton Mayo and
colleagues between 1927 and 1932Based on conclusions of Hawthorne
plant studyWorkers in relaxed congenial work
groups with supportive supervisors are more productive
Peer relationships significantly influences productivity
Copyright Cengage © 2011 14
Human Resources ModelHuman Resources Model
QCQC Theory YTheory Y
McGregorMcGregor
TeamsTeams
15Copyright Cengage © 2011
Human Resources and Human Human Resources and Human Relation ModelsRelation Models
Human Relations• People wish to be liked and respected.• If there needs are met, employees will
produce for the organization.• Managers should convince workers that
they are valuable team members.• Managers should allow employee
participation in routine decision making.• Sharing information with employees will
increase their satisfaction, which will improve their morale and reduce resistance to authority, thus improving productivity.
Human Resources• Most people desire a sense of
accomplishment.• Most employees have untapped
resources and are capable of more than most jobs allow.
• Managers should tap and guide each employee’s hidden talents and creativity to harmonize with organizational goals.
• Managers should allow (and encourage employee participation in routine and important decision making situations
• Employee satisfaction is a by-product of improved performance
Copyright Cengage © 2011 16
McGregor’s Theory XMcGregor’s Theory X
Messages travel downward
Upward messages limited Fear & distrust of
management Decisions made by top
management
Copyright Cengage © 2011 17
Bureaucratic
McGregor’s Theory YMcGregor’s Theory YMessages travel up and down in the
organizationDecisions shared & based on input
from all levelsFeedback is encouraged in an
upward direction >
Copyright Cengage © 2011 18
McGregor’s Theory YMcGregor’s Theory YAtmosphere of confidence & trust
existsDownward messages satisfy needs of
employeesDecision making is based on
messages from all levels improving decision accuracy and quality
Copyright Cengage © 2011 19
Beliefs of Theory X and Y ManagersBeliefs of Theory X and Y ManagersTheory X (Traditional)
1. The average person has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid if possible.
2. Most people will not strive to achieve organizational objectives unless they are coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment
3. The average person prefers to be directed, whishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security above all else.
Theory Y (Human Resources)1. The use of physical and mental energy in work
is as natural as play and rest.2. External control and threats are not only ways
to motivate workers to meet organizational objectives. A person who is committed to the objectives will exercise self-direction and self-control.
3. Commitment to objectives is a motivator and a function of rewards and achievement.
4. Under proper conditions, workers learn not only to accept but also to seek responsibility.
5. The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of ingenuity and creativity is widely distributed in the population
6. The intellectual potentialities of most people are only partly utilized in modern organizations.
Copyright Cengage © 2011 20
Elements of Likert’s Four SystemsElements of Likert’s Four Systems Supportive relationships based
on trust Group decision making and
group supervision High performance goals Formal and informal
communication
Copyright Cengage © 2011 21
© Ja
son
Harri
s
Systems/Contingency ModelSystems/Contingency Model
Copyright Cengage © 2011 22
FiedlerFiedlerCultureCulture
Theory ZTheory Z
SituationSituation
One model doesOne model does not fit all not fit all
Systems TheorySystems TheoryConcerned with the organization as a
wholeAll types of communication and
feedback essentialOne person can affect the entire
organizationUsed to build and maintain corporate
cultureCopyright Cengage © 2011 23
Contingency TheoryContingency TheoryLeadership depends on three variables
Leader-follower relations (liked or not liked) Position of power (powerful or weak) Task structure (organized or not
organized)Task or traditional leadership best when
Manager well liked or is dislikedTasks well-defined or is poorly defined >
Copyright Cengage © 2011 24
Contingency TheoryContingency TheoryHuman Relations Orientation best
whenManager is moderately likedManager is somewhat powerfulTasks are moderately defined
Copyright Cengage © 2011 25
Path-Goal TheoryPath-Goal TheoryDeveloped by Robert House (1971)Identified factors of job performance
and satisfactionSatisfaction with jobUncertainty and difficulty of jobCommunication style of supervisor
Copyright Cengage © 2011 26
Transformational ModelTransformational Model
Copyright Cengage © 2011 27
Virtual Virtual MultiunitMultiunit
Communication Patterns:Communication Patterns:Traditional ModelTraditional Model
Rational, task-oriented, usually written
Social side less important Structured roles define expectations Expectations determined by position Mainly downward
Copyright Cengage © 2011 28
Communication Patterns:Communication Patterns:Human Relations ModelHuman Relations Model
Supportive, but mainly downward Employee needs treated with TLC Feedback from employees &
grapevine Communication skills used to
develop & maintain relationshipsCopyright Cengage © 2011 29
Communication Patterns:Communication Patterns:Human Resources ModelHuman Resources Model
Team oriented & participative Info & feedback flow freely up &
down Informal communication encouraged Communication skills needed at all
levels
Copyright Cengage © 2011 30
Communication Patterns:Communication Patterns:Systems/Contingency ModelSystems/Contingency Model
No single best way to communicate Communication influenced by
situation Communication flexibility valued Requires communication skills at all
levels
Copyright Cengage © 2011 31
Communication Patterns:Communication Patterns:Transformational ModelTransformational Model
Horizontal communication essential Upward & downward communication
used Awareness of frame-of-reference
differences Much communication electronic
Copyright Cengage © 2011 32