Upload
naveen-kumar
View
224
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 2/42
9n½°�°°f°
¯°°-�f°
WTS_UTaVZYT[U_[XS_[USWZU[aZ`W^_S^W
O W^UW\`[Z
O [YZ`[Z
O ^SZY
O [YZ`bWTS_W_
O
[`[Z
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 3/42
9n½°
W^UW\`[Z_O W\^[UW__TcUZVbVaS_U[ZZWU` [ W^
WZb^[ZWZ`
O U[\W\_USSZV\_U[[YUS\^[UW__
O _WZ_WSZY\^[UW__
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 4/42
@�9n½°
W\^[UW__[XS_U^TZYWSZZY`[W__SYW_SZVWbWZ`___`^[ZYZXaWZUWVT`W\W^UWbW^_Ua^^WZ`_`S`W[XZV^[WSZVU[\^WWZ_[Z[XWS^W^U[aZUS`[Z_
W[\WZ`W^\^W``W^WZb^[ZWZ`Z[^VW^ [^W_\[ZVS\\^[\^S`W
WU[\W`[XWZb^[ZWZ`_SW_`\[__TW`[\^[UW__S[X`WZX[^S`[ZW[\WVWbW[\_[^`Ua`_`[\^[UW__ZX[^S`[ZSZV`W_W_[^`Ua`_U^WS`W\W^UW\`aSW^^[^_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 5/42
9n½f¾°
O[a^S[^\W^UW\`aSW^^[^_
O
`W^W[`\ZYOS[WXXWU`_
OWWU`bW\W^UW\`[Z
O^[WU`[Z
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 6/42
½°�f°f��n¾
O `W^W[`\ZY
O _SbW^U[[ZV_`[^`[Z
O UUa^_cWZSZZVbVaSS__YZ_S``^Ta`W_`[SZ[`W^_[W[Z`WTS__[X`W[`W^_WTW^_\ZS\S^`UaS^_[US[^VW[Y^S\UUS`WY[^
O S[WXXWU`_
O ^W_S^`[_`W^W[`\W_
O UUa cWZSZZVbVaSYWZW^SW_ST[a`SbS^W`[XS``^Ta`W_TS_WV[Z`WZ[cWVYW[X[ZWS``^Ta`W[XSZZVbVaS
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 7/42
n9n½°
f°9©n°
O WWU`bW\W^UW\`[ZO
W^\W`aS`W__`W^W[`\W_[^S[WXXWU`_O W\W^UWbW _ZYW_[a`ZX[^S`[Z`S`_a\\[^`_S
\^[^TWWXTa`X`W^_[a`U[Z`^S^ZX[^S`[Z
O ^[WU`[ZO
^_W_[a`[XSZWWV`[\^[`WU`[ZW_[cZ_WXU[ZUW\`O W[\WS__YZ`[[`W^_`WUS^SU`W^_`U_[^XWWZY_
`S``W\[__W__`W_WbW_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 8/42
f¯°�
O ^SW_O W\^W_WZ``W_aTWU`bWWUSZ_`^[aYcU
\W[\WWbSaS`WSZVSW_WZ_W[a`[X_`aS`[Z_
O WSV\W[\W`[\a^_aW[^Sb[V_aT_W]aWZ`SU`[Z_O [Ua__S\WSZV[^YSZW`Wc[^VS^[aZVa_
O SW_WZ_W[XU[\W^WS`W_
O WXZWS\W^_[ZWbWZ`[^\^[UW__
O \S^`WSZZYSZV_YZXUSZUW
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 9/42
@½¾�f¯¾
O aT_`SZ`bW
O a`U[W
O _\^S`[Z
O ^[UW__
O VWZ``
O S^SU`W^S`[Z
O
[__SZ
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 10/42
f¯¾J°-�f°
O WY[`S`[^_USZa_W[^W`SZ[ZWX^SW
O _S`UW_ZX^SW_TW`cWWZ\S^`W_S^W_[a^UW_[XU[ZXU`
O S^`UaS^ \W_[XX^SW_SWSV`[\S^`UaS^`\W_[XS^YaWZ`_
O \WUXUX^SW_STWW`[TWa_WVc`
UW^`SZ`\W_[X__aW_O S^`W_S^WW`[S__aWS\S^`UaS^X^SW
TWUSa_W[XbS^[a_XSU`[^_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 11/42
f¯¾J°-�f°
O WY[`S`[^_USZa_W[^W`SZ[ZWX^SW
O _S`UW_ZX^SW_TW`cWWZ\S^`W_S^W_[a^UW_[XU[ZXU`
O S^`UaS^ \W_[XX^SW_SWSV`[\S^`UaS^`\W_[XS^YaWZ`_
O \WUXUX^SW_STWW`[TWa_WVc`
UW^`SZ`\W_[X__aW_O S^`W_S^WW`[S__aWS\S^`UaS^X^SW
TWUSa_W[XbS^[a_XSU`[^_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 12/42
@f¯�f°¾¾f°�¾f¾
-�f°¾
O WY[`S`[^_`WZV`[S^YaWX[^_`[U__aW_[^U[ZUW^Z_`S`S^W^S_WVWbW^`W`W\S^`W_
ZWY[`S`WO SU\S^`S``W\`_`[SW`WTW_`\[__TWUS_W
X[^_[^W^\^WXW^^WV\[_`[Z[^\W^_\WU`bW
O ^SW_SVWXZWS[^_X`_SZV`^SZ_`[Z_ZS
U[\W[bW^SZWY[`S`[ZO a`\WSYWZVS`W_[\W^S`W`[_S\W__aW
VWbW[\WZ`
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 13/42
�°f¾¾°-�f°
O WY[`S`[^_SbWS`WZVWZU`[SW__`WS`UW^^[^_ cWZ`W\^[UW__ZX[^S`[ZW_WW^^[^_U[WU`bWSTWWVU[YZ`bWTS_W_ WZV`[\WVW
ZWY[`S`[^\W^X[^SZUW
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 14/42
�°f¾¾
O ^^S`[ZSW_USS`[Z[XU[`WZ`
O `USXWV\W
TWWX_O ZU[^ZYSZV
SVa_`WZ`
O __aWX^SZYSZV^_
O bSST`[XZX[^S`[Z
O WcZZW^_Ua^_W
O bW^U[ZXVWZUW
O WSc[X_S
ZaTW^_O WX_W^bZYTS_W_
O ZV[cWZ`WXXWU`
O YZ[^ZY[`W^_
U[YZ`[Z_O WSU`bWVWbSaS`[Z
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 15/42
f°f¾nff°�¯¯¯°
f°,nf9�¾
O ^^S`[ZSW_USS`[Z[XU[`WZ`
O WY[`S`[^_SZ`SZU[`WZ``[SU[a^_W[XSU`[ZWbWZcWZ`S`U[`WZ`U[Z_``a`W_^^S`[ZS
TWSb[^
O `USXWV\WTWWX_O
WY[`S`[^_S__aW`S`SZWY[`S`[Z_Z[`a_`_[WZb[bWSXWV\W
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 16/42
°n°�f°©¾¯°
f°¾¾f¯°�f°¾
O ZU[^ZYSZVSVa_`WZ`O WWXXWU`[X`W_`SZVS^VSZU[^SYSZ_`cU
_aT_W]aWZ`SVa_`WZ`_YSZ_[^[__W_S^WWS_a^WVO WSZU[ Y`TWTS_WV[ZXSa`[^ZU[\W`W
ZX[^S`[Z`a_TW_WSVZY
O __aWX^SZYSZV^_O ^SW_USZWSV\W[\W`[_WWSb[V[^TWZWa`^S
ST[a`^_ZVWU_[ZSZYSZVZWY[`S`[Z
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 17/42
ff�°�¯f°
f°J°°#¾¾
O bSST`[XZX[^S`[ZO \W^S`W_cWZZX[^S`[Z`S`_\^W_WZ`WVZbbV[^
S``WZ`[ZYW``ZYcS_TWU[W_WS_`[^WUSO WU[W_UWZ`^SSZVU^`USZWbSaS`ZYWbWZ`_SZV
[\`[Z_
O WcZZW^_Ua^_WO W`WZVWZU`[_W``W]aU[ZSZ`WSZV`WZ
_aT_W]aWZ`XWWV_U[X[^`ST[a`ScZ`S U[W_`[[WS_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 18/42
n°�°nf°
@f�¯f-¯¾
O bW^U[ZXVWZUWO W`WZVWZU[XZWY[`S`[^_`[TWWbW`S``W^ST`
`[TWU[^^WU`[^SUUa^S`W_Y^WS`W^`SZ_SU`aS`^aWO WSc[X_SZaTW^_
O W`WZVWZU[X\W[\W`[V^ScU[ZUa_[Z_X^[_S_S\W_W_
O W_SW^_S\W`WY^WS`W^`W\[__T``S`\S_`W__[Z_cTWW^^[ZW[a_a_WV`[ZXW^cS`cS\\WZZ`WXa`a^W
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 19/42
�°�f¾¾
f°°¯°��n
O WX_W^bZYTS_W_O W[\W[X`WZW\SZSZ[`W^\W^_[Z_TWSb[^T
SZYS``^Ta`[Z_W`W^`[`W\W^_[Z[^`[`W_`aS`[ZO W`WZVWZUZ[cZS_XaZVSWZ`SS``^Ta`[ZW^^[
_`[O bW^W_`S`W W^[W[X\W^_[ZS[^Z`W^ZSXSU`[^_O ZVW^W_`S`W W^[W[X_`aS`[ZS[^W`W^ZSXSU`[^_
O ZV[cWZ`WXXWU`O W`WZVWZU`[[bW^bSaW_[W`ZY[a[cZ[^
TWWbW[a\[__W__
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 20/42
�°°�¾#�°°¾
f°fnff°
O YZ[^ZY[`W^_U[YZ`[Z_O WY[`S`[^_V[Z`T[`W^`[S_ST[a``W[`W^\S^`_
\W^UW\`[Z_SZV`[aY`_
O _WSbW_`W`[c[^c`ZU[\W`WZX[^S`[ZSZV`a_\^[VaUW_XSa`^W_a`_
O WSU`bWVWbSaS`[ZO W\^[UW__[XVWbSaZY`W[`W^\S^`_U[ZUW__[Z_
_\TWUSa_W`W[`W^\S^`SVW`W
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 21/42
,f°f�°�,¾½n½°¾f°
�°f¾¾°-�f°
WTW_`SVbUW`S`ZWY[`S`[^_USZX[[c_
O WScS^W[X`WZWYS`bWS_\WU`_[X`W_WTS_W_O _Ua__`WZS_`^aU`a^WVSZZW^c`Z`W
`WSSZVc`U[aZ`W^\S^`_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 22/42
,¯°f°-�f°
O WV_`ZU`[ZTW`cWWZ[[VSZVW[`[Z_TS_WV[Z`^WWUS^SU`W^_`U_
O \WUXU`
O Z`WZ_`
O a^S`[Z
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 23/42
,¯°f°-�f°
O WY[`S`[Z_U^WS`WT[`\[_`bWSZVZWYS`bWW[`[Z_
O [_`bWW[`[Z_YWZW^SSbW\[_`bWU[Z_W]aWZUW_X[^ZWY[`S`[Z_
O WS^W[^WW`[WSV`W\S^`W_`[cS^V[^WZ`WY^S`bW\^[UW__W_
O WS_[U^WS`WS\[_`bWS```aVW`[cS^V`W[`W^_VW
O W\^[[`W\W^__`WZUW
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 24/42
,¯°f°-�f°
O _\WU`_[X`WZWY[`S`[Z\^[UW__USZWSV`[\[_`bWW[`[Z_O [_`bWXWWZY_^W_a`X^[XS^\^[UWVa^W_Va^ZY
ZWY[`S`[Z
O [_`bWXWWZY_^W_a`X^[XSb[^STW_[USU[\S^_[Z
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 25/42
,¯°f°-�f°
O WYS`bWW[`[Z_YWZW^SSbWZWYS`bWU[Z_W]aWZUW_X[^ZWY[`S`[Z_O WSWSV\S^`W_`[VWXZW`W_`aS`[ZS_
U[\W``bW[^V_`^Ta`bWO WSaZVW^ZWSZWY[`S`[^_ST``[SZSW`W
_`aS`[ZSUUa^S`WcUSVbW^_WSXXWU`_ZVbVaS[a`U[W_
O WSWSV\S^`W_`[W_USS`W`WU[ZXU`O WSWSV\S^`W_`[^W`SS`WSZVS cS^
Z`WY^S`bW[a`U[W_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 27/42
¯¯°nf°°-�f°
[aZUS`[Z\^[UW__W_T[`bW^TSSZVZ[ZbW^TSS^WU^`US`[SUWbZYZWY[`S`[ZY[S_SZV`[^W_[bZYU[ZXU`_
O WY[`S`[Z_S\^[UW__[XZ`W^SU`[ZO WY[`S`[Z_SU[Z`W`X[^U[aZUS`[Z
_aT`W`W_`S`ZXaWZUW\^[UW__W_SZV[a`U[W_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 28/42
f¾n,¾�¯¯°nf°
[aZUS`[Z_SZSU`b``S`[UUa^_TW`cWWZ`c[\W[\WS_WZVW^ SZVS^WUWbW^
O _WZVW^ S_SWSZZYZZVSZVWZU[VW_`_
WSZZYZ`[SW__SYW`S`_`^SZ_``WV`[S^WUWbW^
O ^WUWbW^ \^[bVW_ZX[^S`[ZST[a`[c`WW__SYWcS_^WUWbWVSZVTTWU[ZYS_WZVW^
SZV^W_\[ZVZY`[TaVZY[Z[^^WTa``ZY`W[^YZSW__SYW\^[UW__W_^WXW^^WV`[S_XWWVTSU
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 29/42
¾°°¯¯°nf°
WZVW^_SZV^WUWbW^_O W[^WVbW^_W`W^Y[S_[^`W[^W
SZ`SY[Z_`U`WS^WZ`W^^WS`[Z_\`W
Y^WS`W^`WW[[V`S`V_`[^`[Z_SZVW^^[^_ZU[aZUS`[Zc[UUa^
# ^SZ_``W^_SZV^WUW\`[^_O WU[UW[X`^SZ_``W^USZSXXWU`[a`U[W_
O [WW__SYW_STWTW``W^_\[WZ[`W^_c^``WZ
O [[^WW_Y`XSa`WS^ZYW`UVZ_`WST`[XS^WUWbW^`[^WUWbWSW__SYWSUUa^S`W
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 30/42
¾°°¯¯°nf°
# W__SYW_O W_T[UX[^_TcUZX[^S`[Z_
U[aZUS`WV
O W[^WcWa_W_T[UU[aZUS`[Z`W[^WW`W_T[_SZ[`SUUa^S`WU[aZUS`W`WWSZZYcWZ`WZV
ZU[VZYO W\^[UW__TcUW__SYW_S^W\a`Z`[
_T[UX[^O WZVW^_S^WW`[WZU[VWW__SYW_ZSX[^
cU^WUWbW^_SZ[`\^WXW^
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 31/42
¾°°¯¯°nf°
SZZW_O WU[ZVa`_TcUW__SYW_S^WUS^^WVX^[[ZW
\S^``[SZ[`W^
O W__SYW_S^W_aTWU``[V_`[^`[ZX^[USZZWZ[_W[^ bS^[a_X[^_[XZ`W^XW^WZUW
WU[VZYO W\^[UW__[X`^SZ_S`ZYW__SYW_X^[`W^_T[U
X[^Z`[SX[^`S`SW__WZ_W
O WZ\W[\W_\WSVXXW^WZ`SZYaSYW_VWU[VZYZb[bW_YW^VWY^WW_[XW^^[^
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 32/42
¾°°¯¯°nf°
WSZZY_O WXSU`_VWS_XWWZY_^WSU`[Z_[^`[aY`_
`S`W_`c`ZZVbVaS_SZVSU`S_X`W^_X[^Z`W^\^W`ZY`WVWU[VWVW__SYW_
O [_WX`W^_USZZ`^[VaUWV_`[^`[Z_
WWVTSUO W\^[UW__TcU`W^WUWbW^^WSU`_`[`W
_WZVW^_W__SYW
O T_WZUW[XXWWVTSUUSZU[Z`^Ta`W`[_YZXUSZ`V_`[^`[Z_
O WWVTSUUSZV_`[^`U[aZUS`[ZTZXaWZUZY`W[XXW^_ZWY[`S`[^_SW
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 33/42
Jf¾¯¯°nf
°�-�f°"O XXW^_U[aZ`W^[XXW^_SZV[`bW_O ZX[^S`[ZST[a`S`W^ZS`bW_
O ZX[^S`[ZST[a`[a`U[W_O [USSUU[aZ`_
O \SZS`[Z_[X`YS`ZYU^Ua_`SZUW_
O \SZS`[Z_[XW[ZW^S`ZYU^Ua_`SZUW_O WX^SZYW\SZS`[Z_
O [aZUS`[ZST[a`\^[UW__
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 34/42
9½¯¯°nf
°-�f°
O _W[XSZYaSYWO [YUSWbW\^[\[_S_[XXW^_
O ^SYS`UWbW_WSZ`U__Z`S_`WO _W[XZ[ZbW^TSU[aZUS`[Z
O SZYWWU[Z`SU`O Va_`ZYT[V\[_`[ZO
[ZbW^TSWZU[a^SYZY[ V_U[a^SYZYcS``W[`W^_S_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 35/42
9½¯¯°nf
°-�f°
O WWU`[Z[XSU[aZUS`[ZUSZZWO [aZUS`[Z_W\W^WZUWVVXXW^WZ`cWZ`
[UUa^_`^[aYVXXW^WZ`USZZW_O W[\WZWY[`S`W`^[aYSbS^W`[XU[aZUS`[Z
WVSÊ T\[ZWZc^`ZYSZVZU^WS_ZY`^[aYWWU`^[ZUUSZZW_[^b^`aSZWY[`S`[Z_
O [US\^W_WZUWV_`ZYa_W_[ZWU[aZUS`[Z
USZZWX^[SZ[`W^O `WST`[XSUSZZW`[US^^SZVU[ZbW_aT`W_[USUaW_
X^[_WZVW^`[^WUWbW^
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 36/42
f¾¾f@f°
¯f-�f°¾W\[^S_ZU^[ZTS_
O WZVWZUX[^ZWY[`S`[^_`[TWSbWS_X`WS^WZS_ZU^[Z[a__`aS`[ZcWZ`WS^WZ[`
#a^ZWVT^VYWTS_O WZVWZU`[V[^_`ZY_Va^ZYWS`S`c[aV
Z[`TWa_WVZSXSUW`[XSUWWZU[aZ`W^
#]aWScWWTS_O WZVWZU`[a_WSZWYS`bWW[`[ZS_`W
Z_`W^S``^Ta`[ZTS_O bW^[[ZY`W^[W[X_`aS`[ZSXSU`[^_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 37/42
¯½
¯¯°nf°°-�f°
O _W[X]aW_`[Z_`c[TS_UUS`WY[^W_O SZSYWSTW
O Sa_WS``WZ`[Z[^\^W\S^W`W[`W^\W^_[Z_`ZZYX[^Xa^`W^]aW_`[Z_
O SS_[aS]aW_`[Z
O YW``ZYZX[^S`[Z
O [caUc`_U[_`
O YWZW^S`ZY`[aY`_O [[aSbWSZ_aYYW_`[Z_X[^\^[bZY`_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 38/42
¯½
¯¯°nf°°-�f°
O _W[X]aW_`[Z_`c[TS_UUS`WY[^W_O
ZSZSYWSTW]aW_`[Z_O Sa_WVXXUa`
O W^WVV[aYW``S`VaTVWS
O YbWZX[^S`[Z
O VZ`[aZ[ccWU[aVZ`SXX[^V`_
O
T^ZY`WV_Ua__[Z`[SXS_WU[ZUa_[ZO [Z`[a`ZcWSbW`SWVST[a``_WZ[aY
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 39/42
¯½
¯¯°nf°°-�f°
O _`WZZY`^WWS[^X[^_ S__bW_`WZZYWUWbZY`WW__SYWcW
\^[bVZYZ[XWWVTSU`[`W_WZVW^
# UZ[cWVYWZ`WUWbW^_Z[V`W^WSV_SZ`SZWWU[Z`SU`[^Z`W^WU`^W_\[Z_W_
# U`bW_`WZZYWUWbW^_^W_`S`W[ \S^S\^S_W`W
_WZVW^_W__SYWZ`W^[cZSZYaSYW
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 40/42
¯½
¯¯°nf°°-�f°
O [W^WbW^_SO WY[`S`[^_aZVW^_`SZV`W[`W^\S^`_\[_`[Z_T
SU`bWS^YaZY`W_W\[_`[Z_aZ``W[`W^\S^`_U[ZbZUWV`S`W[^_W_aZVW^_`[[VO \SU`SZV_aUUW__[X`W^[W^WbW^_S`WUZ]aW
XXWU`bWZ\^[VaUZYU[YZ`bWUSZYW_SZVS```aVWUSZYW_
# WZ`W\[_`[Z_S^WU[\S`TWW`[\^[VaUWSUUW\`STW^W_a`_cWZ`W\[_`[Z_S^WZU[\S`TWSZT`\[_`bWUSZYW
# [`ZWUW__S^WXXWU`bW[bW^SS_SWSZ_[XZVaUZYSY^WWWZ`TW`cWWZ\S^`W_
8/6/2019 Chap 5 & 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chap-5-6 41/42
½nf¯¯°nf°°¾f°¾f
¾�-�f°¾O b[VZYXS`S_`SW_
O WW\ZY `^SU [X cS` [a W\WU` `[ S\\WZ
O _`WS`US YaS^VZY [a^_WX SYSZ_` _WX_W^bZYW\WU`S`[Z_
O WbWcZY `W W__[Z_ X^[ XWWVTSU X[^ _S^VWU_[Z_ Z `W Xa`a^W
O UWbZY U[_a^WO b[V _a^^WZVW ZY \[^`SZ` ZX[^S`[Z ZWWVW__ O WX^SZ X^[ SZY VaT ^WS^_