SKPG3123 2013/2014

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PREFACE (A reminder to Myself )

Verily! In the creation of the heavens and the earth, and in the

alternation of night and day, and the ships which sail

through the sea with that which of use to mankind, and the

rain which God sends down from the sky and makes the

earth alive therewith from its death, and the moving

(living) creatures of all kinds that He scatters therein, and

in the veering of winds and clouds which are held between

the sky and the earth, are indeed signs/proofs/evidences for

people of understanding

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ENERGY for LIVING

What is energy?

Supply vs demand..factors ?

Energy resources?

Energy production..methods?

Energy associated-problems?

SKPG3123 2013/2014

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WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Projected 60 percent increase from 1999 to 2020

90 % of the world's consumption of the commercial supply of energy is derived from the three fossil fuels, i.e oil, coal and natural gas

Oil has been the worlds dominant source of primary energy consumption expected 40-percent share of total energy consumption over the 1999-2020 period

Natural gas is projected the fastest growing source of energy consumption

Projected slow growth in coal consumption, averaging 1.7 percent per year through 2020

Nuclear generation is projected for the developing world, where consumption of electricity from nuclear power is projected to increase by 4.7 percent per year between 1999 and 2020

Renewable energy use is expected to increase by 53 percent between 1999 and 2020

SKPG3123 2013/2014

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World Total Primary Energy Supply in

1998 (9491 Mtoe)

**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.

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Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Conventional

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear

Unconventional

Shale / Tight Gases

Methane hydrates

Coal bed methane (CBM)

Natural gas hydrate video clip

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SKPG3123 2013/2014

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World Oil Reserves 2005

Total 1201.332 billion barrels

Venezuela,

79.729

Russia, 74.436

Iran, 137.49

Iraq, 115

Kuwait, 101.5Saudi Arabia,

264.211

United Arab

Emigrates, 97.8

Libya, 39.126

Nigeria, 35.876

All others,

216.544

Kazakhstan,

39.62

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How long will it last?

Things to take into account

Reserves

Rate of use

Recovery percent

Undiscovered Resources

Price

New Technology

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How long will it last?

Quick Calculation. According to the

previous graph we use about 72 million

barrels per day. Oil reserves are 1201.332

billion barrels.

This equates to approximately 45 years of

oil!

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Recent Worldwide Estimates of

Unconventional Gas in Place, (Tcf)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

North &

South

America

Eastern &

Western

Europe

Former

Soviet

Union

Middle

East &

North

Africa

Sub-

Saharan

Africa

China

Tight Gas

Coalbed Methane

Gas Shales

Rogner 1997

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Methane Hydrate

A gas hydrate is a crystalline solid; its building blocks consist of a gas molecule surrounded by a cage of water molecules.

It is similar to ice, except that the crystalline structure is stabilized by the guest gas molecule within the cage of water molecules.

Suitable gases are: carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and several low-carbon-number hydrocarbons. Most gas hydrates , however are Methane

Hydrates.

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Where are Methane Hydrates located?

Found in 4 major location types

Subduction zones (e.g., Nankai Trough Japan, Cascadia Basin)

Passive Margins (e.g., Blake Ridge on the southeast cost of the US)

Off-shore hydrocarbon (e.g., Gulf of Mexico, North Slope Alaska)

On-shore Arctic Permafrost (e.g., Mackenzie Delta, Arctic Russia, Arctic Alaska)

What is the potential of

CH4 Hydrates as an energy resource

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AM 11

H. What are the environmental

concerns?

Oil Spills

Pollution

According to 1992 Worldwatch breathing in

Bombay is equivalent to smoking 10

cigarettes/day

Global warming

Transportation infrastructure

Case Study 1

Perform analysis on one of major oil and gas

related accidents and prepare a brief report

presentation (max. 10 slides) covering the

followings;

i. Brief scenario leading to the accident

ii. Possible causes

iii. Lessons learned

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VIDEO CLIPS

OIL SPILLS (GULF OF MEXICO)

CLIP 01

CLIP 02

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Renewable Energy Sources

Solar photovoltaics

Solar thermal power

Passive solar air and water heating

Wind

Hydropower

Biomass

Ocean energy

Geothermal

Waste to Energy

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TW Terawatt (1 trillion 1012)

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Total potential for renewable electricity

in 2030 for ASEAN

27 Source: IEA, 2010