Chapter 06: The System Unit

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 06: The System Chapter 06: The System UnitUnit

Chapter 06: The System Chapter 06: The System UnitUnit


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6-2

Competencies Competencies (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

• Describe the six basic types of Describe the six basic types of system system unitsunits

• Discuss how a computer can represent Discuss how a computer can represent numbers and encode characters numbers and encode characters electronicallyelectronically

• Describe each of the major system unit Describe each of the major system unit componentscomponents

• Discuss Discuss microprocessorsmicroprocessors, , including microprocessorincluding microprocessorchips and specialty processorschips and specialty processors

• Discuss Discuss memory memory includingincludingRAM, ROM, and flash memoryRAM, ROM, and flash memory


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6-3

Competencies Competencies (2 of 2)(2 of 2)

• Discuss Discuss expansion slots expansion slots and cardsand cards

• Describe five principal Describe five principal types of types of expansion busesexpansion buses

• Compare standard, Compare standard, specialized, and legacy specialized, and legacy portsports

• Discuss power supply for Discuss power supply for desktop and notebook desktop and notebook computers computers


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6-4

IntroductionIntroduction

• Speed, capacity, and flexibility Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of microcomputers. determine the power of microcomputers.

• Knowledge of a computer’s power allows Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will to determine if your current system will run new applications.run new applications.

• Competent end users need toCompetent end users need tounderstand the basic principlesunderstand the basic principlesof how microcomputers are of how microcomputers are put together. put together.


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6-5

System Unit TypesSystem Unit Types

• Desktop System UnitsDesktop System Units• Media Center System UnitsMedia Center System Units• Notebook System UnitsNotebook System Units• Tablet PC System UnitsTablet PC System Units• Handheld Computer Handheld Computer • System UnitsSystem Units


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6-6

System UnitSystem Unit

System Chassis, System Board (Motherboard), Microprocessor, Memory, Socket, Bus Lines, and Expansion Slots


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6-7

Electronic Data and Electronic Data and InstructionsInstructions

• Data and instructions are represented Data and instructions are represented electronically electronically

• Two-state system or Two-state system or Binary SystemBinary System– Off/On electrical statesOff/On electrical states– Characters represented by 0’s (off) and Characters represented by 0’s (off) and

1’s (on)1’s (on)– BitsBits– BytesBytes


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6-8

Character Coding Character Coding SchemesSchemes

• Three types of Three types of binary binary coding schemescoding schemes– ASCII ASCII - American - American

Standard Code for Standard Code for Information ExchangeInformation Exchange

– EBCDIC EBCDIC - Extended - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Binary Coded Decimal Interchange CodeInterchange Code

– Unicode Unicode - handles - handles languages with large languages with large numbers of charactersnumbers of characters


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6-9

System BoardSystem Board

• Connects all componentsConnects all components• Allows communication between Allows communication between

devices devices • Main board orMain board or

motherboardmotherboard• Circuit board Circuit board

componentscomponents– SocketsSockets– SlotsSlots– Bus linesBus lines


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6-10

Microprocessor Chips Microprocessor Chips

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)– Measurement units for processing speed Measurement units for processing speed

(shown here)(shown here)

• Two Basic ComponentsTwo Basic Components– Control unitControl unit– Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)


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6-11

Microprocessor ChipsMicroprocessor Chips

• Chip capacities are expressed in word Chip capacities are expressed in word sizessizes

• Two significant developmentsTwo significant developments– 64-bit 64-bit processorsprocessors

• Have become standard for most of Have become standard for most of today’s desktop and laptop computerstoday’s desktop and laptop computers

– Multi-Core ChipsMulti-Core Chips• Can provide two Can provide two

separate and separate and independent CPUsindependent CPUs

• Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing


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6-12

Specialty Processors Specialty Processors • CoprocessorsCoprocessors

– Designed to improve specific computing Designed to improve specific computing operationsoperations

– Graphics coprocessorsGraphics coprocessors• Smart cardsSmart cards

– Credit card sized with an embedded chipCredit card sized with an embedded chip– Used by many universitiesUsed by many universities

• Specialty processors in carsSpecialty processors in cars– As many as 70 As many as 70 – Used to control features Used to control features

• RFID tagsRFID tags– Information chipsInformation chips– Used for tracking purposesUsed for tracking purposes


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6-13

MemoryMemory

• Holding area for data, instructions, Holding area for data, instructions, and informationand information

• Memory is contained on chips Memory is contained on chips connected to the connected to the system board system board

• Types of memory chipsTypes of memory chips– RAM – Programs and data – Programs and data– ROM – Fixed start-up instructions – Fixed start-up instructions– Flash – Flexible start-up instructions – Flexible start-up instructions


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6-14

RAMRAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM) chips Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold the program and datahold the program and data– Cache memory Cache memory or RAM cacheor RAM cache– Flash RAM or Flash RAM or flash memoryflash memory

• Other types of RAMOther types of RAM– DRAMDRAM– SDRAMSDRAM– DDRDDR– Direct RDRAMDirect RDRAM

Return


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6-15

ROMROM

• Read-only memory (ROM) chips are Read-only memory (ROM) chips are not volatile and cannot be changed by not volatile and cannot be changed by the userthe user

• CPU can read, or retrieve data and CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs but the computer cannot programs but the computer cannot writewrite

• Contain special instructionsContain special instructions– Needed to start a computerNeeded to start a computer– Give keyboard keys their special Give keyboard keys their special

capabilitiescapabilities– Put characters on screenPut characters on screen

Return


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6-16

FlashFlash

• Flash memory offers a combination of Flash memory offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM. the features of RAM and ROM.

• Flash memory is used for a wide of Flash memory is used for a wide of range of applications. range of applications.

• If changes are made to the computer If changes are made to the computer system, these changes are reflected system, these changes are reflected in flash memory.in flash memory.

Return


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6-17

Expansion Slots and Expansion Slots and CardsCards

• Allows for new devicesAllows for new devicesto be addedto be added– Open architectureOpen architecture– Slots provide for expansionSlots provide for expansion

• Expansion cards Expansion cards are also calledare also called– Plug-in boardsPlug-in boards– Controller cardsController cards– Adapter cardsAdapter cards– Interface cards Interface cards


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6-18

Commonly Used Expansion Commonly Used Expansion CardsCards

• Graphics cardsGraphics cards• Sound cardsSound cards• Network interface cardsNetwork interface cards

(NIC)(NIC)• Wireless network cardsWireless network cards• PC cardsPC cards & Express cards & Express cards• TV tuner cards TV tuner cards


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6-19

TV Tuner Cards And TV Tuner Cards And Video ClipsVideo Clips

• Allows you to view your favorite TV Allows you to view your favorite TV shows while running other shows while running other applications such as Excelapplications such as Excel

• Video can be captured to a file, added Video can be captured to a file, added to a Web page, attached to an email, to a Web page, attached to an email, or added to a class presentationor added to a class presentation

• Inexpensive andInexpensive andeasy to installeasy to install


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6-20

Plug and PlayPlug and Play

• Set of specific hardware and software Set of specific hardware and software standards developed by Intel, standards developed by Intel, Microsoft, and othersMicrosoft, and others

• Creating devices that are able to Creating devices that are able to configure themselves when installedconfigure themselves when installed


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6-21

Bus LinesBus Lines

• Connect parts of the CPU to each Connect parts of the CPU to each other other

• Data roadway for traveling bitsData roadway for traveling bits– Measured as Measured as bus widthbus width– More lanes, faster trafficMore lanes, faster traffic

• Two basic categoriesTwo basic categories– System busesSystem buses– Expansion buses Expansion buses


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6-22

Expansion BusesExpansion Buses

• Connects the CPU to other Connects the CPU to other components on the system board, components on the system board, including expansion slotsincluding expansion slots

• Principal typesPrincipal types– Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)– Universal serial bus (USB)Universal serial bus (USB)– FireWire busesFireWire buses– Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

(SATA)(SATA)– PCI Express (PCIe)PCI Express (PCIe)


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6-23

PortsPorts

• Socket for connecting external Socket for connecting external devices devices

• Ports can connect directly to the Ports can connect directly to the system board or they can connect to system board or they can connect to cards that are inserted into slots on cards that are inserted into slots on the system boardthe system board

• Three TypesThree Types– Standard PortsStandard Ports– Legacy Ports Legacy Ports – Specialized PortsSpecialized Ports


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6-24

Standard PortsStandard Ports

• Four common portsFour common ports– VGAVGA– USB portsUSB ports– FireWire portsFireWire ports– Ethernet portsEthernet ports

Return


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6-25

Legacy Ports Legacy Ports

• Serial portsSerial ports• Parallel portsParallel ports• Keyboard and mouse ports Keyboard and mouse ports • Infrared data association (IrDA)Infrared data association (IrDA)• Game portsGame ports

Return


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6-26

Specialized PortsSpecialized Ports

• Three specialized portsThree specialized ports– Musical Instrument digital interface Musical Instrument digital interface

(MIDI)(MIDI)– Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect

Format (S/PDIF)Format (S/PDIF)– High Definition Multimedia High Definition Multimedia

Interface (HDMI)Interface (HDMI)

Return


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6-27

CablesCables

• Used to connect external devices to Used to connect external devices to the system unit via the portsthe system unit via the ports

• One end of the cable is attached to One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the portmatching connector on the port


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6-28

Power SupplyPower Supply

• Computers require direct current (DC)Computers require direct current (DC)• DC power provided by converting DC power provided by converting

alternating current (AC) from wall alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries outlets or batteries

• Desktop computers use Desktop computers use power supply power supply unitsunits

• Notebooks and handhelds use Notebooks and handhelds use AC AC adaptersadapters


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6-29

Careers In ITCareers In IT

• Computer technicians Computer technicians repair and install repair and install computer components and systemscomputer components and systems

• Employers look for:Employers look for:– CertificationCertification– Communication skillsCommunication skills

• Continued educationContinued educationis requiredis required

• Computer technicians can Computer technicians can expect to earn an hourlyexpect to earn an hourlywage of $13.50 to $22.50wage of $13.50 to $22.50


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6-30

A Look to the FutureA Look to the Future

• Wearable computersWearable computers• Send and receive email while jogging Send and receive email while jogging • Maintain your personal schedule bookMaintain your personal schedule book• Remember the names of people at a Remember the names of people at a

partyparty


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6-31

Open-Ended Questions (1 Open-Ended Questions (1 of 2)of 2)

• Describe the six basic types of Describe the six basic types of system units.system units.

• Describe the two basic Describe the two basic components of the CPU.components of the CPU.

• What are the differences and What are the differences and similarities between the three similarities between the three types of memory?types of memory?


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6-32

Open-Ended Questions (2 Open-Ended Questions (2 of 2)of 2)

• Identify five expansion cards and Identify five expansion cards and describe the function of each.describe the function of each.

• Identify and describe four Identify and describe four standard ports, three specialized standard ports, three specialized ports, and five legacy ports.ports, and five legacy ports.

Documents

Chapter 06: The System Unit