Upload
others
View
7
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
CHAPTER 1
General introduction and thesis outlineGeneral introduction and thesis outlineGeneral introduction and thesis outlineGeneral introduction and thesis outline
9
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
10
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
1.11.11.11.1 BACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
1.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.1 Short introductionShort introductionShort introductionShort introduction
Infection of cervical epithelium with a human
papillomavirus (HPV) can lead to the development of
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and ultimately
cervical cancer. Technologies that can detect and
distinguish different human papillomaviruses are
important to determine their involvement in disease, to
evaluate the efficacy of HPV vaccines, to monitor
prevalence of HPV genotypes in immunized cohorts,
and to identity women at risk for having high-grade
CIN within cervical cancer screening programs. Over
125 commercial HPV tests have been developed, with
differences in design and performance. In this thesis we
evaluated the performance of a number of established
and novel technologies for the identification of HPVs in
relation to their intended use.
1.1.21.1.21.1.21.1.2 CCCCervical cancerervical cancerervical cancerervical cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy
among women worldwide, with 528,000 new cases and
266,000 deaths occurring each year (1). Squamous cell
carcinoma (SCC; 80%) and adenocarcinoma (ADC;
15%) are the main histological types (2), while
adenosquamous and neuroendocrine carcinomas
account for less than 5% of cervical cancers (3).
ADC develops from adenocarcinoma in-situ (AIS).
Precursors of SCC are classified as cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1, 2, and 3
(including carcinoma in-situ). All precursor lesions can
regress, persist or progress. However, the possibility of
regression decreases with increasing CIN grade. The
risk of progression from CIN3 to invasive cervical
cancer (ICC) is estimated between 30-50% (4-7). The
concept of cervical carcinogenesis is summarized in
Figure 1
CIN2 and CIN3 together are referred to as high-
grade CIN (HG-CIN). In the USA, women with HG-
CIN and AIS are treated to prevent cervical cancer. This
approach results in a considerable degree of
overtreatment, since currently progressive and
regressive HG-CIN cannot be distinguished
morphologically. In Europe, small CIN2 localized in a
well-visible transformation zone are often followed by
periodic colposcopy (one year). CIN1 lesions are
considered low-grade CIN (LG-CIN) for which a wait-
and-see policy is advised.
11
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Figure 1: Figure 1: Figure 1: Figure 1: The concept of HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis and the according morphological appearance. HPV
gains access to the basal cells of squamous epithelium, followed by an ordered expression pattern of viral genes leading
to the production and release of new virions. Deregulated expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins and viral genome
integration are associated with malignant transformation, leading to genomic instability, (epi)genetic changes, and
ultimately invasive cervical cancer. The outcomes of HPV exposure are represented as a transient infection (no
pathology), a productive infection (productive CIN; CIN1 and a subset of CIN2), and a transforming infection
(transforming CIN; remaining subset of CIN2 and CIN3). The majority of transforming CIN and cervical cancers are
suggested to arise from an hrHPV infection of embryonic squamo-columnar junction (SCJ) cells (adapted from (8) and
(9)).
1.1.31.1.31.1.31.1.3 HHHHuman papillomavirusesuman papillomavirusesuman papillomavirusesuman papillomaviruses
PVs are naked viruses with a circular, double-stranded
DNA genome of about 7600-8000 base-pairs (bp)
contained in a protein capsid. The genome is divided
into three regions, i.e., the long control region (LCR),
the early (E) coding region, and the late (L) coding
region. The LCR regulates viral gene expression and
replication. The E region contains six or more early
open reading frames (ORFs), i.e., E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7,
which encode proteins required for viral gene
expression, replication and survival. The late (L) region
encodes the two viral structural proteins, i.e., L1 and L2.
By convention, the similarity across the highly
conserved L1 ORF was adapted as the basis for
taxonomic classification of PVs (10). A PV “type” is
defined as a complete PV genome, whose L1 ORF
12
Chapter 1
Squamous epithelium
Superficial zone
Midzone
Basal layer
Basement membraneDermis
Infectious viral particles
Productive CINTransforming CIN Cancer
Cancer
Type of hrHPVinfection
Productive (permissive) infection Transforming (non-permissive) infection
Morphologicalappearance CIN1/2 CIN2/3
20–30 yearshrHPV
SCJ cells
Ectocervix or TZ
Transient (latent) infection
Normal
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
nucleotide sequence is at least 10% different from that
of any other known PV type (11). PV subtypes share 90
to 98% and variants more than 98% nucleotide
sequence identity in L1.
At higher taxonomy levels, PVs have been grouped
together into species, and species into genera. PV types
within the same genus show less than 60% sequence
identity to types of other genera (12). Different species
within a genus share between 60% and 70% nucleotide
identity, while PVs in the same species share between 71%
and 89% identity in L1 ORF nucleotide sequence (10).
Genera are denominated by a Greek letter and species
by addition of a number to the letter, e.g., species
Alphapapillomavirus 9 (α9) (11).
The family of papillomaviridae currently consists
of 189 classified PVs distributed over 29 genera (12).
Presently, 170 HPV types have been described and are
located in the α, β, γ, μ, and ν genera (13). HPVs are
strictly epitheliotropic and can infect epithelium and/or
mucosal areas of skin, conjunctiva, oropharynx, anus,
penis, vulva, vagina and cervix (11, 14). The β, γ, μ, and
ν genera comprise only cutaneous HPVs, while α genus
contains both cutaneous and mucosal types divided
over 13 species. HPVs within these species branch into
three ancestral clades (15). The phylogenetic
relationship between the different human
papillomaviruses is shown in Figure 2.
13
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Figure 2:Figure 2:Figure 2:Figure 2: Phylogenetic relationship between human papillomaviruses (from (16)).
14
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
The nomenclature for variant lineages of an HPV
type was initially based on the observed association
between the variant and the continent of origin, e.g.,
European, Asian, African 1&2, North-American, and
Asian-American 1&2 variants of HPV16 (17). Recently,
a novel classification and nomenclature system has been
proposed (18). This system is based on full-genome
sequence analysis, and uses an approximate cut-off of
1.0% difference between complete genomes to define
major lineages. Major lineages are named using an
alphanumeric, with the reference genome of each type
always located in the “A” clade. Differences between
0.5–1% are used to designate sublineages (e.g., A1, A2).
The conversion between the novel and initial
nomenclature for HPV16 is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Table 1: Table 1: Table 1: Novel (18) and initial (17) nomenclature of HPV16 variant (sub)lineages.
Novel (Burk, 2013)Novel (Burk, 2013)Novel (Burk, 2013)Novel (Burk, 2013) Initial (Ho, 1993)Initial (Ho, 1993)Initial (Ho, 1993)Initial (Ho, 1993)
Main lineageMain lineageMain lineageMain lineage SublineageSublineageSublineageSublineage
A A1 European (EUR)
A2 European (EUR)
A3 Asian (As)
B B1 African 1a (AF1a)
B2 African 1b (AF1b)
C C1 African 2a (AF2a)
C2 African 2b (AF2b)
D D1 North-American (NA)
D2 Asian-American 1 (AA1)
D3 Asian-American 2 (AA2)
1.1.41.1.41.1.41.1.4 HPV and cHPV and cHPV and cHPV and cervical cancerervical cancerervical cancerervical cancer developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment
The large majority of infections with HPVs are rapidly
cleared by a cell-mediated immune response, and do
not give rise to lesions. About 20% of the remaining
persisting HPV infections cause lesions that are
considered productive infections. These infections lead
to the generation of new virions in the upper epithelial
layers using the host replication machinery under
tightly controlled expression of E6 and E7.
Morphologically, productive infections can appear as
CIN1 and CIN2, but generally do not persist to progress
to advanced precursor lesions (CIN3) and cancer
(Figure 1).
Only a minority of HPV infections become
transforming. Transforming infections are characterized
by deregulated expression of E6 en E7 in the (para)basal
cells, i.e., cells with proliferating capacity. Transforming
infections are associated with CIN2, CIN3 and
ultimately cervical cancer (Figure 1) (8).
The exact mechanism for deregulation of E6 and E7
is not well understood. The majority of cervical
carcinomas contain one or more copies of HPV
integrated into the host genome. Integration occurs
more or less randomly, but viral integration sites often
lie within the ORF of E2, the transcriptional regulator
of E6 and E7 (19, 20). The continuous overexpression of
viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 in proliferating basal cells
of the epithelium leads to genomic instability and
(epi)genetic changes, and ultimately malignant
transformation. Precursor lesions can develop within 2-
3 years after HPV infection (21, 22), while progression
from HG-CIN to cancer may take 10-30 years (21, 23).
15
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
1.21.21.21.2 IMPORTANCE OF HPV GEIMPORTANCE OF HPV GEIMPORTANCE OF HPV GEIMPORTANCE OF HPV GENOTYPINGNOTYPINGNOTYPINGNOTYPING
TESTSTESTSTESTSTESTS
1.2.11.2.11.2.11.2.1 HPVHPVHPVHPV types andtypes andtypes andtypes and disease associationdisease associationdisease associationdisease association
HPV genotyping tests have been very important in
epidemiologic studies towards HPVs and their
association with disease. In a global cervical cancer
case-control study, Munoz et al classified fifteen types
as high-risk (hr) (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58,
59, 68, 73, and 82), three as probably high-risk (pr-hr)
(26, 53, and 66), and twelve types as low-risk (lr) (6, 11,
40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108) (Table 2)
(24). This observation correlated with the three
ancestral phylogenetic clades of alpha HPVs (15, 25).
The hrHPVs and pr-hrHPVs were located in α9, α11, α7,
α5, and α6 (“high-risk clade”), while most lrHPVs were
found in α10, α8, α1, and α13 (“low-risk clade 1”) and
α2, α4, α14/15, and α3 (“low-risk clade 2”) (Figure 2).
The most recent carcinogenic classification of
mucosal HPV genotypes by the WHO IARC was based
on the evidence of the epidemiologic risk classification,
supplemented with phylogenetic and biological
evidence when available (26). IARC has classified
mucosal types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58,
and 59 as carcinogenic (Class 1), type 68 as probably
carcinogenic (Class 2A), and types 26, 30, 34, 53, 66, 67,
69, 70, 73, 82, 85 and 97 as possibly carcinogenic (Class
2B). HPV6 and HPV11 were not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity to humans (Class 3), and the remaining
mucosal HPV types were considered probably not
carcinogenic (Class 4) (Table 2).
Table 2: Table 2: Table 2: Table 2: The epidemiologic risk classification (24) and the WHO IARC carcinogenic classification (26) of mucosal
HPV genotypes.
WHO IARC, 2009WHO IARC, 2009WHO IARC, 2009WHO IARC, 2009 Munoz, 2003 Munoz, 2003 Munoz, 2003 Munoz, 2003
HighHighHighHigh----risk typesrisk typesrisk typesrisk types Probably highProbably highProbably highProbably high----
risk typesrisk typesrisk typesrisk types
LowLowLowLow----risk typesrisk typesrisk typesrisk types Types not included inTypes not included inTypes not included inTypes not included in
the studythe studythe studythe study
Class 1 (carcinogenic) 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,
52, 56, 58, 59
- - -
Class 2A (probably
carcinogenic)
68 - - -
Class 2B (possibly
carcinogenic)
73, 82 26, 53, 66 70 30, 34, 67, 69, 85, 97
Class 3 (not
classifiable)
- - 6, 11 -
Class 4 (probably not
carcinogenic)
- - 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61,
72, 81, CP6108
All other mucosal
HPVs
The classification of HPVs that pose a high risk for
causing cervical cancer is an evolving process,
particularly for the HPV types in Class 2A/B. These
genotypes have been classified as probably/possibly
carcinogenic mainly based on their close phylogenetic
relation with established carcinogenic HPVs, but
epidemiological and biological evidence is virtually
lacking. Most of these types are not targeted by
commonly used HPV genotyping assays. Additional
research is required to clarify their causal role and
clinical importance. A specific definition of the HPVs
considered (probably/possibly) high-risk is provided in
each individual chapter of this thesis.
16
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Even within the group of established hrHPVs
(Class 1), there appears to be a difference in
carcinogenic potential. Longitudinal studies have
shown an elevated risk of HG-CIN for HPV16 in
particular and to a lesser extent for HPV18, compared
to other high-risk HPV types (27-32). In contrast to
other hrHPV genotypes, these two types show a
proportional increase in prevalence in women having
normal cytology, precancer, and ICC (33, 34).
Technologies that have the resolution to distinguish
intratypic variants were used to investigate differences
in risk associations between variants, in particular for
those of HPV16, the most carcinogenic HPV. Lineages
B, C, and D (Non-European) of HPV16 appear to be
more pathogenic in comparison to isolates from the A
lineage (European) (18). HPV16 lineages B, C and D
persist more frequently (35, 36), are more associated
with precancer and specifically CIN3 (35-40), and have
elevated risks for cancer compared to the HPV16 A
variant lineage. In particular, this increased risk of
cervical cancer is mostly related to the D (Asian-
American) lineage (40-42).
1.2.21.2.21.2.21.2.2 HPV vHPV vHPV vHPV vaccine efficacyaccine efficacyaccine efficacyaccine efficacy trialstrialstrialstrials
HPV genotyping tests targeting a broad range of HPVs
were used to demonstrate the efficacy of two HPV
vaccines. Cervarix® (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals,
Rixensart, Belgium) and Gardasil® (Merck & Co.,
Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) are two prophylactic
HPV L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines that have
been licensed to prevent anogenital HPV infections and
their associated neoplasia. Cervarix is a bivalent vaccine
protecting primarily against HPV16 and 18, and
Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine that targets besides
HPV16 and 18 also the lrHPV types 6 and 11. Both are
three-dose vaccines composed of HPV L1 proteins self-
assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs), but
produced in different expression systems and
administered with different adjuvants. In contrast to
natural HPV infection, both vaccines induce high titers
of neutralizing anti-L1 VLP antibodies, with virtually
100% seroconversion in vaccinees (43). The AS04
adjuvant system of the bivalent vaccine appears to
induce a stronger, more sustained antibody response
than the conventional adjuvant of the quadrivalent
vaccine (44), although its effect on duration of
protection is unknown.
For both vaccines, HPV genotyping tests targeting
a broad range of HPVs were used to demonstrate high
efficacy against several surrogate endpoints, from
persistent HPV infection to high-grade CIN lesions
(CIN2+) associated with vaccine-targeted HPVs (45).
The quadrivalent vaccine has demonstrated strong
protection against genital warts, of which 90% in men
and women are caused by vaccine targets HPV6 and 11
(46-48). Long-term follow-up of vaccinated cohorts will
determine the duration of protection against vaccine-
targeted types (45).
Cross-neutralization of HPV types related to
HPV16 and 18 confers cross-protection. Both vaccines
provide partial cross-protective efficacy against HPV31
and 33 (49, 50). The bivalent vaccine also offers some
cross-protection against HPV45 (51, 52).
1.2.31.2.31.2.31.2.3 Surveillance of HPV Surveillance of HPV Surveillance of HPV Surveillance of HPV type type type type prevalenceprevalenceprevalenceprevalence
The bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines have been
implemented in vaccination programs in various
countries. Several aspects should be monitored to
evaluate the effects of an HPV vaccination program, i.e.,
1) the occurrence of vaccine-preventable disease, 2) the
concentration of naturally occurring HPV type-specific
antibodies and the prevalence of HPV vaccine-
associated genotypes, 3) the titers of HPV vaccine type-
associated antibody response, 4) vaccine uptake, and 5)
vaccine safety. HPV genotyping tests can be used to
determine the prevalence of HPV genotypes pre- and
post-vaccination. This allows monitoring the effects of
nation-wide vaccination on prevalence of HPV
genotypes (and possibly type replacement) within an
immunized cohort.
17
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
1.2.41.2.41.2.41.2.4 HPVHPVHPVHPV----based screeningbased screeningbased screeningbased screening
In the near future, HPV tests that can detect (and
partially identify) a range of hrHPVs (hrHPV DNA
testing) will be implemented in cervical cancer
screening programs. Currently, cervical cancer
screening programs rely on cytology performed on cells
scraped from the transformation zone of the cervix and
collected in a liquid-based medium, e.g., BD SurePath
(BD, Burlington, NC, USA) or ThinPrep PreservCyt
(Hologic, Marlborough, MA, USA). Morphological
changes of cells are graded according to the degree of
abnormality. Different cytology classification systems
are used, e.g., the Bethesda 2001 (USA), BSSC (United
Kingdom), CISOE-A (The Netherlands) and
Papanicolaou (PAP). The different cytology
classification systems are shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Table 3: Table 3: Table 3: Classification systems for cervical cytology (adapted from (53, 54)).
NILM, Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; ASC-H, atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL; ASC-
US, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; AGC, atypical glandular cells; LSIL low grade squamous
intraepithelial lesion; HSIL, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; AIS, endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ;
SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; AC, adenocarcinoma; CISOE-A, C composition, I inflammation, S squamous
epithelium, O other abnormalities and endometrium, and E endocervical columnar epithelium
HrHPV DNA tests are an improved primary
cervical cancer screening tool compared to cytology.
Randomized controlled trials have shown that hrHPV
DNA testing detects 30% more CIN2+ and 20% more
CIN3+ in women aged 30 years and older (55-62).
Secondly, trials with longitudinal data on CIN3+ in
subsequent screening rounds (at 3-5 year intervals)
have shown ~50% lower incidence rates of CIN3+
among women with a negative HPV test at baseline
compared to those having normal cytology (56, 60-62).
Moreover, a pooled analysis of these studies
demonstrated that hrHPV-based screening provides
60–70% greater protection against invasive cervical
carcinomas compared to cytology (63).
In general, these hrHPV DNA tests target a range of
13-14 hrHPVs but do not permit individual
identification, or limited only to HPV16 and 18 (partial
genotyping). The clinical use of hrHPV genotyping is
currently unknown, but the separate identification of
HPV16 and 18 might be of use in clinical management,
due to their increased risk for cervical cancer compared
to other hrHPVs.
BETHESDA
2001
Unsatisfactory
for evaluation
Negative
(NILM) Atrophy
ASC-H HSIL SCC
ASC-US LSIL
AGC AGC favor neoplastic AIS AC
BSCC Inadequate Negative
Borderline
nuclear
change
Mild
dyskaryosis
Moderate
dyskaryosis
Severe
dyskaryosis
Severe
dyskaryosis
Invasive
Glandular
neoplasia
CISOE-A C0 S1, E1-2,
O1-2 S2-3, O3, E3 S4, E4-5 S5, O4-5 S6, O6, E6
S7,
E7
S8-9,
O7-8,
E9
PAP PAP0 PAP1 PAP2 PAP3a1 PAP3a2 PAP3b PAP4 PAP5
18
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
1.31.31.31.3 DESIGN AND PERFORMANDESIGN AND PERFORMANDESIGN AND PERFORMANDESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CE CE CE
ASSESSMENT OF ASSESSMENT OF ASSESSMENT OF ASSESSMENT OF HPV TESTSHPV TESTSHPV TESTSHPV TESTS
1.3.11.3.11.3.11.3.1 Intended useIntended useIntended useIntended use
The design of an HPV DNA test should match its
intended use. HPV tests designed for epidemiologic
purposes, e.g., disease association studies, vaccine
efficacy trials, and surveillance of HPV prevalence,
require a high analytical sensitivity and specificity and
the capacity to individually identify a range of HPVs.
In a clinical setting, HPV tests should detect hrHPV
infections mainly associated with clinically meaningful
disease, i.e., CIN2+ lesions (clinical sensitivity), while
limiting the detection of transient HPV infections not
associated with CIN2+ (clinical specificity). In addition
to primary cervical cancer screening, two other
potential clinical applications of hrHPV testing have
been defined. HrHPV testing can be used as a test-of-
cure for women treated for HG-CIN, and as a triage test
for women with borderline and mild abnormal cytology
(ASC-US/LSIL) (64).
1.3.21.3.21.3.21.3.2 Clinical specimen, collection and Clinical specimen, collection and Clinical specimen, collection and Clinical specimen, collection and
processingprocessingprocessingprocessing
A range of clinical specimens have been used for HPV
analysis, e.g., cervical cells collected by brush and stored
in liquid-based medium (cervical swabs) (64), whole
tissue sections (WTS) of freshly frozen or formalin-
fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical biopsies (65,
66), micro-dissected regions of tissue by laser-capture
microscopy (LCM) (67), and cervicovaginal specimens
self-collected by lavage or brush and stored in liquid-
based medium, solid carrier cartridge or dryly (68, 69).
It is important to realize that the yield and quality of the
specimen for HPV testing is influenced by the
methodology used for collection, storage and
processing. Thus, all elements of the diagnostic chain
determine the outcome of the HPV test used and should
be taken into account (68).
1.3.31.3.31.3.31.3.3 Target selection and amplificationTarget selection and amplificationTarget selection and amplificationTarget selection and amplification
Most commercial and in-house tests that have been
developed for HPV detection and genotyping are based
on PCR amplification of HPV DNA. DNA PCR-based
methods will be the focus of this thesis, although some
non-PCR based methods will also be briefly described.
HPV DNA PCR tests do not characterize the
complete HPV genome or the L1 ORF, as is required for
classification of PVs (10). Instead, these assays target
one or more regions within the genome that are
sufficient for accurate viral recognition of one or more
previously classified HPVs. Misrecognition due to
presence of unclassified types or genetic variants is
inherently possible when using any HPV DNA assay.
The size of viral regions that are amplified vary across
HPV tests, but smaller target regions allow more
efficient amplification in specimens with poorly
preserved DNA, e.g., archival FFPE cervical biopsies.
The regions in the viral genome targeted by a selection
of HPV DNA PCR-based assays are shown in Figure 3.
19
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Figure Figure Figure Figure 3333: : : : Schematic representation of primer target regions of different type-specific and broad-spectrum DNA PCR-
based assays. The approximate fragment lengths (in nucleotides) are shown in parenthesis. The reference genome of
HPV16 was used.
The degree of heterogeneity of the viral genome enables
two approaches for amplification of viral DNA by PCR
primers, i.e., broad-spectrum (consensus) primers or
type-specific (TS) primers. Broad-spectrum primers
target relatively well-conserved genomic sequences,
enabling the simultaneous amplification of a broad-
spectrum of HPV genotypes in a single test using only a
limited number of primers. By default, these primer sets
are not specifically designed for the amplification of
only a single HPV type. Most broad-spectrum PCR
genotyping assays target well-conserved regions in the
L1 ORF. The likelihood that sequence variations occur
at these positions causing false-negativity is relatively
low. Broad-spectrum amplification can be
accomplished by different approaches: 1) low-
stringency PCR conditions to allow some degree of
mismatch acceptance between primers and target
sequence, 2) degenerate primers with nucleotide
variations at variable base positions, 3) primers with the
non-specific base-analogue inosine at ambiguous base
positions, and 4) sets of multiple, overlapping primers.
A technical limitation of all broad-spectrum PCR-
based assays is the underestimation of the prevalence of
genotypes present in low concentrations within
multiple infections, also known as masking (70). Broad-
spectrum PCR primers do not necessarily have the same
analytical sensitivity and specificity for each genotype
and amplification efficiency might differ among
individual genotypes. Spiking experiments with plasmid
mixtures of different HPV genotypes have shown that a
competitive effect occurs in mixed infections when one
genotype is present in a much lower concentration than
another (PCR competition) (71).
As opposed to broad-spectrum PCR, type-specific
(TS) primers target viral sequences that are specific for
a single genotype. These primers permit highly sensitive
and specific identification of HPVs. Although TS PCRs
can be designed to target any region in the HPV
genome, many TS PCR assays amplify regions in the E6
or E7 ORF. These PCR target regions are not
interrupted by viral integration, since over-expression
of E6 and E7 is required for transforming HPV
infections.
An important advantage of TS PCRs is that they are
less prone to underestimate the prevalence of HPV
types that have low viral loads in multiple infections.
20
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
However, TS PCRs also have some limitations.
Unknown variations in the primer target sequences
could cause false-negative results (72). In addition, the
performance of a separate type-specific PCR for each
HPV is highly laborious and requires substantial
quantity of clinical specimen. This issue can be
addressed by the development of multiplex type-specific
(MPTS) PCRs, where multiple TS primer sets are
combined in a single PCR reaction for simultaneous
amplification of a defined set of HPVs (72).
1.3.41.3.41.3.41.3.4 ReadReadReadRead----out methodout methodout methodout method
Amplification products generated by broad-spectrum
and by type-specific PCRs can be detected by
hybridization to a mix of oligonucleotide probes in a
DNA enzyme immune-assay (DEIA/EIA) in a
microtiter well plate. In addition, reverse hybridization
(RH) can be done by separate genotype-specific probes
immobilized on carriers such as nylon membrane,
nitrocellulose strips, microsphere beads or DNA chips.
Read-out can also be performed real-time using
fluorochrome-labelled Taqman probes in a quantitative
(q)PCR format as opposed to a conventional end-point
PCR. Read-out systems of PCR products can be
designed to recognize a range of HPV types
simultaneously (detection), individually (full
genotyping), or as a combination of detection and
genotyping (partial genotyping).
The range of HPVs targeted by an HPV test should
be in accordance with its design. Clinically relevant
HPV tests generally target 13 hrHPVs (Class 1 and 2A),
and have often incorporated HPV66 (Class 2B) in
addition. These assays are therefore also referred to as
hrHPV tests. HPV tests designed for epidemiologic
purposes are not necessarily restricted to these hrHPVs
and may also include possibly hr- and lrHPVs.
1.3.51.3.51.3.51.3.5 Assessing HPV test peAssessing HPV test peAssessing HPV test peAssessing HPV test performancerformancerformancerformance and and and and
quality quality quality quality assuranceassuranceassuranceassurance
The non-clinical performance assessment of HPV tests
comprises analytical sensitivity (limit-of-detection),
analytical specificity (interference), precision
(reproducibility) and accuracy (comparison-of-
methods). The analytical accuracy of a novel HPV test
can be evaluated by comparison with an established
“gold standard” or comparator test, using panels of
artificial samples, e.g., plasmids cloned with HPV target
sequences, and/or clinical specimens for which the HPV
test was designed.
However, an analytically validated HPV test
should not be used in clinical practice without prior
clinical validation, since analytical and clinical accuracy
are non-synonymous. The clinical relevance of a novel
hrHPV test for primary cervical cancer screening has to
be supported by data from longitudinal randomized
controlled trials (RCT). Alternatively, a candidate assay
can also be clinically assessed if it shows a clinical
sensitivity and specificity that is non-inferior to a
reference test that has already been validated in
longitudinal RCT. International guidelines for panel
composition and criteria for clinical accuracy and test
reproducibility have been formulated (73).
The laboratories performing hrHPV testing should
comply with quality assurance (QA) measures, such as a
specific infrastructure for nucleic acid amplification,
participation in external quality assessments
(proficiency panels), and accreditation for clinical
molecular testing (73). Some HPV tests have been
equipped with an internal control (IC) to aid
laboratories in assessing specimen quality and/or
monitoring of sample processing, in order to prevent
false-negative HPV results. An IC usually comprises a
spiked exogenous nucleotide sequence or an
endogenous target (e.g., the beta-globin housekeeping
gene) that is simultaneously extracted and amplified
with HPV DNA.
21
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
1.41.41.41.4 TTTTECHNOLOGIESECHNOLOGIESECHNOLOGIESECHNOLOGIES FOR HPV DETECTION FOR HPV DETECTION FOR HPV DETECTION FOR HPV DETECTION
AND GENOTYPINGAND GENOTYPINGAND GENOTYPINGAND GENOTYPING
1.4.11.4.11.4.11.4.1 Tests for pooled detection of HPVsTests for pooled detection of HPVsTests for pooled detection of HPVsTests for pooled detection of HPVs
HPV DNA detection assays provide a qualitative test
result for a group of HPVs simultaneously (pooled or
grouped detection). These assays generally target 13
hrHPVs (Class1/2A) or 14 hrHPVs (Class1/2A and
HPV66 in addition). Tests not intended for a clinical
setting can detect additional genotypes, including
lrHPVs (e.g., SPF10 DEIA).
Signal amplificationSignal amplificationSignal amplificationSignal amplification
The Hybrid Capture 2 HPV DNA Test (HC2; Qiagen,
Hilden, Germany) is the most frequently used HPV test
in the world. HC2 uses liquid-based chemiluminescent
signal amplification of hybridized target DNA for the
simultaneous detection of 13 hrHPVs. This assay has no
internal control for a human DNA target. The RNA
probes can cross-hybridize with several other (lr)HPVs
(74). The HC2 is intended for primary cervical cancer
screening, management of women with equivocal
cytology results, and test-of-cure. HC2 has been
evaluated in longitudinal randomized, controlled
studies, e.g., NTCC, ARTISTIC, and VUSASCREEN
(59-61, 75). HC2 is therefore considered a reference test
for validation of novel hrHPV assays (73).
The Cervista HPV HR Test (Cervista; Hologic,
Madison, WI, USA) offers simultaneous detection of
DNA from 14 hrHPVs using signal amplification by
Invader chemistry. In a first isothermal reaction, a
probe and an Invader oligonucleotide specifically
anneal to HPV DNA to generate an overlapping
structure. Enzymes specifically cleave and release the
overlapping primary probes. In a second, simultaneous
isothermal reaction, cleaved flaps combine with a
fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe,
which generates a fluorescent signal. A region from the
HIST2H2BE gene is also amplified as an internal
control target. The Cervista is indicated for cervical
cancer risk screening combined with cytology and for
management of women with equivocal cytology results.
Cervista has been evaluated in the SHENCCAST II
study (76) and clinically validated by Boers and
colleagues (77). However, concerns have been raised
about the relatively low clinical specificity of this assay
(78), which might be resolved by increasing the assay
threshold for positivity (79, 80).
PCR amplification aPCR amplification aPCR amplification aPCR amplification and enzyme immuno assaysnd enzyme immuno assaysnd enzyme immuno assaysnd enzyme immuno assays
Most endpoint PCR-based methods utilize consensus
primer sets targeting a conserved region of a broad-
spectrum of viral genomes. Detection of amplimers is
performed in a DNA enzyme immuno assay
(designated DEIA or EIA) using a cocktail of specific
probes for a defined set of hrHPVs (e.g., GP5+/6+ EIA)
or a mix of universal probes for a very broad range of
HPVs (e.g., SPF10 DEIA). Presence of HPV is
determined by optical density measurement of labeled
probes hybridized to single-stranded amplimers in a
microtiter plate.
The SPF10-PCR-DEIA (Labo Bio-medical Products,
Rijswijk, The Netherlands) was developed around 15
years ago (81) and is usually combined in a test
algorithm with the LiPA25 reverse hybridization strip
version 1 (Labo Bio-medical Products; described later)
(82). This algorithm was designed to have high
analytical sensitivity and specificity. The SPF10 primers
are non-degenerated and amplify a 65-bp fragment in
the L1 ORF of a broad-spectrum of at least 69 mucosal
and cutaneous HPV types. Qualitative detection of
HPV is performed in a DEIA with conservative,
universal HPV probes. A control target for the
housekeeping gene beta-globin can be separately
amplified and detected. The SPF10 PCR system has been
used in various epidemiologic studies and vaccine trials
for the bivalent vaccine, e.g., PATRICIA and CVT (66,
83-87). The short region of only 65 bp targeted by SPF10
primers is particularly sensitive for amplification in
formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical
biopsy specimens, in which DNA is often poorly
preserved. The sensitivity of the SPF10-PCR-DEIA is too
high for application in a clinical setting (88).
22
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
The GP5+/6+-PCR-EIA has been originally
developed as an in-house test and is now commercially
available (EIA kit GP HR; Diassay, Rijswijk, The
Netherlands). The GP5+/6+ primers amplify a region of
approximately 150 bp in the L1 ORF. Amplification of a
broad-spectrum of HPV genotypes using only two
primers is achieved by a relatively low annealing
temperature. A cocktail of probes specific for 14
hrHPVs hybridizes with the GP5+/6+ amplification
products in an EIA format, providing a qualitative
result (89). A 313-bp fragment of human DNA is
intrinsically co-amplified by the GP5+/6+ primers and
can function as an internal control (90). A specifically
designed probe can detect this fragment in a separate
EIA format. The GP5+/6+-PCR-EIA is intended for
primary cervical cancer screening, management of
women with equivocal cytology results, and test-of-cure.
Similarly to HC2, the GP5+/6+-PCR-EIA has been
evaluated in longitudinal randomized, controlled
studies, e.g., POBASCAM and SWEDESCREEN (56,
62). The GP5+/6+-PCR-EIA is therefore considered a
reference assay for HPV testing in cervical cancer
screening (73).
The AMPLICOR Human Papillomavirus Test
(Amplicor; Roche Diagnostics, Almere, The
Netherlands) has broad-spectrum primers that amplify
a region of 165 bp from L1. Complementary probes can
detect presence of amplification products of 13 hrHPVs
by measuring the optical density in a microtiter plate. A
beta-globin internal control target is amplified in the
same PCR reaction and detected in a separate microtiter
plate. Amplicor has not been clinically validated
according to the international criteria (73). In a triage
population, the clinical sensitivity of Amplicor was only
marginally higher compared to HC2, but its clinical
specificity was significantly lower (91). Two other
studies reported equivalent clinical sensitivity and
specificity for Amplicor and HC2 in triage populations
(92, 93). Roche developed and introduced the Cobas
4800 HPV Test (Cobas; Roche Diagnostics) as an
alternative for Amplicor because it has an improved
clinical specificity.
1.4.21.4.21.4.21.4.2 HPV DNA detection tests with partial HPV DNA detection tests with partial HPV DNA detection tests with partial HPV DNA detection tests with partial
genotypinggenotypinggenotypinggenotyping
A recent generation of HPV tests offers concurrent
identification of a restricted number of HPVs in
addition to pooled hrHPV detection (designated as
partial genotyping). Partial genotyping is usually
limited to HPV16 and 18, with the remaining hrHPVs
detected as a group. Separate identification of HPV16
and 18 might be of use in clinical management, due to
their increased risk for cervical cancer compared to
other hrHPVs.
QuantitaQuantitaQuantitaQuantitatitititive PCR amplificationve PCR amplificationve PCR amplificationve PCR amplification
In HPV tests with quantitative PCR (qPCR) technology,
Taqman probes labeled with a fluorescent dye can
hybridize with the amplimer during every annealing
step. The increase in fluorescence can be monitored
real-time during the exponential increase of amplified
viral target DNA, until limiting reagents, accumulation
of inhibitors or inactivation of the polymerase affect the
PCR efficiency. The first cycle where generated
fluorescence can be distinguished from the background
signal is called the threshold cycle (Ct) or quantification
cycle (Cq). The initial concentration of the measured
target is correlated to the Cq value, and can be
quantified by including a standard curve dilution series.
The Cobas 4800 HPV Test (Cobas) enables the
qualitative, simultaneous detection of 14 hrHPVs using
qPCR amplification of a region in L1. This test provides
individual genotyping of HPV16 and 18, if desired, and
a beta-globin internal control target in the same PCR
reaction. The Cobas is intended for cervical cancer risk
screening in combination with cytology (co-testing) and
for management of women with equivocal cytology
results. In recent years, its clinical value has been
supported by the ATHENA trial (94) and by
comparison with a reference test (95).
Similar to Cobas, the Abbott RealTime High Risk
HPV test (Abbott RealTime HR HPV test; Abbott,
23
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Wiesbaden, Germany) provides qPCR-based detection
of 14 hrHPVs, concurrent HPV16/18 genotyping, and a
beta-globin internal control. A modified GP5+/6+
primer mix is used for L1-based viral amplification (96).
The Abbott RealTime HR HPV test has been clinically
validated for HPV-based cervical cancer screening in
women aged 30 years and older in several studies (96-
98).
The HPV-Risk assay (Self-Screen BV, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands) is an E7-based broad-spectrum qPCR,
which offers detection of 14 hrHPVs and HPV67, with
concurrent HPV16/18 genotyping and sample quality
assessment using an endogenous human beta-globin
internal control target. This assay meets the clinical and
reproducibility criteria of the international guidelines
(73) and is also compatible with specimens that were
self-collected using lavage- and brush-based devices
(99).
The BD Onclarity HPV Assay (Onclarity; Becton
Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) is an E6/E7-based qPCR,
enabling detection of 14 hrHPVs in three separate
reactions. Concurrent genotyping is offered for six
types (i.e., HPV16, 18, 31, 45, 51 and 52), while the
remaining hrHPVs are detected as three separate
groups (i.e., HPV33/58, HPV56/59/66, and
HV35/39/68). The test also detects human beta-globin
as an endogenous internal control. The Onclarity has
been clinically validated according to the international
guidelines (100).
Signal amplificationSignal amplificationSignal amplificationSignal amplification
The Cervista HPV 16/18 Test (Cervista HPV16/18;
Hologic) is a reflex test for women that tested positive
by the Cervista HPV HR Test. The Cervista HPV16/18
can determine presence of HPV16 and/or 18 using the
same Invader chemistry as the Cervista.
1.4.31.4.31.4.31.4.3 HPV DNA full genotyping tests using HPV DNA full genotyping tests using HPV DNA full genotyping tests using HPV DNA full genotyping tests using
broadbroadbroadbroad----spectrum PCRspectrum PCRspectrum PCRspectrum PCR
HPV tests with a full genotyping capability for a wide
range of HPV genotypes have great value in estimating
the epidemiological burden of HPV infections and the
efficacy of vaccines, while evidence for the clinical
utility of full genotyping is limited.
BroadBroadBroadBroad----spectrum PCR amplification and reverse spectrum PCR amplification and reverse spectrum PCR amplification and reverse spectrum PCR amplification and reverse
hybridizationhybridizationhybridizationhybridization
The LiPA25 version 1 (Labo Bio-medical Products) is
used for identification of 25 individual HPV genotypes
by reverse hybridization of generated SPF10 amplimers
with genotype-specific probes immobilized on a reverse
hybridization strip. In a combined test algorithm, SPF10
amplimers that are positive by the DEIA (Labo Bio-
medical Products) can be used directly for LiPA25,
eliminating the need for a separate PCR reaction (81,
82). This algorithm has been used in the
aforementioned epidemiological and vaccine efficacy
studies.
The INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra (INNO-
LiPA; Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) is another SPF10-
based reverse hybridization strip with similar
technology as the LiPA25 version 1 algorithm, but there
are significant differences. The INNO-LiPA uses
different SPF10 PCR primers and reverse hybridization
probes than LiPA25, does not have a separate DEIA for
detection of a broad-spectrum of HPV types, and offers
a concurrent internal control (HLA-DPB1 gene). The
intended use of INNO-LiPA is currently unclear.
INNO-LIPA has been used in a clinical evaluation (101),
but has not (yet) been fully clinically validated in a
randomized controlled trial or by non-inferiority to a
reference test according to defined guidelines (73). In
addition, it has been used in epidemiologic studies
(102-104), but the analytical sensitivity of INNO-LiPA
remains to be investigated.
The LINEAR ARRAY HPV Genotyping Test (LA;
Roche Diagnostics) is a reverse hybridization strip with
immobilized probes for the recognition of 37 anogenital
HPV (sub)types and an internal control target (beta-
globin) (105). Degenerated PGMY primers are used for
broad-spectrum amplification of a viral DNA fragment
of 450 bp in the L1 ORF (105). LA is intended for the
qualitative in vitro test for detection of HPV in clinical
24
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
specimens. LA has been applied in epidemiological
studies (32, 106), but has not been clinically validated.
The Reverse Line Blot (RLB) is an in-house assay
for the identification of 37 HPVs using the same
GP5+/6+ amplification products as the EIA (89, 107).
Oligonucleotide probes are attached to a nylon
membrane in parallel lines, and PCR products are
hybridized perpendicularly using a miniblotter. Hybrids
are visualized by a conjugate-substrate reaction. The
RLB has been used in a case-control study by WHO
IARC to define the risk-classification of individual
genotypes (24), but also in a screening setting, to
identify the respective HPV type(s) in women testing
positive for hrHPV by EIA (108).
Two commercially available alternative assays for
the genotyping of GP5+/6+ amplimers have been
recently developed, using the same probes as the RLB
with minor modifications. The Genotyping Kit HPV GP,
version 1 (GP5+/6+ strip, Diassay, Rijswijk, The
Netherlands; previously marketed as digene HPV
Genotyping RH Test) is a strip-based reverse
hybridization assay for identification of 14 hrHPVs and
4 probably hrHPVs. This assay was designed as an easy-
to-use alternative for RLB and could be used for reflex
genotyping following hrHPV positivity by HC2 or EIA.
The LMNX Genotyping Kit HPV GP (GP5+/6+ LMNX,
Diassay; previously marketed as digene HPV
Genotyping LQ Test) provides identification of the
same HPVs, but read-out is performed using bead-
based xMAP technology on a Luminex platform. This
platform is more suitable for high-throughput testing,
enabling the GP5+/6+ LMNX to be used as a reflex
genotyping test but also as a stand-alone test for hrHPV
detection and concurrent genotyping, if desired.
The PapilloCheck HPV-Screening (PapilloCheck;
Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) is a
PCR-microarray and allows identification of 24 types,
including 14 hrHPVs. Broad-spectrum primers amplify
a 350 bp region from the E1 ORF. A region in the
human ADAT1 gene is amplified to confirm presence
of human DNA and a control-template is present in the
PCR master mix to rule out inhibition of amplification.
Fluorescently labeled amplification products hybridize
with specific DNA probes fixed on a DNA chip and are
measured. PapilloCheck has been clinically validated for
simultaneous detection of 14 hrHPVs according to the
requirements for clinical sensitivity and specificity (109).
1.4.41.4.41.4.41.4.4 HPV DNA full genotyping tests usiHPV DNA full genotyping tests usiHPV DNA full genotyping tests usiHPV DNA full genotyping tests using typeng typeng typeng type----
specific specific specific specific (q)PCR(q)PCR(q)PCR(q)PCR
TypeTypeTypeType----specific PCR amplificationspecific PCR amplificationspecific PCR amplificationspecific PCR amplification
Separate type-specific (TS) PCRs for HPV16 and 18 have
been developed (71) and incorporated into the HPV
testing algorithm that was used in the two largest
efficacy trials of the bivalent vaccine, PATRICIA and
CVT. These assays utilize TS primers targeting short
regions in the E6/E7 ORF (HPV16; 92 bp) and in the L1
ORF (HPV18; 126 bp) for endpoint PCR amplification,
followed by read-out using DEIA technology, as
described before (71). The combination of the L1-based
SPF10 broad-spectrum PCR algorithm followed by TS
HPV16/18 PCRs provided a higher analytical accuracy
than both assays alone (71).
Recently, two novel assays for multiplex type-
specific (MPTS) amplification of regions in E6, were
introduced, i.e., MPTS12 and MPTS123 (Labo Bio-
medical Products). In MPTS12 amplification is
performed in two separate TS PCRs, and pooled
amplification products are genotyped by strip-based
reverse hybridization targeting 9 hrHPVs, i.e., HPV16,
18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58, and 59 (110). MPTS123
requires performance and pooling of three separate
PCRs, and utilizes bead-based xMAP technology for
identification of 14 hrHPVs and 2 lrHPVs (HPV6 and
11) on a Luminex platform (72). These assays were
designed to be used in conjunction with the SPF10
LiPA25 system and improved the analytical accuracy for
a broader range of HPVs, similar to the TS16/18 assays.
This is particularly important when investigating the
cross-protection of the bivalent vaccine against other
types than HPV16/18 (86).
25
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
TypeTypeTypeType----specific qspecific qspecific qspecific quantitauantitauantitauantitatitititive PCR amplificationve PCR amplificationve PCR amplificationve PCR amplification
TS HPV qPCR assays were internally developed at
Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) and used for
efficacy determination in the Phase III trials of the
quadrivalent vaccine, e.g., the FUTURE I and II (111,
112). Merck TS HPV qPCR assays are a set of type-
specific PCRs for amplification of multiple sequences
simultaneously, i.e., in the L1, E6, and E7 ORFs (of
HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 45, 52, and 58) or in the E6 and E7
ORFs (of HPV33, 35, 39, 51, 56, and 59) (113-115). The
triplex or duplex qPCR is performed for each HPV type
individually. These assays appeared to have a higher
analytical sensitivity than INNO-LiPA HPV
Genotyping Extra in a direct analytical comparison,
with a limit of detection (LOD) that was below 50
copies/test for all HPVs targeted (114).
An in-house method comprising a set of E6/E7-
based type-specific qPCRs for 13 hrHPVs and 4
additional HPVs was developed at the RIATOL
laboratory in Antwerpen, Belgium. A separate beta-
globin qPCR is performed as an endogenous internal
control to assess specimen quality. A density
sedimentation method has been implemented in the
processing of clinical specimens (116). The clinical
validation of the RIATOL qPCRs was reported by
Depuydt et al (117).
1.4.51.4.51.4.51.4.5 HPV mRNA detection testsHPV mRNA detection testsHPV mRNA detection testsHPV mRNA detection tests
The detection of hrHPV mRNA encoding viral
oncoproteins E6 and E7 instead of DNA might allow
better distinction between productive (low expression
of E6/E7) and transforming (high expression of E6/E7)
infections (118). Overexpression of E6 and E7 is
required for malignant transformation in HPV-related
cancers.
The Aptima HPV assay (Aptima; Hologic Gen-
Probe, San Diego, CA, USA) is an HPV assay designed
for pooled detection of E6/E7 mRNA from 14 hrHPVs.
Aptima is based on target capture after cell lysis, with
subsequent transcription-mediated amplification (TMA)
and probe hybridization protection for detection of
E6/E7 mRNA expression (119, 120). Aptima met the
cross-sectional clinical and reproducibility criteria of
the international guidelines for HPV test requirements
for cervical screening (121). It was noted that these
requirements for cross-sectional equivalence were
formulated for HPV DNA tests and may not necessarily
be valid for other molecular markers, e.g., E6/E7 mRNA.
Longitudinal data are needed to ensure that the long-
term negative predictive value of this mRNA assay is
similar to those of validated HPV DNA tests and allows
for the same screening intervals (121).
1.4.61.4.61.4.61.4.6 HPV16 intratyHPV16 intratyHPV16 intratyHPV16 intratypic variant analysispic variant analysispic variant analysispic variant analysis
Sanger sequence analysis of parts of the HPV16 genome,
e.g., E6, L1 and the long control region (LCR) (17, 122)
was used to identify different HPV16 variants, which
were associated with human population migrations and
continent of origin (18) (Table 1). More recently, a
novel HPV16 variant reverse hybridization assay (RHA)
was developed and evaluated for simple and accurate
recognition of these HPV16 variant lineages (123). This
assay uses E6-based PCR amplification of a large, single
region (570 bp) for clinical specimens of sufficient
quality, or uses primer sets that generate four smaller,
overlapping regions for samples in which DNA is
poorly preserved. The generated amplification products
encompass variant-specific single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) that are targeted by
oligonucleotide probes in a strip-based RHA. This assay
can differentiate between the four main lineages A
(European&Asian), B (African 1), C (African 2) and D
(North-American&Asian-American), and has the
resolution to distinguish some sublineages, i.e., A1&A2
(European) from A3 (Asian) within the main lineage A,
and D1 (North-American) from D2&D3 (Asian-
American) within the main lineage D.
The characteristics of HPV tests described in
this chapter are summarized in Table 4.
26
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Ta
ble
4:
Ta
ble
4:
Ta
ble
4:
Ta
ble
4:
Bri
ef o
verv
iew
of
a s
elec
tio
n o
f H
PV
tes
ts,
sum
mar
izin
g th
eir
tech
nic
al
cha
ract
eris
tics
(H
PV
s ta
rget
ed,
con
curr
ent
gen
otyp
ing
cap
ab
ilit
y, t
ech
nol
ogy,
ta
rget
,
an
d i
nte
rna
l co
ntr
ol),
ma
in i
nd
ica
ted
use
(b
ase
d o
n k
it m
an
ual
or
lite
ratu
re),
su
ppor
tin
g tr
ials
an
d/o
r st
ud
ies,
an
d t
he
cha
pter
s of
th
is t
hes
is i
n w
hic
h t
he
assa
y w
as
use
d (
if a
ppl
icab
le).
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
Vs
det
ecte
dH
PV
s d
etec
ted
HP
Vs
det
ecte
dH
PV
s d
etec
ted
a aaa C
on
curr
ent
Co
ncu
rren
t C
on
curr
ent
Co
ncu
rren
t
gen
oty
pin
gge
no
typ
ing
gen
oty
pin
gge
no
typ
ing
Tec
hn
olo
gyT
ech
no
logy
Tec
hn
olo
gyT
ech
no
logy
T
arge
tT
arge
tT
arge
tT
arge
t In
tern
al c
on
tro
l:
Inte
rnal
co
ntr
ol:
In
tern
al c
on
tro
l:
Inte
rnal
co
ntr
ol:
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
exo
gen
ou
sex
oge
no
us
exo
gen
ou
sex
oge
no
us
Ma
Ma
Ma
Mai
n i
nd
icat
ed u
sein
in
dic
ated
use
in i
nd
icat
ed u
sein
in
dic
ated
use
S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r
stu
die
sst
ud
ies
stu
die
sst
ud
iesb bbb
Th
is
Th
is
Th
is
Th
is
thes
is,
thes
is,
thes
is,
thes
is,
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
HC
2 13
hrH
PV
s N
on
e Si
gnal
am
pli
fica
tio
n
by
hyb
rid
cap
ture
DN
A
No
/n.a
. Sc
reen
ing
Tri
age
afte
r cy
tolo
gy
Tes
t-of
-cu
re
NT
CC
AR
TIS
TIC
VU
SASC
RE
EN
3, 4
Cer
vist
a 14
hrH
PV
s N
on
ec
Sign
al a
mp
lifi
cati
on
by
inva
der
ch
emis
try
DN
A
Yes
/n.a
. Sc
reen
ing
(wit
h c
yto
logy
)
Tri
age
afte
r cy
tolo
gy
Bel
inso
n, 2
011
(76)
Bo
ers,
201
4 (7
7)
-
Ap
tim
a 14
hrH
PV
s N
on
e T
ran
scri
pti
on-
med
iate
d
amp
lifi
cati
on
an
d
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
mR
NA
, E6/
E7
d
No
/yes
Sc
reen
ing
(wit
h c
yto
logy
,
amo
ng
>30
yrs
)
Tri
age
afte
r cy
tolo
gy
(am
on
g >
21yr
s)
Wu
, 201
0 (1
19)
Mon
son
ego
, 201
2 (1
20)
Hei
dem
an, 2
013
(121
)
-
Co
bas
14
hrH
PV
s H
PV
16&
18
BS-
qP
CR
D
NA
, L1,
~20
0 bp
Y
es/n
o
Scre
enin
g (w
ith
cyt
olo
gy)
Tri
age
afte
r cy
tolo
gy
AT
HE
NA
Hei
dem
an, 2
011
(95)
-
Ab
bot
t
Rea
lTim
e H
R
HP
V
14 h
rHP
Vs
HP
V16
&18
B
S-q
PC
R
DN
A, L
1, ~
150
bp
Yes
/no
N
ot
spec
ifie
d. C
lin
ical
ly
vali
dat
ed
Car
ozz
i, 20
11 (
96)
Po
ljak
, 201
1 (9
7)
Hes
seli
nk,
201
3 (9
8)
-
HP
V-R
isk
assa
y 15
hrH
PV
s H
PV
16&
18
BS-
qP
CR
D
NA
, E7,
~15
0 bp
Y
es/n
o
Scre
enin
g
Tri
age
afte
r cy
tolo
gy
Tes
t-of
-cu
re
Hes
seli
nk,
201
4 (9
9)
-
On
clar
ity
14 h
rHP
Vs
HP
V16
&18
&3
1&45
&51
&52
e
Th
ree
sep
arat
e B
S-
qP
CR
s
DN
A, E
6/E
7d
Yes
/no
N
ot
spec
ifie
d. C
lin
ical
ly
vali
dat
ed
Eje
god
, 201
3 (1
00)
-
Ria
tol
(in
-
hou
se)
13 h
rHP
Vs
and
4 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
TS-
qP
CR
s fo
r ea
ch
typ
e se
par
atel
y
DN
A, E
6/E
7d
Yes
f /no
N
ot
spec
ifie
d. C
lin
ical
ly
vali
dat
ed
Dep
uyd
t, 2
012
(117
) -
Pap
illo
Ch
eck
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
10 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, E
1, ~
350
bp
Yes
/yes
N
ot
spec
ifie
d. C
lin
ical
ly
vali
dat
ed
Hes
seli
nk,
201
0 (1
09)
-
GP
5+/6
+-E
IA
14 h
rHP
Vs
No
ne
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, ~
150
bp
Yes
f /no
Sc
reen
ing
Tri
age
afte
r cy
tolo
gy
Tes
t-of
-cu
re
PO
BA
SCA
M
SWE
DE
SCR
EE
N
10, 1
1
27
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
Vs
det
ecte
dH
PV
s d
etec
ted
HP
Vs
det
ecte
dH
PV
s d
etec
ted
a aaa C
on
curr
ent
Co
ncu
rren
t C
on
curr
ent
Co
ncu
rren
t
gen
oty
pin
gge
no
typ
ing
gen
oty
pin
gge
no
typ
ing
Tec
hn
olo
gyT
ech
no
logy
Tec
hn
olo
gyT
ech
no
logy
T
arge
tT
arge
tT
arge
tT
arge
t In
tern
al c
on
tro
l:
Inte
rnal
co
ntr
ol:
In
tern
al c
on
tro
l:
Inte
rnal
co
ntr
ol:
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
exo
gen
ou
sex
oge
no
us
exo
gen
ou
sex
oge
no
us
Ma
Ma
Ma
Mai
n i
nd
icat
ed u
sein
in
dic
ated
use
in i
nd
icat
ed u
sein
in
dic
ated
use
S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r
stu
die
sst
ud
ies
stu
die
sst
ud
iesb bbb
Th
is
Th
is
Th
is
Th
is
thes
is,
thes
is,
thes
is,
thes
is,
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
GP
5+/6
+
LM
NX
(L
Q
Tes
t)g
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
4 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, ~
150
bp
Yes
/no
Sc
reen
ing
Tri
age
afte
r cy
tolo
gy
Tes
t-of
-cu
re
- 4,
5, 1
0, 1
1
GP
5+/6
+ R
LB
(in
-hou
se)
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
23 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, ~
150
bp
No
/no
E
pid
emio
logy
an
d r
efle
x
gen
oty
pin
g af
ter
hrH
PV
po
siti
vity
by
EIA
Van
den
Bru
le, 2
002
(107
)
Mu
no
z, 2
003
(24)
Rij
kaar
t, 2
012
(108
)
3, 4
GP
5+/6
+ s
trip
(v1)
(R
H T
est)
h
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
4 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, ~
150
bp
No
/no
R
efle
x ge
no
typ
ing
afte
r
hrH
PV
po
siti
vity
by
EIA
- 3,
5
PG
MY
Lin
ear
Arr
ay
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
23 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, ~
450
bp
Yes
/no
N
ot
spec
ifie
d. U
sed
in
epid
emio
logi
cal
and
surv
eill
ance
stu
die
s. N
ot
clin
ical
ly v
alid
ated
Co
utl
ee, 2
006
(105
)
Wh
eele
r, 2
014
(32)
Tra
biz
i, 2
014
(106
)
-
Am
pli
cor
13 h
rHP
Vs
No
ne
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, ~
165
bp
Yes
f /no
N
ot
spec
ifie
d. N
ot
clin
ical
ly
vali
dat
ed (
rep
lace
d b
y C
ob
as)
Car
ozz
i, 20
07 (
92)
Mo,
200
8 (9
3)
Wen
tzen
sen
, 200
9 (9
1)
5
SFP
10 D
EIA
(ver
sio
n 1
)
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
at l
east
55
oth
er
HP
Vs
No
ne
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, 6
5 b
p
No
/no
V
acci
ne
tria
ls, s
urv
eill
ance
and
ep
idem
iolo
gy
Kle
ter,
199
8 (8
1)
PA
TR
ICIA
CV
T
Tja
lma,
201
2 (6
6)
2, 6
, 7, 8
, 9,
11
SPF
10 L
iPA
25
(ver
sio
n 1
)
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
11 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, 6
5 b
p
No
/no
V
acci
ne
tria
ls, s
urv
eill
ance
and
ep
idem
iolo
gy
Kle
ter,
199
9 (8
2)
PA
TR
ICIA
CV
T
Tja
lma,
201
2 (6
6)
2, 6
, 7, 8
, 9,
11
SPF
10 I
NN
O-
LiP
A e
xtra
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
14 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
BS-
PC
R a
nd
pro
be
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, L
1, 6
5 b
p
Yes
/no
N
ot
spec
ifie
d. U
sed
in
epid
emio
logi
cal
stu
die
s. N
ot
clin
ical
ly v
alid
ated
Bar
zon
, 201
2 (1
01)
Dar
tell
, 201
3 (1
02)
Co
lon
-Lo
pez
, 201
4 (1
03)
Kja
er, 2
014
(104
)
2
Mer
ck T
S
qP
CR
s
13 h
rHP
Vs
and
two
oth
er H
PV
s
Fu
ll
TS-
qP
CR
s fo
r ea
ch
typ
e se
par
atel
y
DN
A, L
1&E
6&E
7
or E
6&E
7d,i
Yes
f /no
V
acci
ne
tria
ls
Els
e, 2
011
(114
)
FU
TU
RE
I
FU
TU
RE
II
-
28
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
V t
est
HP
Vs
det
ecte
dH
PV
s d
etec
ted
HP
Vs
det
ecte
dH
PV
s d
etec
ted
a aaa C
on
curr
ent
Co
ncu
rren
t C
on
curr
ent
Co
ncu
rren
t
gen
oty
pin
gge
no
typ
ing
gen
oty
pin
gge
no
typ
ing
Tec
hn
olo
gyT
ech
no
logy
Tec
hn
olo
gyT
ech
no
logy
T
arge
tT
arge
tT
arge
tT
arge
t In
tern
al c
on
tro
l:
Inte
rnal
co
ntr
ol:
In
tern
al c
on
tro
l:
Inte
rnal
co
ntr
ol:
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
end
oge
no
us/
exo
gen
ou
sex
oge
no
us
exo
gen
ou
sex
oge
no
us
Ma
Ma
Ma
Mai
n i
nd
icat
ed u
sein
in
dic
ated
use
in i
nd
icat
ed u
sein
in
dic
ated
use
S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g S
up
po
rtin
g tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r tr
ials
an
d/o
r
stu
die
sst
ud
ies
stu
die
sst
ud
iesb bbb
Th
is
Th
is
Th
is
Th
is
thes
is,
thes
is,
thes
is,
thes
is,
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
chap
ter:
TS1
6/18
H
PV
16 a
nd
18
F
ull
T
S-P
CR
s an
d p
rob
e
hyb
rid
izat
ion
sep
arat
ely
DN
A, E
6/E
7, 9
2 b
p
and
L1,
126
bp
No
/no
V
acci
ne
tria
ls
Van
Do
orn
, 200
6 (7
1)
PA
TR
ICIA
CV
T
-
MP
TS1
2
HP
V16
, 18,
31,
33, 3
5, 4
5, 5
2,
58, a
nd
59
Fu
ll
Tw
o se
par
ate
TS-
PC
Rs
and
on
e p
robe
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, E
6, 5
5-13
9
bp
No
/no
V
acci
ne
tria
ls
Van
Ale
wij
k, 2
013
(72)
Skin
ner
, 201
4 (1
10)
-
MP
TS1
23
14 h
rHP
Vs
and
2 o
ther
HP
Vs
Fu
ll
Th
ree
sep
arat
e T
S-
PC
Rs
and
on
e p
robe
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, E
6, 5
5-13
9
bp
No
/no
V
acci
ne
tria
ls
Van
Ale
wij
k, 2
013
(72)
2
HP
V16
var
ian
t
RH
A
HP
V16
mai
n
vari
ant
lin
eage
s
n.a
.T
S-P
CR
an
d p
rob
e
hyb
rid
izat
ion
DN
A, E
6, 5
70 b
pj
No
/no
N
atu
ral h
isto
ry a
nd
epid
emio
logi
cal
stu
die
s o
f
HP
V16
var
ian
t in
fect
ion
s
San
chez
, 201
1 (1
23)
9
a Un
less
oth
erw
ise
spec
ifie
d,
13
hrH
PV
s re
fers
to
type
s 1
6,
18
, 3
1, 3
3, 3
5, 3
9, 4
5,
51,
52,
56,
58
, 5
9,
an
d 6
8;
14
hrH
PV
s re
fers
to
afo
rem
enti
oned
typ
es p
lus
HP
V6
6;
15
hrH
PV
s re
fers
to
afo
rem
enti
on
ed t
ypes
plu
s H
PV
66 a
nd
67
. b T
he
clin
ica
l tr
ials
are
: N
TC
C (
61);
AR
TIS
TIC
(6
0);
VU
SASC
RE
EN
(7
5);
PO
BA
SCA
M (
56);
SW
ED
ESC
RE
EN
(6
2);
AT
HE
NA
(9
4);
PA
TR
ICIA
(85
); C
VT
(8
3);
FU
TU
RE
I (
11
1);
FU
TU
RE
II
(112
).
c Cer
vist
a of
fers
no
con
curr
ent
gen
otyp
ing.
Par
tial
gen
otyp
ing
for
HP
V1
6 a
nd
18
is p
ossi
ble
th
rou
gh r
efle
x te
stin
g u
sin
g a
sep
ara
te a
ssa
y (C
ervi
sta
HP
V 1
6/1
8 T
est)
. dSi
ze o
f re
gio
n(s
) ta
rget
ed b
y p
rim
ers
not
sp
ecif
ied
in
kit
man
ua
l or
lit
era
ture
e O
ncl
ari
ty d
etec
ts a
dd
itio
na
l h
rHP
Vs
as t
hre
e gr
oups
, i.
e.,
33/5
8, 5
6/59
/66
, an
d 3
5/3
9/6
8.
f Inte
rnal
con
trol
an
alys
is i
s p
erfo
rmed
in
a s
epar
ate
ass
ay
in p
ara
llel
wit
h H
PV
an
aly
sis.
g Th
e L
MN
X G
enot
ypin
g ki
t H
PV
GP
(G
P5
+/6
+ L
MN
X; D
iass
ay B
V)
was
pre
viou
sly
mar
ket
ed a
s th
e d
igen
e H
PV
Gen
oty
pin
g L
Q T
est
(LQ
Tes
t, Q
iage
n).
hT
he
Gen
otyp
ing
kit
HP
V G
P,
vers
ion
1 (
GP
5+
/6+
str
ip; D
iass
ay
BV
) w
as
pre
vio
usl
y m
ark
eted
as
the
dig
ene
HP
V G
enot
ypin
g R
H T
est
(RH
Tes
t, Q
iage
n).
i A
tri
ple
x q
PC
R t
arg
ets
seq
uen
ces
in L
1,
E6
, an
d E
7 f
or H
PV
6,
11,
16,
18,
31,
45,
52,
an
d 5
8;
A d
upl
ex q
PC
R t
arg
ets
sequ
ence
s in
E6
an
d E
7 f
or H
PV
33,
35,
39,
51,
56,
an
d 5
9.
j In c
ase
of
spec
imen
s w
ith
poo
rly
pre
serv
ed D
NA
, fo
ur
sma
ller
, ov
erla
ppi
ng
fra
gmen
ts o
f 1
04,
109
, 65
, an
d 6
9 bp
, re
spec
tive
ly,
can
be
am
plif
ied
.
29
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
1.51.51.51.5 THESIS OUTLINETHESIS OUTLINETHESIS OUTLINETHESIS OUTLINE
In this thesis we aimed to evaluate a number of
established and novel PCR-based technologies for the
identification of HPVs, and apply these in
epidemiologic and clinical studies in accordance with
their intended use. These novel technologies comprise
additions and improvements to two established PCR-
based (hr)HPV test algorithms, which are current “gold
standards” for epidemiologic and for clinical purposes,
i.e., the SPF10 LiPA25 (version 1) (Figure 5) and the
GP5+/6+ EIA (Figure 6), respectively.
This thesis is divided into three main parts: 1) the
assessment of analytical accuracy of several recently
developed assays for HPV genotyping (Chapters 2Chapters 2Chapters 2Chapters 2----5555), 2)
the application of (novel) techniques for HPV
characterization in several avenues of research
(Chapters Chapters Chapters Chapters 6666----9999), and 3) the utility of novel
methodologies for hrHPV detection and self-sample
collection within a clinical setting (Chapters 10Chapters 10Chapters 10Chapters 10----11111111).
The findings of this thesis are discussed in the context
of other studies in the general discussion (Chapter 12Chapter 12Chapter 12Chapter 12).
Part1: Chapters 2 to 5 are technical chapters. These focus
on evaluating the analytical accuracy of novel HPV
genotyping assays.
Recently, three novel tests for HPV genotyping have
been introduced, i.e., INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping
Extra (INNO-LiPA), the GP5+/6+ strip (previously
marketed as digene HPV Genotyping RH Test) and the
GP5+/6+ LMNX (previously marketed as digene HPV
Genotyping LQ Test). Each test was evaluated against
an established genotyping assay that is relevant for its
intended use (‘gold standard’), i.e., analytical or clinical.
The INNO-LiPA was compared to the original SPF10
LiPA25 strip (version 1), the analytically sensitive gold
standard assay for epidemiologic studies and vaccine
trials (Chapter 2Chapter 2Chapter 2Chapter 2). Both assays were evaluated on a
selected panel of cervical swabs and biopsies, the two
types of specimens mostly used in epidemiologic HPV
research.
In contrast, the GP5+/6+ strip and GP5+/6+
LMNX were evaluated against the Reverse Line Blot
assay, an established in-house method for reflex
genotyping following the clinically validated GP5+/6+
PCR, in Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3 and Chapter 4Chapter 4Chapter 4Chapter 4, respectively.
Accurate identification of individual hrHPVs by these
assays might be valuable for further risk stratification of
women that tested hr HPV positive in a clinical setting.
In Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5, we investigated if the GP5+/6+ strip and
GP5+/6+ LMNX can be used for direct genotyping of
PCR products generated by another hrHPV test, i.e.,
Amplicor, in addition to the GP5+/6+ amplicons.
Part 2: Chapters 6 to 9 describe the applications of
genotyping assays in a research setting, e.g., surveillance
of prevalence, epidemiology (disease association), and
natural history of HPV infections
The SPF10 LiPA25 algorithm was used to determine the
prevalence of and determinants for hrHPV genotypes in
Paramaribo, Suriname, providing baseline data prior to
implementation of an HPV vaccination program in
2013 (Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6). Pre- and post-vaccination
surveillance of HPV prevalence is important for short-
term evaluation of the effects of a local HPV
vaccination program.
Chapter 7Chapter 7Chapter 7Chapter 7 describes the HPV genotype
distribution established by the SPF10 LiPA25 algorithm
in a worldwide collection of 10,575 cases of invasive
cervical carcinoma (ICC). The estimated attribution of
individual HPVs to ICC can provide insight into which
types should be given priority for assessment of cross-
protective effects of current vaccines and for
development of second-generation polyvalent vaccines.
In the same collection of ICC, we investigated the
presence of HPV types rarely targeted by current HPV
genotyping tests, using a novel sequence methodology
(Chapter 8Chapter 8Chapter 8Chapter 8). The contribution of rare HPVs classified
as possibly high-risk (Class 2B) due to their
phylogenetic relation with established hrHPVs (Class
1/2A), is of particular interest. Class 2B HPVs are
30
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
currently not targets of hrHPV tests intended for
cervical cancer screening, but their occurrence as single
infections in ICC could strengthen the circumstantial
evidence of a carcinogenic role.
In Chapter 9Chapter 9Chapter 9Chapter 9, we performed a longitudinal study
towards the natural history of infections with different
variant lineages of HPV16, the most carcinogenic HPV
type. European, African, Asian, North American and
Asian-American HPV16 variants were studied in
cervical swabs, whole-tissue sections and laser-capture
micro-dissected regions from biopsies, using a recently
developed HPV16 variant reverse hybridization assay.
We aimed to determine the prevalence of the different
variant lineages, and the dynamics of these infections
over time.
Part 3: Chapters 10 and 11 describe the applications of
genotyping assays in a clinical setting, e.g., for primary
cervical cancer screening and combined with a self-
sampling device.
Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Chapter 10 describes a clinical evaluation of the
GP5+/6+ LMNX using the GP5+/6+ EIA as a clinically
validated comparator hrHPV test. The utilized sample
panel was collected from a cervical cancer screening
setting by an international consortium (VALGENT)
and provides a cross-sectional clinical equivalence
comparison. A non-inferiority analysis of sensitivity
and specificity for detecting women with CIN2+ and
CIN3+ allows clinical validation of the GP5+/6+ LMNX
for screening purposes.
HrHPV analysis performed on cervicovaginal self-
collected specimens seems a suitable alternative for
liquid-based cervical specimens collected by a physician,
particularly for non-responders in cervical cancer
screening and in low-resource settings. The FTA solid-
state carrier cartridge is a novel self-sampling device
and was compared to physician-collected specimens
using two different HPV assays, i.e., GP5+/6+ LMNX
and the SPF10 LiPA25 algorithm, in CCCChapter 11hapter 11hapter 11hapter 11.
31
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Figure 5: Figure 5: Figure 5: Figure 5: Schematic overview of the SPF10 LiPA25 (version 1) test algorithm that is currently used as the gold standard
for HPV detection and genotyping in a research setting. Additional or alternative technologies for HPV
characterization that have been recently developed are also shown. The different technologies were evaluated and/or
applied in the indicated chapters of this thesis.
Processed clinical specimen
SPF10 PCR (version 1)
DEIA (version 1)
LiPA25 (version 1)
HPV16 variant RHA
Novel sequence methodology
HPV positive
HPV16 positive
HPV not typed
INNOSPF10 PCR
INNO-LiPA
Chapter 2: Alternative SPF10-based HPV
genotyping algorithm
Chapter 6: Pre-vaccination surveillance
of HPVs in Suriname
Chapter 7: Global attribution of HPVs to
cervical cancer
Chapter 8: Detection of rare, possibly hrHPVs in
cervical cancers
CChhaapptteerr 99:: NNaattuurraall hhiissttoorryy ooff HHPPVV1166 vvaarriiaanntt
iinnffeeccttiioonnss
32
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Figure 6: Figure 6: Figure 6: Figure 6: Schematic overview of the GP5+/6+ EIA test algorithm that is currently regarded as one of the clinically
validated reference assays for hrHPV detection in a clinical setting. Alternative technologies for hrHPV detection and
genotyping as well as a novel method for sample collection are also shown. These novel technologies were evaluated in
the indicated chapters of this thesis.
Chapter 11: Alternative self-sampling method
using FTA solid carrier
Chapter 3: Alternative GP5+/6+-based hrHPV genotyping read-out
Chapter 4: Alternative GP5+/6+-based hrHPV genotyping read-out
Processed clinical specimen
GP5+/6+ PCR
EIA
Reverse Line Blot
hrHPV positive
Chapter 10: Alternative GP5+/6+-based hrHPV
detection read-out
LMNX (LQ Test)
Strip (RH Test)
LMNX (LQ Test)
Amplicor PCR
Amplicor
hrHPV positive
Chapter 5: Direct Amplicor-based hrHPV
genotyping read-out
33
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
1.61.61.61.6 REFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES
1.1.1.1. Ferlay J, Ferlay J, Ferlay J, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C,
Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray FRebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray FRebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray FRebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and
mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in
GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-86. Epub
2014/09/16.
2.2.2.2. Schiffman M, CastleSchiffman M, CastleSchiffman M, CastleSchiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC,
Wacholder SWacholder SWacholder SWacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet.
2007;370(9590):890-907. Epub 2007/09/11.
3.3.3.3. Ambros RA, Park JS, Shah KV, Kurman RJAmbros RA, Park JS, Shah KV, Kurman RJAmbros RA, Park JS, Shah KV, Kurman RJAmbros RA, Park JS, Shah KV, Kurman RJ. Evaluation of
histologic, morphometric, and immunohistochemical criteria in the
differential diagnosis of small cell carcinomas of the cervix with
particular reference to human papillomavirus types 16 and 18.
ModPathol. 1991;4(5):586-93.
4.4.4.4. Peto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FEPeto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FEPeto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FEPeto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FE. The cervical cancer
epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK. Lancet.
2004;364(9430):249-56. Epub 2004/07/21.
5.5.5.5. McCredie MR, Sharples KJ, Paul C, Baranyai J, Medley G, McCredie MR, Sharples KJ, Paul C, Baranyai J, Medley G, McCredie MR, Sharples KJ, Paul C, Baranyai J, Medley G, McCredie MR, Sharples KJ, Paul C, Baranyai J, Medley G,
Jones RW, Skegg DCJones RW, Skegg DCJones RW, Skegg DCJones RW, Skegg DC. Natural history of cervical neoplasia and risk
of invasive cancer in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3:
a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(5):425-34. Epub
2008/04/15.
6.6.6.6. McIndoe WA, McLean MR, Jones RW, Mullins PRMcIndoe WA, McLean MR, Jones RW, Mullins PRMcIndoe WA, McLean MR, Jones RW, Mullins PRMcIndoe WA, McLean MR, Jones RW, Mullins PR. The
invasive potential of carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol.
1984;64(4):451-8. Epub 1984/10/01.
7.7.7.7. HolowatyHolowatyHolowatyHolowaty P, Miller AB, Rohan T, To TP, Miller AB, Rohan T, To TP, Miller AB, Rohan T, To TP, Miller AB, Rohan T, To T. Natural history of
dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(3):252-8.
Epub 1999/02/26.
8.8.8.8. Steenbergen RD, Snijders PJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJSteenbergen RD, Snijders PJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJSteenbergen RD, Snijders PJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJSteenbergen RD, Snijders PJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJ.
Clinical implications of (epi)genetic changes in HPV-induced
cervical precancerous lesions. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14(6):395-405.
Epub 2014/05/24.
9.9.9.9. Woodman CB, Collins SI, Young LSWoodman CB, Collins SI, Young LSWoodman CB, Collins SI, Young LSWoodman CB, Collins SI, Young LS. The natural history of
cervical HPV infection: unresolved issues. Nat Rev Cancer.
2007;7(1):11-22. Epub 2006/12/23.
10.10.10.10. De Villiers EM, FDe Villiers EM, FDe Villiers EM, FDe Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zurauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur auquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zurauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur
Hausen HHausen HHausen HHausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology.
2004;324(1):17-27.
11.11.11.11. Bernard HUBernard HUBernard HUBernard HU. Taxonomy and phylogeny of papillomaviruses: an
overview and recent developments. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;18:357-
61. Epub 2013/03/26.
12.12.12.12. Bernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zurBernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zur Bernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zurBernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zur
Hausen H, de Villiers EMHausen H, de Villiers EMHausen H, de Villiers EMHausen H, de Villiers EM. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs)
based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments.
Virology. 2010;401(1):70-9. Epub 2010/03/09.
13.13.13.13. Bravo IG, de Bravo IG, de Bravo IG, de Bravo IG, de Sanjose S, Gottschling MSanjose S, Gottschling MSanjose S, Gottschling MSanjose S, Gottschling M. The clinical
importance of understanding the evolution of papillomaviruses.
Trends Microbiol. 2010;18(10):432-8. Epub 2010/08/27.
14.14.14.14. Gillison ML, Shah KVGillison ML, Shah KVGillison ML, Shah KVGillison ML, Shah KV. Chapter 9: Role of mucosal human
papillomavirus in nongenital cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr.
2003(31):57-65. Epub 2003/06/17.
15.15.15.15. Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Hildesheim A,
Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, Morales J, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, Morales J, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, Morales J, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, Morales J,
Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M, Wright TC, Solomon D, Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M, Wright TC, Solomon D, Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M, Wright TC, Solomon D, Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M, Wright TC, Solomon D,
Chen Z, Schussler J, Castle Chen Z, Schussler J, Castle Chen Z, Schussler J, Castle Chen Z, Schussler J, Castle PE, Burk RDPE, Burk RDPE, Burk RDPE, Burk RD. The carcinogenicity of
human papillomavirus types reflects viral evolution. Virology.
2005;337(1):76-84. Epub 2005/05/26.
16.16.16.16. Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR,Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR,Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR,
Stanley MAStanley MAStanley MAStanley MA. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses.
Vaccine. 2012;30 Suppl 5:F55-70. Epub 2012/12/05.
17.17.17.17. Ho L, Chan SY, Burk RD, Das BC, Fujinaga K, Icenogle JP,Ho L, Chan SY, Burk RD, Das BC, Fujinaga K, Icenogle JP, Ho L, Chan SY, Burk RD, Das BC, Fujinaga K, Icenogle JP,Ho L, Chan SY, Burk RD, Das BC, Fujinaga K, Icenogle JP,
Kahn T, Kiviat N, Lancaster W, MavromaraKahn T, Kiviat N, Lancaster W, MavromaraKahn T, Kiviat N, Lancaster W, MavromaraKahn T, Kiviat N, Lancaster W, Mavromara----Nazos PNazos PNazos PNazos P. The
genetic drift of human papillomavirus type 16 is a means of
reconstructing prehistoric viral spread and the movement of ancient
human populations. JVirol. 1993;67(11):6413-23.
18.18.18.18. Burk RD, Harari A, Chen ZBurk RD, Harari A, Chen ZBurk RD, Harari A, Chen ZBurk RD, Harari A, Chen Z. Human papillomavirus genome
variants. Virology. 2013;445(1-2):232-43. Epub 2013/09/04.
19.19.19.19. Yu T, Ferber MJ, Cheung TH, Chung TK, WoYu T, Ferber MJ, Cheung TH, Chung TK, WoYu T, Ferber MJ, Cheung TH, Chung TK, WoYu T, Ferber MJ, Cheung TH, Chung TK, Wong YF, Smith ng YF, Smith ng YF, Smith ng YF, Smith
DIDIDIDI. The role of viral integration in the development of cervical
cancer. Cancer GenetCytogenet. 2005;158(1):27-34.
20.20.20.20. Wentzensen N, Ridder R, Klaes R, Vinokurova S, Schaefer U,Wentzensen N, Ridder R, Klaes R, Vinokurova S, Schaefer U, Wentzensen N, Ridder R, Klaes R, Vinokurova S, Schaefer U,Wentzensen N, Ridder R, Klaes R, Vinokurova S, Schaefer U,
Doeberitz MKDoeberitz MKDoeberitz MKDoeberitz MK. Characterization of viral-cellular fusion transcripts
in a large series of HPV16 and 18 positive anogenital lesions.
Oncogene. 2002;21(3):419-26.
21.21.21.21. Snijders PJ, Steenbergen RD, Heideman DA, Meijer CJSnijders PJ, Steenbergen RD, Heideman DA, Meijer CJSnijders PJ, Steenbergen RD, Heideman DA, Meijer CJSnijders PJ, Steenbergen RD, Heideman DA, Meijer CJ.
HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis: concepts and clinical
implications. J Pathol. 2006;208(2):152-64. Epub 2005/12/20.
22.22.22.22. Woodman CB, Collins S, Winter H, Bailey A, Ellis J, Prior P,Woodman CB, Collins S, Winter H, Bailey A, Ellis J, Prior P, Woodman CB, Collins S, Winter H, Bailey A, Ellis J, Prior P,Woodman CB, Collins S, Winter H, Bailey A, Ellis J, Prior P,
Yates M, Rollason TP, Young LSYates M, Rollason TP, Young LSYates M, Rollason TP, Young LSYates M, Rollason TP, Young LS. Natural history of cervical
human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal
cohort study. Lancet. 2001;357(9271):1831-6. Epub 2001/06/19.
23.23.23.23. Vink MA, Bogaards JA, van Kemenade FJ, de Melker HE,Vink MA, Bogaards JA, van Kemenade FJ, de Melker HE, Vink MA, Bogaards JA, van Kemenade FJ, de Melker HE,Vink MA, Bogaards JA, van Kemenade FJ, de Melker HE,
Meijer CJ, Berkhof JMeijer CJ, Berkhof JMeijer CJ, Berkhof JMeijer CJ, Berkhof J. Clinical progression of high-grade cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia: estimating the time to preclinical cervical
cancer from doubly censored national registry data. Am J Epidemiol.
2013;178(7):1161-9. Epub 2013/07/31.
24.24.24.24. Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X,Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X,Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X,
Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJShah KV, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJShah KV, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJShah KV, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ. Epidemiologic classification of
human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl
J Med. 2003;348(6):518-27. Epub 2003/02/07.
25.25.25.25. Burk RD, Chen Z, Van Doorslaer KBurk RD, Chen Z, Van Doorslaer KBurk RD, Chen Z, Van Doorslaer KBurk RD, Chen Z, Van Doorslaer K. Human papillomaviruses:
genetic basis of carcinogenicity. Public Health Genomics. 2009;12(5-
6):281-90. Epub 2009/08/18.
26.26.26.26. Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, ElBouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, ElBouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El
GhiGhiGhiGhissassi F, Benbrahimssassi F, Benbrahimssassi F, Benbrahimssassi F, Benbrahim----Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet
L, Cogliano VL, Cogliano VL, Cogliano VL, Cogliano V. A review of human carcinogens--Part B: biological
agents. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(4):321-2. Epub 2009/04/08.
27.27.27.27. Khan MJ, Castle PE, Lorincz AT, Wacholder S, Sherman M, Khan MJ, Castle PE, Lorincz AT, Wacholder S, Sherman M, Khan MJ, Castle PE, Lorincz AT, Wacholder S, Sherman M, Khan MJ, Castle PE, Lorincz AT, Wacholder S, Sherman M,
Scott DR, Rush BScott DR, Rush BScott DR, Rush BScott DR, Rush BB, Glass AG, Schiffman MB, Glass AG, Schiffman MB, Glass AG, Schiffman MB, Glass AG, Schiffman M. The elevated 10-year
risk of cervical precancer and cancer in women with human
papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 or 18 and the possible utility of type-
specific HPV testing in clinical practice. J Natl Cancer Inst.
2005;97(14):1072-9. Epub 2005/07/21.
28.28.28.28. Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Bleeker MC, Bulk S, Snijders PJ, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Bleeker MC, Bulk S, Snijders PJ, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Bleeker MC, Bulk S, Snijders PJ, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Bleeker MC, Bulk S, Snijders PJ,
Voorhorst FJ, Meijer CJVoorhorst FJ, Meijer CJVoorhorst FJ, Meijer CJVoorhorst FJ, Meijer CJ. Human papillomavirus type-specific 18-
month risk of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women
with a normal or borderline/mildly dyskaryotic smear. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(7):1268-73. Epub 2006/07/13.
29.29.29.29. Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G,
Hansson BG, Rylander E, Dillner JHansson BG, Rylander E, Dillner JHansson BG, Rylander E, Dillner JHansson BG, Rylander E, Dillner J. HPV type-specific risks of
high-grade CIN during 4 years of follow-up: a population-based
prospective study. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(1):129-32. Epub 2007/06/07.
34
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
30.30.30.30. Kjaer SK, Frederiksen K, Munk C, Iftner TKjaer SK, Frederiksen K, Munk C, Iftner TKjaer SK, Frederiksen K, Munk C, Iftner TKjaer SK, Frederiksen K, Munk C, Iftner T. Long-term
absolute risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse
following human papillomavirus infection: role of persistence. J Natl
Cancer Inst. 2010;102(19):1478-88. Epub 2010/09/16.
31.31.31.31. Schiffman M, Glass AG, Wentzensen N, Rush BB, Castle PE, Schiffman M, Glass AG, Wentzensen N, Rush BB, Castle PE, Schiffman M, Glass AG, Wentzensen N, Rush BB, Castle PE, Schiffman M, Glass AG, Wentzensen N, Rush BB, Castle PE,
Scott DR, Buckland J, Sherman ME, Rydzak G, Kirk P, Lorincz Scott DR, Buckland J, Sherman ME, Rydzak G, Kirk P, Lorincz Scott DR, Buckland J, Sherman ME, Rydzak G, Kirk P, Lorincz Scott DR, Buckland J, Sherman ME, Rydzak G, Kirk P, Lorincz
AT, Wacholder S, Burk RDAT, Wacholder S, Burk RDAT, Wacholder S, Burk RDAT, Wacholder S, Burk RD. A long-term prospective study of
type-specific human papillomavirus infection and risk of cervical
neoplasia among 20,000 women in the Portland Kaiser Cohort
Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(7):1398-409.
Epub 2011/05/24.
32.32.32.32. Wheeler CM, Hunt WC, Cuzick J, Langsfeld E, Robertson M, Wheeler CM, Hunt WC, Cuzick J, Langsfeld E, Robertson M, Wheeler CM, Hunt WC, Cuzick J, Langsfeld E, Robertson M, Wheeler CM, Hunt WC, Cuzick J, Langsfeld E, Robertson M,
CastlCastlCastlCastle PEe PEe PEe PE. The influence of type-specific human papillomavirus
infections on the detection of cervical precancer and cancer: A
population-based study of opportunistic cervical screening in the
United States. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(3):624-34. Epub 2013/11/15.
33333333.... Bulk S, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Zielinski GD, Rozendaal L, Bulk S, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Zielinski GD, Rozendaal L, Bulk S, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Zielinski GD, Rozendaal L, Bulk S, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Zielinski GD, Rozendaal L,
van Kemenade FJ, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJvan Kemenade FJ, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJvan Kemenade FJ, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJvan Kemenade FJ, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ. Preferential risk of
HPV16 for squamous cell carcinoma and of HPV18 for
adenocarcinoma of the cervix compared to women with normal
cytology in The Netherlands. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(1):171-5. Epub
2006/01/13.
34.34.34.34. Guan P, HowellGuan P, HowellGuan P, HowellGuan P, Howell----Jones R, Li N, Bruni L, de Sanjose S, Jones R, Li N, Bruni L, de Sanjose S, Jones R, Li N, Bruni L, de Sanjose S, Jones R, Li N, Bruni L, de Sanjose S,
Franceschi S, Clifford GMFranceschi S, Clifford GMFranceschi S, Clifford GMFranceschi S, Clifford GM. Human papillomavirus types in
115,789 HPV-positive women: a meta-analysis from cervical
infection to cancer. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(10):2349-59. Epub
2012/02/11.
35.35.35.35. Schiffman M, Rodriguez AC, Chen Z, Wacholder S, Herrero Schiffman M, Rodriguez AC, Chen Z, Wacholder S, Herrero Schiffman M, Rodriguez AC, Chen Z, Wacholder S, Herrero Schiffman M, Rodriguez AC, Chen Z, Wacholder S, Herrero
R, Hildesheim A, Desalle R, Befano B, Yu K, Safaeian M, R, Hildesheim A, Desalle R, Befano B, Yu K, Safaeian M, R, Hildesheim A, Desalle R, Befano B, Yu K, Safaeian M, R, Hildesheim A, Desalle R, Befano B, Yu K, Safaeian M,
Sherman ME, Morales J, Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M, Sherman ME, Morales J, Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M, Sherman ME, Morales J, Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M, Sherman ME, Morales J, Guillen D, Alfaro M, Hutchinson M,
Solomon D, Castle PE, Burk RDSolomon D, Castle PE, Burk RDSolomon D, Castle PE, Burk RDSolomon D, Castle PE, Burk RD. A population-based prospective
study of carcinogenic human papillomavirus variant lineages, viral
persistence, and cervical neoplasia. Cancer Res. 2010;70(8):3159-69.
Epub 2010/04/01.
36.36.36.36. Villa LL, Sichero L, Rahal P, Caballero O, Ferenczy A, Rohan Villa LL, Sichero L, Rahal P, Caballero O, Ferenczy A, Rohan Villa LL, Sichero L, Rahal P, Caballero O, Ferenczy A, Rohan Villa LL, Sichero L, Rahal P, Caballero O, Ferenczy A, Rohan
T, Franco ELT, Franco ELT, Franco ELT, Franco EL. Molecular variants of human papillomavirus types 16
and 18 preferentially associated with cervical neoplasia. JGenVirol.
2000;81(Pt 12):2959-68.
37.37.37.37. Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Bromley C, Wacholder S, Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Bromley C, Wacholder S, Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Bromley C, Wacholder S, Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Bromley C, Wacholder S,
Herrero R, Rodriguez A, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, ScarpidisHerrero R, Rodriguez A, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, ScarpidisHerrero R, Rodriguez A, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, ScarpidisHerrero R, Rodriguez A, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, Scarpidis U, U, U, U,
Lin QQ, Terai M, Bromley RL, Buetow K, Apple RJ, Burk RDLin QQ, Terai M, Bromley RL, Buetow K, Apple RJ, Burk RDLin QQ, Terai M, Bromley RL, Buetow K, Apple RJ, Burk RDLin QQ, Terai M, Bromley RL, Buetow K, Apple RJ, Burk RD.
Human papillomavirus type 16 variants and risk of cervical cancer.
JNatlCancer Inst. 2001;93(4):315-8.
38.38.38.38. Sichero L, Ferreira S, Trottier H, DuarteSichero L, Ferreira S, Trottier H, DuarteSichero L, Ferreira S, Trottier H, DuarteSichero L, Ferreira S, Trottier H, Duarte----Franco E, Ferenczy Franco E, Ferenczy Franco E, Ferenczy Franco E, Ferenczy
A, Franco EL, Villa LLA, Franco EL, Villa LLA, Franco EL, Villa LLA, Franco EL, Villa LL. High grade cervical lesions are caused
preferentially by non-European variants of HPVs 16 and 18. Int J
Cancer. 2007;120(8):1763-8. Epub 2007/01/19.
39.39.39.39. Xi LF, Koutsky LA, Hildesheim A, Galloway DA, Wheeler Xi LF, Koutsky LA, Hildesheim A, Galloway DA, Wheeler Xi LF, Koutsky LA, Hildesheim A, Galloway DA, Wheeler Xi LF, Koutsky LA, Hildesheim A, Galloway DA, Wheeler
CM, Winer RL, Ho J, Kiviat NBCM, Winer RL, Ho J, Kiviat NBCM, Winer RL, Ho J, Kiviat NBCM, Winer RL, Ho J, Kiviat NB. Risk for high-grade cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia associated with variants of human
papillomavirus types 16 and 18. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2007;16(1):4-10. Epub 2007/01/16.
40.40.40.40. Zuna RE, Moore WE, Shanesmith RP, Dunn ST, Wang SS, Zuna RE, Moore WE, Shanesmith RP, Dunn ST, Wang SS, Zuna RE, Moore WE, Shanesmith RP, Dunn ST, Wang SS, Zuna RE, Moore WE, Shanesmith RP, Dunn ST, Wang SS,
Schiffman M, Blakey GL, Teel TSchiffman M, Blakey GL, Teel TSchiffman M, Blakey GL, Teel TSchiffman M, Blakey GL, Teel T. Association of HPV16 E6
variants with diagnostic severity in cervical cytology samples of 354
women in a US population. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(11):2609-13.
Epub 2009/07/02.
41.41.41.41. Berumen J, Ordonez RM, Lazcano E, Salmeron J, Galvan SC, Berumen J, Ordonez RM, Lazcano E, Salmeron J, Galvan SC, Berumen J, Ordonez RM, Lazcano E, Salmeron J, Galvan SC, Berumen J, Ordonez RM, Lazcano E, Salmeron J, Galvan SC,
Estrada RA, Yunes E, Estrada RA, Yunes E, Estrada RA, Yunes E, Estrada RA, Yunes E, GarciaGarciaGarciaGarcia----Carranca A, GonzalezCarranca A, GonzalezCarranca A, GonzalezCarranca A, Gonzalez----Lira G, Lira G, Lira G, Lira G,
MadrigalMadrigalMadrigalMadrigal----de la CAde la CAde la CAde la CA. Asian-American variants of human
papillomavirus 16 and risk for cervical cancer: a case-control study.
JNatlCancer Inst. 2001;93(17):1325-30.
42.42.42.42. Burk RD, Terai M, Gravitt PE, Brinton LA, Kurman RJ, Burk RD, Terai M, Gravitt PE, Brinton LA, Kurman RJ, Burk RD, Terai M, Gravitt PE, Brinton LA, Kurman RJ, Burk RD, Terai M, Gravitt PE, Brinton LA, Kurman RJ,
BaBaBaBarnes WA, Greenberg MD, Hadjimichael OC, Fu L, McGowan rnes WA, Greenberg MD, Hadjimichael OC, Fu L, McGowan rnes WA, Greenberg MD, Hadjimichael OC, Fu L, McGowan rnes WA, Greenberg MD, Hadjimichael OC, Fu L, McGowan
L, Mortel R, Schwartz PE, Hildesheim AL, Mortel R, Schwartz PE, Hildesheim AL, Mortel R, Schwartz PE, Hildesheim AL, Mortel R, Schwartz PE, Hildesheim A. Distribution of human
papillomavirus types 16 and 18 variants in squamous cell
carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the cervix. Cancer Res.
2003;63(21):7215-20.
43.43.43.43. Stanley M, Pinto LA, Trimble CStanley M, Pinto LA, Trimble CStanley M, Pinto LA, Trimble CStanley M, Pinto LA, Trimble C. Human papillomavirus
vaccines--immune responses. Vaccine. 2012;30 Suppl 5:F83-7. Epub
2012/12/05.
44.44.44.44. Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B, Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B, Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B, Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B,
Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Meric D, Dessy FJ, Datta SK, Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Meric D, Dessy FJ, Datta SK, Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Meric D, Dessy FJ, Datta SK, Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Meric D, Dessy FJ, Datta SK,
DescamDescamDescamDescamps D, Dubin Gps D, Dubin Gps D, Dubin Gps D, Dubin G. Comparative immunogenicity and safety of
human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine and HPV-6/11/16/18
vaccine: follow-up from months 12-24 in a Phase III randomized
study of healthy women aged 18-45 years. Hum Vaccin.
2011;7(12):1343-58. Epub 2011/11/04.
45.45.45.45. Schiller JT, Castellsague X, Garland SMSchiller JT, Castellsague X, Garland SMSchiller JT, Castellsague X, Garland SMSchiller JT, Castellsague X, Garland SM. A review of clinical
trials of human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines. Vaccine.
2012;30 Suppl 5:F123-38. Epub 2012/12/05.
46.46.46.46. Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, James M, Lu S, Railkar R, Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, James M, Lu S, Railkar R, Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, James M, Lu S, Railkar R, Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, James M, Lu S, Railkar R,
Barr E, HaBarr E, HaBarr E, HaBarr E, Haupt RM, Joura EAupt RM, Joura EAupt RM, Joura EAupt RM, Joura EA. Natural history of genital warts:
analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a
quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine.
J Infect Dis. 2009;199(6):805-14. Epub 2009/02/10.
47.47.47.47. Dillner J, KjaDillner J, KjaDillner J, KjaDillner J, Kjaer SK, Wheeler CM, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, er SK, Wheeler CM, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, er SK, Wheeler CM, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, er SK, Wheeler CM, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE,
HernandezHernandezHernandezHernandez----Avila M, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Avila M, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Avila M, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Avila M, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH,
Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang
GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX, GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX, GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX, GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX,
Joura EA, Majewski S, Munoz N, MyeJoura EA, Majewski S, Munoz N, MyeJoura EA, Majewski S, Munoz N, MyeJoura EA, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, rs ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, rs ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, rs ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ,
Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan JT, Maansson R, Lu S, Vuocolo S, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan JT, Maansson R, Lu S, Vuocolo S, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan JT, Maansson R, Lu S, Vuocolo S, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan JT, Maansson R, Lu S, Vuocolo S,
Hesley TM, Barr E, Haupt RHesley TM, Barr E, Haupt RHesley TM, Barr E, Haupt RHesley TM, Barr E, Haupt R. Four year efficacy of prophylactic
human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade
cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital
warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c3493. Epub
2010/07/22.
48.48.48.48. Chow EP, Read TR, Wigan R, Donovan B, Chen MY, Chow EP, Read TR, Wigan R, Donovan B, Chen MY, Chow EP, Read TR, Wigan R, Donovan B, Chen MY, Chow EP, Read TR, Wigan R, Donovan B, Chen MY,
Bradshaw CS, Fairley CKBradshaw CS, Fairley CKBradshaw CS, Fairley CKBradshaw CS, Fairley CK. Ongoing decline in genital warts among
young heterosexuals 7 years after the Australian human
papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme. Sex Transm Infect.
2014. Epub 2014/10/12.
49.49.49.49. Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Wheeler CM, Chow SN, Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Wheeler CM, Chow SN, Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Wheeler CM, Chow SN, Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Wheeler CM, Chow SN,
Apter D, Kitchener H, Castellsague X, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, Apter D, Kitchener H, Castellsague X, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, Apter D, Kitchener H, Castellsague X, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, Apter D, Kitchener H, Castellsague X, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR,
Hedrick J, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G, Hedrick J, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G, Hedrick J, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G, Hedrick J, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G, Garland S, Szarewski A, Garland S, Szarewski A, Garland S, Szarewski A, Garland S, Szarewski A,
Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX,
Jenkins D, Hardt K, Zahaf T, Descamps D, Struyf F, Lehtinen M, Jenkins D, Hardt K, Zahaf T, Descamps D, Struyf F, Lehtinen M, Jenkins D, Hardt K, Zahaf T, Descamps D, Struyf F, Lehtinen M, Jenkins D, Hardt K, Zahaf T, Descamps D, Struyf F, Lehtinen M,
Dubin GDubin GDubin GDubin G. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-
adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused
by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-
blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet.
2009;374(9686):301-14. Epub 2009/07/10.
50.50.50.50. Brown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, HernandezBrown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, HernandezBrown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, HernandezBrown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez----
Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, KoutAvila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, KoutAvila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, KoutAvila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, sky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, sky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, sky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P,
35
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris
DG, Paavonen J, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, DG, Paavonen J, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, DG, Paavonen J, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, DG, Paavonen J, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA,
Kurman RJ, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo Kurman RJ, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo Kurman RJ, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo Kurman RJ, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo
FJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Lupinacci LC, GiacFJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Lupinacci LC, GiacFJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Lupinacci LC, GiacFJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Lupinacci LC, Giacoletti KE, oletti KE, oletti KE, oletti KE,
Sings HL, James M, Hesley TM, Barr ESings HL, James M, Hesley TM, Barr ESings HL, James M, Hesley TM, Barr ESings HL, James M, Hesley TM, Barr E. The impact of
quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV; types 6, 11, 16, and 18)
L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to
oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in generally HPV-naive women
aged 16-26 years. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(7):926-35. Epub 2009/02/25.
51.51.51.51. Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B, Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B, Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B, Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Fox B,
Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Lebacq M, van der Most R, Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Lebacq M, van der Most R, Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Lebacq M, van der Most R, Scholar S, Rosen J, Chakhtoura N, Lebacq M, van der Most R,
Moris P, Giannini SL, Schuind A, Datta SK, Descamps DMoris P, Giannini SL, Schuind A, Datta SK, Descamps DMoris P, Giannini SL, Schuind A, Datta SK, Descamps DMoris P, Giannini SL, Schuind A, Datta SK, Descamps D.
Comparison of the immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus
(HPV)-16/18 vaccine and the HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine for
oncogenic non-vaccine types HPV-31 and HPV-45 in healthy
women aged 18-45 years. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7(12):1359-73. Epub
2011/11/04.
52.52.52.52. Kemp TJ, Hildesheim A, SafKemp TJ, Hildesheim A, SafKemp TJ, Hildesheim A, SafKemp TJ, Hildesheim A, Safaeian M, Dauner JG, Pan Y, aeian M, Dauner JG, Pan Y, aeian M, Dauner JG, Pan Y, aeian M, Dauner JG, Pan Y,
Porras C, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Herrero R, Pinto LAPorras C, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Herrero R, Pinto LAPorras C, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Herrero R, Pinto LAPorras C, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Herrero R, Pinto LA. HPV16/18
L1 VLP vaccine induces cross-neutralizing antibodies that may
mediate cross-protection. Vaccine. 2011;29(11):2011-4. Epub
2011/01/19.
53.53.53.53. Bulk S, Van Kemenade FJ, Bulk S, Van Kemenade FJ, Bulk S, Van Kemenade FJ, Bulk S, Van Kemenade FJ, Rozendaal L, Meijer CJRozendaal L, Meijer CJRozendaal L, Meijer CJRozendaal L, Meijer CJ. The
Dutch CISOE-A framework for cytology reporting increases efficacy
of screening upon standardisation since 1996. J Clin Pathol.
2004;57(4):388-93. Epub 2004/03/30.
54.54.54.54. Bulkmans NW, Rozendaal L, Snijders PJ, Voorhorst FJ, Bulkmans NW, Rozendaal L, Snijders PJ, Voorhorst FJ, Bulkmans NW, Rozendaal L, Snijders PJ, Voorhorst FJ, Bulkmans NW, Rozendaal L, Snijders PJ, Voorhorst FJ,
Boeke AJBoeke AJBoeke AJBoeke AJ, Zandwijken GR, van Kemenade FJ, Verheijen RH, v , Zandwijken GR, van Kemenade FJ, Verheijen RH, v , Zandwijken GR, van Kemenade FJ, Verheijen RH, v , Zandwijken GR, van Kemenade FJ, Verheijen RH, v
Groningen K, Boon ME, Keuning HJ, van Ballegooijen M, van Groningen K, Boon ME, Keuning HJ, van Ballegooijen M, van Groningen K, Boon ME, Keuning HJ, van Ballegooijen M, van Groningen K, Boon ME, Keuning HJ, van Ballegooijen M, van
den Brule AJ, Meijer CJden Brule AJ, Meijer CJden Brule AJ, Meijer CJden Brule AJ, Meijer CJ. POBASCAM, a population-based
randomized controlled trial for implementation of high-risk HPV
testing in cervical screening: design, methods and baseline data of
44,102 women. Int J Cancer. 2004;110(1):94-101. Epub 2004/04/01.
55.55.55.55. Bulkmans NW, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ, Bulkmans NW, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ, Bulkmans NW, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ, Bulkmans NW, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ,
Boeke AJ, Bulk S, Voorhorst FJ, Verheijen RH, van Groningen Boeke AJ, Bulk S, Voorhorst FJ, Verheijen RH, van Groningen Boeke AJ, Bulk S, Voorhorst FJ, Verheijen RH, van Groningen Boeke AJ, Bulk S, Voorhorst FJ, Verheijen RH, van Groningen
K, Boon ME, Ruitinga W, van BallegoK, Boon ME, Ruitinga W, van BallegoK, Boon ME, Ruitinga W, van BallegoK, Boon ME, Ruitinga W, van Ballegooijen M, Snijders PJ, oijen M, Snijders PJ, oijen M, Snijders PJ, oijen M, Snijders PJ,
Meijer CJMeijer CJMeijer CJMeijer CJ. Human papillomavirus DNA testing for the detection of
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cancer: 5-year follow-
up of a randomised controlled implementation trial. Lancet.
2007;370(9601):1764-72. Epub 2007/10/09.
56.56.56.56. Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, van Kemenade FJ,
Bulkmans NW, Heideman DA, Kenter GG, Cuzick J, Snijders PJ, Bulkmans NW, Heideman DA, Kenter GG, Cuzick J, Snijders PJ, Bulkmans NW, Heideman DA, Kenter GG, Cuzick J, Snijders PJ, Bulkmans NW, Heideman DA, Kenter GG, Cuzick J, Snijders PJ,
Meijer CJMeijer CJMeijer CJMeijer CJ. Human papillomavirus testing for the detection of high-
grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer: final results of
the POBASCAM randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol.
2012;13(1):78-88. Epub 2011/12/20.
57.57.57.57. Mayrand MH, DuarteMayrand MH, DuarteMayrand MH, DuarteMayrand MH, Duarte----Franco E, Rodrigues I, Walter SD, Franco E, Rodrigues I, Walter SD, Franco E, Rodrigues I, Walter SD, Franco E, Rodrigues I, Walter SD,
Hanley J, Ferenczy A, Ratnam S, Coutlee F, Franco ELHanley J, Ferenczy A, Ratnam S, Coutlee F, Franco ELHanley J, Ferenczy A, Ratnam S, Coutlee F, Franco ELHanley J, Ferenczy A, Ratnam S, Coutlee F, Franco EL. Human
papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for
cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(16):1579-88. Epub
2007/10/19.
58.58.58.58. Leinonen M, Nieminen P, KotaniemiLeinonen M, Nieminen P, KotaniemiLeinonen M, Nieminen P, KotaniemiLeinonen M, Nieminen P, Kotaniemi----Talonen L, Malila N, Talonen L, Malila N, Talonen L, Malila N, Talonen L, Malila N,
Tarkkanen J, Laurila P, Anttila ATarkkanen J, Laurila P, Anttila ATarkkanen J, Laurila P, Anttila ATarkkanen J, Laurila P, Anttila A. Age-specific evaluation of
primary human papillomavirus screening vs conventional cytology
in a randomized setting. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(23):1612-23.
Epub 2009/11/12.
59.59.59.59. Sankaranarayanan R, Nene BM, Shastri SS, Jayant K, Sankaranarayanan R, Nene BM, Shastri SS, Jayant K, Sankaranarayanan R, Nene BM, Shastri SS, Jayant K, Sankaranarayanan R, Nene BM, Shastri SS, Jayant K,
Muwonge R, Budukh AM, Hingmire S, Malvi SG, Thorat R, Muwonge R, Budukh AM, Hingmire S, Malvi SG, Thorat R, Muwonge R, Budukh AM, Hingmire S, Malvi SG, Thorat R, Muwonge R, Budukh AM, Hingmire S, Malvi SG, Thorat R,
Kothari A, Chinoy R, Kelkar R, Kane S, Desai S, KeskarKothari A, Chinoy R, Kelkar R, Kane S, Desai S, KeskarKothari A, Chinoy R, Kelkar R, Kane S, Desai S, KeskarKothari A, Chinoy R, Kelkar R, Kane S, Desai S, Keskar VR, VR, VR, VR,
Rajeshwarkar R, Panse N, Dinshaw KARajeshwarkar R, Panse N, Dinshaw KARajeshwarkar R, Panse N, Dinshaw KARajeshwarkar R, Panse N, Dinshaw KA. HPV screening for
cervical cancer in rural India. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1385-94.
Epub 2009/04/03.
60.60.60.60. Kitchener HC, Almonte M, Thomson C, Wheeler P, Sargent Kitchener HC, Almonte M, Thomson C, Wheeler P, Sargent Kitchener HC, Almonte M, Thomson C, Wheeler P, Sargent Kitchener HC, Almonte M, Thomson C, Wheeler P, Sargent
A, Stoykova B, Gilham C, Baysson H, Roberts C, DowieA, Stoykova B, Gilham C, Baysson H, Roberts C, DowieA, Stoykova B, Gilham C, Baysson H, Roberts C, DowieA, Stoykova B, Gilham C, Baysson H, Roberts C, Dowie R, Desai R, Desai R, Desai R, Desai
M, Mather J, Bailey A, Turner A, Moss S, Peto JM, Mather J, Bailey A, Turner A, Moss S, Peto JM, Mather J, Bailey A, Turner A, Moss S, Peto JM, Mather J, Bailey A, Turner A, Moss S, Peto J. HPV testing in
combination with liquid-based cytology in primary cervical
screening (ARTISTIC): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol.
2009;10(7):672-82. Epub 2009/06/23.
61.61.61.61. Ronco G, GiorgiRonco G, GiorgiRonco G, GiorgiRonco G, Giorgi----Rossi P, Carozzi F, Confortini M, Dalla Rossi P, Carozzi F, Confortini M, Dalla Rossi P, Carozzi F, Confortini M, Dalla Rossi P, Carozzi F, Confortini M, Dalla
Palma P, Del Mistro A, Ghiringhello B, Girlando S, GillioPalma P, Del Mistro A, Ghiringhello B, Girlando S, GillioPalma P, Del Mistro A, Ghiringhello B, Girlando S, GillioPalma P, Del Mistro A, Ghiringhello B, Girlando S, Gillio----Tos A, Tos A, Tos A, Tos A,
De Marco L, Naldoni C, Pierotti P, Rizzolo R, Schincaglia P, De Marco L, Naldoni C, Pierotti P, Rizzolo R, Schincaglia P, De Marco L, Naldoni C, Pierotti P, Rizzolo R, Schincaglia P, De Marco L, Naldoni C, Pierotti P, Rizzolo R, Schincaglia P,
Zorzi M, Zappa M, Segnan N, Cuzick JZorzi M, Zappa M, Segnan N, Cuzick JZorzi M, Zappa M, Segnan N, Cuzick JZorzi M, Zappa M, Segnan N, Cuzick J. Efficacy of human
papillomavirus testing for the detection of invasive cervical cancers
and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised controlled trial.
Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(3):249-57. Epub 2010/01/22.
62.62.62.62. Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Elfgren Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Elfgren Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Elfgren Naucler P, Ryd W, Tornberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Elfgren
K, Radberg T, Strander B, Johansson BK, Radberg T, Strander B, Johansson BK, Radberg T, Strander B, Johansson BK, Radberg T, Strander B, Johansson B, Forslund O, Hansson , Forslund O, Hansson , Forslund O, Hansson , Forslund O, Hansson
BG, Rylander E, Dillner JBG, Rylander E, Dillner JBG, Rylander E, Dillner JBG, Rylander E, Dillner J. Human papillomavirus and
Papanicolaou tests to screen for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med.
2007;357(16):1589-97. Epub 2007/10/19.
63.63.63.63. Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfstrom KM, Tunesi S, Snijders PJ, Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfstrom KM, Tunesi S, Snijders PJ, Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfstrom KM, Tunesi S, Snijders PJ, Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfstrom KM, Tunesi S, Snijders PJ,
Arbyn M, Kitchener Arbyn M, Kitchener Arbyn M, Kitchener Arbyn M, Kitchener H, Segnan N, Gilham C, GiorgiH, Segnan N, Gilham C, GiorgiH, Segnan N, Gilham C, GiorgiH, Segnan N, Gilham C, Giorgi----Rossi P, Rossi P, Rossi P, Rossi P,
Berkhof J, Peto J, Meijer CJBerkhof J, Peto J, Meijer CJBerkhof J, Peto J, Meijer CJBerkhof J, Peto J, Meijer CJ. Efficacy of HPV-based screening for
prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European
randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9916):524-32. Epub
2013/11/07.
64.64.64.64. ArArArArbyn M, Ronco G, Anttila A, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Ogilvie byn M, Ronco G, Anttila A, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Ogilvie byn M, Ronco G, Anttila A, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Ogilvie byn M, Ronco G, Anttila A, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Ogilvie
G, Koliopoulos G, Naucler P, Sankaranarayanan R, Peto JG, Koliopoulos G, Naucler P, Sankaranarayanan R, Peto JG, Koliopoulos G, Naucler P, Sankaranarayanan R, Peto JG, Koliopoulos G, Naucler P, Sankaranarayanan R, Peto J.
Evidence regarding human papillomavirus testing in secondary
prevention of cervical cancer. Vaccine. 2012;30 Suppl 5:F88-99.
Epub 2012/12/05.
65.65.65.65. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX,
Kummer JA, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Peto J, Meijer CJ, Munoz NKummer JA, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Peto J, Meijer CJ, Munoz NKummer JA, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Peto J, Meijer CJ, Munoz NKummer JA, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Peto J, Meijer CJ, Munoz N.
Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical
cancer worldwide. JPathol. 1999;189(1):12-9.
66.66.66.66. Tjalma WA, Fiander A, Reich O, PoTjalma WA, Fiander A, Reich O, PoTjalma WA, Fiander A, Reich O, PoTjalma WA, Fiander A, Reich O, Powell N, Nowakowski AM, well N, Nowakowski AM, well N, Nowakowski AM, well N, Nowakowski AM,
Kirschner B, Koiss R, O'Leary J, Joura EA, Rosenlund M, Colau Kirschner B, Koiss R, O'Leary J, Joura EA, Rosenlund M, Colau Kirschner B, Koiss R, O'Leary J, Joura EA, Rosenlund M, Colau Kirschner B, Koiss R, O'Leary J, Joura EA, Rosenlund M, Colau
B, Schledermann D, Kukk K, Damaskou V, Repanti M, B, Schledermann D, Kukk K, Damaskou V, Repanti M, B, Schledermann D, Kukk K, Damaskou V, Repanti M, B, Schledermann D, Kukk K, Damaskou V, Repanti M,
Vladareanu R, Kolomiets L, Savicheva A, Shipitsyna E, Ordi J, Vladareanu R, Kolomiets L, Savicheva A, Shipitsyna E, Ordi J, Vladareanu R, Kolomiets L, Savicheva A, Shipitsyna E, Ordi J, Vladareanu R, Kolomiets L, Savicheva A, Shipitsyna E, Ordi J,
Molijn A, Quint W, Raillard A, Rosillon D, De Souza SC, Molijn A, Quint W, Raillard A, Rosillon D, De Souza SC, Molijn A, Quint W, Raillard A, Rosillon D, De Souza SC, Molijn A, Quint W, Raillard A, Rosillon D, De Souza SC,
JenJenJenJenkins D, Holl Kkins D, Holl Kkins D, Holl Kkins D, Holl K. Differences in human papillomavirus type
distribution in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and
invasive cervical cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(4):854-67.
Epub 2012/07/04.
67.67.67.67. Quint W, Jenkins D, Molijn A, Struijk L, Quint W, Jenkins D, Molijn A, Struijk L, Quint W, Jenkins D, Molijn A, Struijk L, Quint W, Jenkins D, Molijn A, Struijk L, van de Sandt M, van de Sandt M, van de Sandt M, van de Sandt M,
Doorbar J, Mols J, Van Hoof C, Hardt K, Struyf F, Colau BDoorbar J, Mols J, Van Hoof C, Hardt K, Struyf F, Colau BDoorbar J, Mols J, Van Hoof C, Hardt K, Struyf F, Colau BDoorbar J, Mols J, Van Hoof C, Hardt K, Struyf F, Colau B. One
virus, one lesion--individual components of CIN lesions contain a
specific HPV type. J Pathol. 2012;227(1):62-71. Epub 2011/12/01.
68.68.68.68. Snijders PJ, Verhoef VM, Arbyn M, Ogilvie Snijders PJ, Verhoef VM, Arbyn M, Ogilvie Snijders PJ, Verhoef VM, Arbyn M, Ogilvie Snijders PJ, Verhoef VM, Arbyn M, Ogilvie G, Minozzi S, G, Minozzi S, G, Minozzi S, G, Minozzi S,
Banzi R, van Kemenade FJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJBanzi R, van Kemenade FJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJBanzi R, van Kemenade FJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJBanzi R, van Kemenade FJ, Heideman DA, Meijer CJ. High-risk
HPV testing on self-sampled versus clinician-collected specimens: a
review on the clinical accuracy and impact on population
36
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
attendance in cervical cancer screening. Int J Cancer.
2013;132(10):2223-36. Epub 2012/08/22.
69.69.69.69. Arbyn M, Verdoodt F, Snijders PJF, Verhoef VMJ, Suonio E, Arbyn M, Verdoodt F, Snijders PJF, Verhoef VMJ, Suonio E, Arbyn M, Verdoodt F, Snijders PJF, Verhoef VMJ, Suonio E, Arbyn M, Verdoodt F, Snijders PJF, Verhoef VMJ, Suonio E,
Dillner L, Minozzi S, Bellisario C, Banzi R, Zhao FDillner L, Minozzi S, Bellisario C, Banzi R, Zhao FDillner L, Minozzi S, Bellisario C, Banzi R, Zhao FDillner L, Minozzi S, Bellisario C, Banzi R, Zhao F----H, H, H, H,
Hillemanns P, Anttila AHillemanns P, Anttila AHillemanns P, Anttila AHillemanns P, Anttila A. Accuracy of human papillomavirus
testing on self-collected versus clinician-collected samples: a meta-
analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(2):172-83.
70.70.70.70. Struyf F, Colau B, Wheeler CM, Naud P, Garland S, Quint W, Struyf F, Colau B, Wheeler CM, Naud P, Garland S, Quint W, Struyf F, Colau B, Wheeler CM, Naud P, Garland S, Quint W, Struyf F, Colau B, Wheeler CM, Naud P, Garland S, Quint W,
Chow SN, Salmeron J, Lehtinen M, Del RosarioChow SN, Salmeron J, Lehtinen M, Del RosarioChow SN, Salmeron J, Lehtinen M, Del RosarioChow SN, Salmeron J, Lehtinen M, Del Rosario----Raymundo MR, Raymundo MR, Raymundo MR, Raymundo MR,
Paavonen J, Teixeira JC, Germar MJ, Peters K, Skinner SR, Paavonen J, Teixeira JC, Germar MJ, Peters K, Skinner SR, Paavonen J, Teixeira JC, Germar MJ, Peters K, Skinner SR, Paavonen J, Teixeira JC, Germar MJ, Peters K, Skinner SR,
Limson G,Limson G,Limson G,Limson G, Castellsague X, Poppe WA, Ramjattan B, Klein TD, Castellsague X, Poppe WA, Ramjattan B, Klein TD, Castellsague X, Poppe WA, Ramjattan B, Klein TD, Castellsague X, Poppe WA, Ramjattan B, Klein TD,
Schwarz TF, Chatterjee A, Tjalma WA, DiazSchwarz TF, Chatterjee A, Tjalma WA, DiazSchwarz TF, Chatterjee A, Tjalma WA, DiazSchwarz TF, Chatterjee A, Tjalma WA, Diaz----Mitoma F, Lewis Mitoma F, Lewis Mitoma F, Lewis Mitoma F, Lewis
DJ, Harper DM, Molijn A, van Doorn LJ, David MP, Dubin GDJ, Harper DM, Molijn A, van Doorn LJ, David MP, Dubin GDJ, Harper DM, Molijn A, van Doorn LJ, David MP, Dubin GDJ, Harper DM, Molijn A, van Doorn LJ, David MP, Dubin G.
Post Hoc Analysis of the PATRICIA Randomized Trial of the
Efficacy of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV-16)/HPV-18
AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine against Incident and Persistent Infection
with Nonvaccine Oncogenic HPV Types Using an Alternative
Multiplex Type-Specific PCR Assay for HPV DNA. Clin Vaccine
Immunol. 2015;22(2):235-44. Epub 2014/12/30.
71.71.71.71. van Doorn LJ, Molijn A, Kleter B, Quint W, Colau Bvan Doorn LJ, Molijn A, Kleter B, Quint W, Colau Bvan Doorn LJ, Molijn A, Kleter B, Quint W, Colau Bvan Doorn LJ, Molijn A, Kleter B, Quint W, Colau B. Highly
effective detection of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 DNA by a
testing algorithm combining broad-spectrum and type-specific PCR.
J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(9):3292-8. Epub 2006/09/07.
72.72.72.72. van Alewivan Alewivan Alewivan Alewijk D, Kleter B, Vent M, Delroisse JM, de Koning M, jk D, Kleter B, Vent M, Delroisse JM, de Koning M, jk D, Kleter B, Vent M, Delroisse JM, de Koning M, jk D, Kleter B, Vent M, Delroisse JM, de Koning M,
van Doorn LJ, Quint W, Colau Bvan Doorn LJ, Quint W, Colau Bvan Doorn LJ, Quint W, Colau Bvan Doorn LJ, Quint W, Colau B. A human papilloma virus
testing algorithm comprising a combination of the L1 broad-
spectrum SPF10 PCR assay and a novel E6 high-risk multiplex type-
specific genotyping PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(4):1171-8.
Epub 2013/02/01.
73.73.73.73. Meijer CJ, Berkhof J, Castle PE, Hesselink AT, Franco EL, Meijer CJ, Berkhof J, Castle PE, Hesselink AT, Franco EL, Meijer CJ, Berkhof J, Castle PE, Hesselink AT, Franco EL, Meijer CJ, Berkhof J, Castle PE, Hesselink AT, Franco EL,
Ronco G, Arbyn M, Bosch FX, Cuzick J, Dillner J, Heideman Ronco G, Arbyn M, Bosch FX, Cuzick J, Dillner J, Heideman Ronco G, Arbyn M, Bosch FX, Cuzick J, Dillner J, Heideman Ronco G, Arbyn M, Bosch FX, Cuzick J, Dillner J, Heideman
DA, Snijders PJDA, Snijders PJDA, Snijders PJDA, Snijders PJ. Guidelines for human papillomavirus DNA test
requirements for primary cervical cancer screening in women 30
years and older. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(3):516-20. Epub 2008/11/01.
74.74.74.74. Poljak M, Marin IJ, Seme K, Vince APoljak M, Marin IJ, Seme K, Vince APoljak M, Marin IJ, Seme K, Vince APoljak M, Marin IJ, Seme K, Vince A. Hybrid Capture II HPV
Test detects at least 15 human papillomavirus genotypes not
included in its current high-risk probe cocktail. JClinVirol. 2002;25
Suppl 3:S89-S97.
75.75.75.75. Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM,
Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk S, Verweij W, Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk S, Verweij W, Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk S, Verweij W, Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk S, Verweij W,
Snijders PJ, Meijer CJSnijders PJ, Meijer CJSnijders PJ, Meijer CJSnijders PJ, Meijer CJ. HPV DNA testing in population-based
cervical screening (VUSA-Screen study): results and implications.
Br J Cancer. 2012;106(5):975-81. Epub 2012/01/19.
76.76.76.76. Belinson JL, Wu R, Belinson SE, Qu X, Yang B, Du H, Wang Belinson JL, Wu R, Belinson SE, Qu X, Yang B, Du H, Wang Belinson JL, Wu R, Belinson SE, Qu X, Yang B, Du H, Wang Belinson JL, Wu R, Belinson SE, Qu X, Yang B, Du H, Wang
C, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Pretorius RGC, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Pretorius RGC, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Pretorius RGC, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Pretorius RG. A population-based
clinical trial comparing endocervical high-risk HPV testing using
hybrid capture 2 and Cervista from the SHENCCAST II Study. Am J
Clin Pathol. 2011;135(5):790-5. Epub 2011/04/20.
77.77.77.77. Boers A, Wang R, SlagterBoers A, Wang R, SlagterBoers A, Wang R, SlagterBoers A, Wang R, Slagter----Menkema L, van Hemel BM, Menkema L, van Hemel BM, Menkema L, van Hemel BM, Menkema L, van Hemel BM,
Ghyssaert H, van der Zee AG, Wisman GB, Schuuring EGhyssaert H, van der Zee AG, Wisman GB, Schuuring EGhyssaert H, van der Zee AG, Wisman GB, Schuuring EGhyssaert H, van der Zee AG, Wisman GB, Schuuring E. Clinical
Validation of the Cervista HPV HR Test According to the
International Guidelines for Human Papillomavirus Test
Requirements for Cervical Cancer Screening. J Clin Microbiol.
2014;52(12):4391-3. Epub 2014/10/10.
78.78.78.78. Kinney W, Stoler MH, Castle PEKinney W, Stoler MH, Castle PEKinney W, Stoler MH, Castle PEKinney W, Stoler MH, Castle PE. Special commentary: patient
safety and the next generation of HPV DNA tests. Am J Clin Pathol.
2010;134(2):193-9. Epub 2010/07/28.
79.79.79.79. Boers A, SlagterBoers A, SlagterBoers A, SlagterBoers A, Slagter----Menkema L, van Hemel BM, Belinson JL, Menkema L, van Hemel BM, Belinson JL, Menkema L, van Hemel BM, Belinson JL, Menkema L, van Hemel BM, Belinson JL,
Ruitenbeek T, Buikema HJ, Klip H, Ghyssaert H, van der Zee Ruitenbeek T, Buikema HJ, Klip H, Ghyssaert H, van der Zee Ruitenbeek T, Buikema HJ, Klip H, Ghyssaert H, van der Zee Ruitenbeek T, Buikema HJ, Klip H, Ghyssaert H, van der Zee
AG, de BAG, de BAG, de BAG, de Bock GH, Wisman GB, Schuuring Eock GH, Wisman GB, Schuuring Eock GH, Wisman GB, Schuuring Eock GH, Wisman GB, Schuuring E. Comparing the
Cervista HPV HR test and Hybrid Capture 2 assay in a Dutch
screening population: improved specificity of the Cervista HPV HR
test by changing the cut-off. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e101930. Epub
2014/07/23.
80.80.80.80. BoehmBoehmBoehmBoehmer G, Wang L, Iftner A, Holz B, Haedicke J, von er G, Wang L, Iftner A, Holz B, Haedicke J, von er G, Wang L, Iftner A, Holz B, Haedicke J, von er G, Wang L, Iftner A, Holz B, Haedicke J, von
Wasielewski R, Martus P, Iftner TWasielewski R, Martus P, Iftner TWasielewski R, Martus P, Iftner TWasielewski R, Martus P, Iftner T. A population-based
observational study comparing Cervista and Hybrid Capture 2
methods: improved relative specificity of the Cervista assay by
increasing its cut-off. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):674. Epub
2014/12/10.
81.81.81.81. Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, ter Schegget J, Schrauwen L, van Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, ter Schegget J, Schrauwen L, van Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, ter Schegget J, Schrauwen L, van Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, ter Schegget J, Schrauwen L, van
Krimpen K, Burger M, ter Harmsel B, Quint WKrimpen K, Burger M, ter Harmsel B, Quint WKrimpen K, Burger M, ter Harmsel B, Quint WKrimpen K, Burger M, ter Harmsel B, Quint W. Novel short-
fragment PCR assay for highly sensitive broad-spectrum detection
of anogenital human papillomaviruses. Am J Pathol.
1998;153(6):1731-9. Epub 1998/12/10.
82.82.82.82. Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, Schrauwen L, Molijn A, Sastrowijoto Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, Schrauwen L, Molijn A, Sastrowijoto Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, Schrauwen L, Molijn A, Sastrowijoto Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, Schrauwen L, Molijn A, Sastrowijoto
S, ter Schegget J, Lindeman J, ter Harmsel B, Burger M, Quint S, ter Schegget J, Lindeman J, ter Harmsel B, Burger M, Quint S, ter Schegget J, Lindeman J, ter Harmsel B, Burger M, Quint S, ter Schegget J, Lindeman J, ter Harmsel B, Burger M, Quint
WWWW. Development and clinical evaluation of a highly sensitive PCR-
reverse hybridization line probe assay for detection and
identification of anogenital human papillomavirus. J Clin Microbiol.
1999;37(8):2508-17. Epub 1999/07/16.
83.83.83.83. Herrero R, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Solomon D, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Solomon D, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Solomon D, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Solomon D,
Gonzalez P, Kreimer AR, Porras C, Schussler J, Gonzalez P, Kreimer AR, Porras C, Schussler J, Gonzalez P, Kreimer AR, Porras C, Schussler J, Gonzalez P, Kreimer AR, Porras C, Schussler J, Jimenez S, Jimenez S, Jimenez S, Jimenez S,
Sherman ME, Quint W, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Schiffman M, Sherman ME, Quint W, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Schiffman M, Sherman ME, Quint W, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Schiffman M, Sherman ME, Quint W, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Schiffman M,
Hildesheim AHildesheim AHildesheim AHildesheim A. Prevention of persistent human papillomavirus
infection by an HPV16/18 vaccine: a community-based randomized
clinical trial in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Cancer Discov.
2011;1(5):408-19. Epub 2012/05/16.
84.84.84.84. Kreimer AR, Gonzalez P, Katki HA, Porras C, Schiffman M, Kreimer AR, Gonzalez P, Katki HA, Porras C, Schiffman M, Kreimer AR, Gonzalez P, Katki HA, Porras C, Schiffman M, Kreimer AR, Gonzalez P, Katki HA, Porras C, Schiffman M,
Rodriguez AC, Solomon D, Jimenez S, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Rodriguez AC, Solomon D, Jimenez S, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Rodriguez AC, Solomon D, Jimenez S, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Rodriguez AC, Solomon D, Jimenez S, Schiller JT, Lowy DR,
van Doorn LJ, Struijk L, Quint W, Chen S, Wacholder S, van Doorn LJ, Struijk L, Quint W, Chen S, Wacholder S, van Doorn LJ, Struijk L, Quint W, Chen S, Wacholder S, van Doorn LJ, Struijk L, Quint W, Chen S, Wacholder S,
Hildesheim A, Herrero RHildesheim A, Herrero RHildesheim A, Herrero RHildesheim A, Herrero R. Efficacy of a bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine
against anal HPV 16/18 infection among young women: a nested
analysis within the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial. Lancet Oncol.
2011;12(9):862-70. Epub 2011/08/26.
85.85.85.85. Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM, Jaisamrarn U, Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM, Jaisamrarn U, Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM, Jaisamrarn U, Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM, Jaisamrarn U,
Garland SM, Castellsague X, SkinnerGarland SM, Castellsague X, SkinnerGarland SM, Castellsague X, SkinnerGarland SM, Castellsague X, Skinner SR, Apter D, Naud P, SR, Apter D, Naud P, SR, Apter D, Naud P, SR, Apter D, Naud P,
Salmeron J, Chow SN, Kitchener H, Teixeira JC, Hedrick J, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Kitchener H, Teixeira JC, Hedrick J, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Kitchener H, Teixeira JC, Hedrick J, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Kitchener H, Teixeira JC, Hedrick J,
Limson G, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Limson G, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Limson G, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Limson G, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF,
Poppe WA, De Carvalho NS, Germar MJ, Peters K, Mindel A, Poppe WA, De Carvalho NS, Germar MJ, Peters K, Mindel A, Poppe WA, De Carvalho NS, Germar MJ, Peters K, Mindel A, Poppe WA, De Carvalho NS, Germar MJ, Peters K, Mindel A,
De Sutter P, Bosch FX, David MP, Descamps D, Struyf F, Dubin De Sutter P, Bosch FX, David MP, Descamps D, Struyf F, Dubin De Sutter P, Bosch FX, David MP, Descamps D, Struyf F, Dubin De Sutter P, Bosch FX, David MP, Descamps D, Struyf F, Dubin
GGGG. Overall efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against
grade 3 or greater cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 4-year end-of-
study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial.
Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(1):89-99. Epub 2011/11/15.
86.86.86.86. WheeleWheeleWheeleWheeler CM, Castellsague X, Garland SM, Szarewski A, r CM, Castellsague X, Garland SM, Szarewski A, r CM, Castellsague X, Garland SM, Szarewski A, r CM, Castellsague X, Garland SM, Szarewski A,
Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Apter D, Kitchener Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Apter D, Kitchener Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Apter D, Kitchener Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Apter D, Kitchener
H, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G, H, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G, H, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G, H, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, Jaisamrarn U, Limson G,
Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX, Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Schwarz TF, Poppe WA, Bosch FX,
Harper DM, Huh W, Hardt K, Zahaf T, DescamHarper DM, Huh W, Hardt K, Zahaf T, DescamHarper DM, Huh W, Hardt K, Zahaf T, DescamHarper DM, Huh W, Hardt K, Zahaf T, Descamps D, Struyf F, ps D, Struyf F, ps D, Struyf F, ps D, Struyf F,
Dubin G, Lehtinen MDubin G, Lehtinen MDubin G, Lehtinen MDubin G, Lehtinen M. Cross-protective efficacy of HPV-16/18
AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer
caused by non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types: 4-year end-of-study
37
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet
Oncol. 2012;13(1):100-10. Epub 2011/11/15.
87.87.87.87. Hildesheim A, Wacholder S, Catteau G, Struyf F, Dubin G, Hildesheim A, Wacholder S, Catteau G, Struyf F, Dubin G, Hildesheim A, Wacholder S, Catteau G, Struyf F, Dubin G, Hildesheim A, Wacholder S, Catteau G, Struyf F, Dubin G,
Herrero RHerrero RHerrero RHerrero R. Efficacy of the HPV-16/18 vaccine: final according to
protocol results from the blinded phase of the randomized Costa
Rica HPV-16/18 vaccine trial. Vaccine. 2014;32(39):5087-97. Epub
2014/07/16.
88.88.88.88. Hesselink AT, van Ham MA, Heideman DA, Groothuismink Hesselink AT, van Ham MA, Heideman DA, Groothuismink Hesselink AT, van Ham MA, Heideman DA, Groothuismink Hesselink AT, van Ham MA, Heideman DA, Groothuismink
ZM, Rozendaal L, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Massuger LA, ZM, Rozendaal L, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Massuger LA, ZM, Rozendaal L, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Massuger LA, ZM, Rozendaal L, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Massuger LA,
Melchers WJ, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJMelchers WJ, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJMelchers WJ, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJMelchers WJ, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJ. Comparison of GP5+/6+-
PCR and SPF10-line blot assays for detection of high-risk human
papillomavirus in samples from women with normal cytology
results who develop grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin
Microbiol. 2008;46(10):3215-21. Epub 2008/08/08.
89.89.89.89. Snijders PJ, van den BruleSnijders PJ, van den BruleSnijders PJ, van den BruleSnijders PJ, van den Brule AJ, Jacobs MV, Pol RP, Meijer CJAJ, Jacobs MV, Pol RP, Meijer CJAJ, Jacobs MV, Pol RP, Meijer CJAJ, Jacobs MV, Pol RP, Meijer CJ.
HPV DNA detection and typing in cervical scrapes. Methods Mol
Med. 2005;119:101-14. Epub 2005/12/15.
90.90.90.90. Caballero OL, Villa LL, Simpson AJCaballero OL, Villa LL, Simpson AJCaballero OL, Villa LL, Simpson AJCaballero OL, Villa LL, Simpson AJ. Low stringency-PCR (LS-
PCR) allows entirely internally standardized DNA quantitation.
Nucleic Acids Res. 1995;23(1):192-3.
91.91.91.91. Wentzensen N, Gravitt PE, Solomon D, Wheeler CM, Castle Wentzensen N, Gravitt PE, Solomon D, Wheeler CM, Castle Wentzensen N, Gravitt PE, Solomon D, Wheeler CM, Castle Wentzensen N, Gravitt PE, Solomon D, Wheeler CM, Castle
PEPEPEPE. A study of Amplicor human papillomavirus DNA detection in
the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance-low-grade
squamous intraepithelial lesion triage study. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(5):1341-9. Epub 2009/05/09.
92.92.92.92. Carozzi F, Bisanzi S, Sani C, Zappa M, Cecchini S, Ciatto S, Carozzi F, Bisanzi S, Sani C, Zappa M, Cecchini S, Ciatto S, Carozzi F, Bisanzi S, Sani C, Zappa M, Cecchini S, Ciatto S, Carozzi F, Bisanzi S, Sani C, Zappa M, Cecchini S, Ciatto S,
Confortini MConfortini MConfortini MConfortini M. Agreement between the AMPLICOR Human
Papillomavirus Test and the Hybrid Capture 2 assay in detection of
high-risk human papillomavirus and diagnosis of biopsy-confirmed
high-grade cervical disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(2):364-9.
Epub 2006/11/24.
93.93.93.93. Mo LZ, MonnierMo LZ, MonnierMo LZ, MonnierMo LZ, Monnier----Benoit S, Kantelip B, Petitjean A, Benoit S, Kantelip B, Petitjean A, Benoit S, Kantelip B, Petitjean A, Benoit S, Kantelip B, Petitjean A,
Riethmuller D, Pretet JL, Mougin CRiethmuller D, Pretet JL, Mougin CRiethmuller D, Pretet JL, Mougin CRiethmuller D, Pretet JL, Mougin C. Comparison of AMPLICOR
and Hybrid Capture II assays for high risk HPV detection in normal
and abnormal liquid-based cytology: use of INNO-LiPA Genotyping
assay to screen the discordant results. J Clin Virol. 2008;41(2):104-
10. Epub 2007/11/27.
94.94.94.94. Castle PCastle PCastle PCastle PE, Stoler MH, Wright TC, Jr., Sharma A, Wright TL, E, Stoler MH, Wright TC, Jr., Sharma A, Wright TL, E, Stoler MH, Wright TC, Jr., Sharma A, Wright TL, E, Stoler MH, Wright TC, Jr., Sharma A, Wright TL,
Behrens CMBehrens CMBehrens CMBehrens CM. Performance of carcinogenic human papillomavirus
(HPV) testing and HPV16 or HPV18 genotyping for cervical cancer
screening of women aged 25 years and older: a subanalysis of the
ATHENA study. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(9):880-90. Epub 2011/08/26.
95.95.95.95. Heideman DA, Hesselink AT, Berkhof J, van Kemenade F, Heideman DA, Hesselink AT, Berkhof J, van Kemenade F, Heideman DA, Hesselink AT, Berkhof J, van Kemenade F, Heideman DA, Hesselink AT, Berkhof J, van Kemenade F,
Melchers WJ, Daalmeijer NF, Verkuijten M, Meijer CJ, Snijders Melchers WJ, Daalmeijer NF, Verkuijten M, Meijer CJ, Snijders Melchers WJ, Daalmeijer NF, Verkuijten M, Meijer CJ, Snijders Melchers WJ, Daalmeijer NF, Verkuijten M, Meijer CJ, Snijders
PJPJPJPJ. Clinical validation of the cobas 4800 HPV test for cervical
screening purposes. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(11):3983-5. Epub
2011/09/02.
96.96.96.96. Carozzi FM, Burroni E, Bisanzi S, Puliti D, Confortini M, Carozzi FM, Burroni E, Bisanzi S, Puliti D, Confortini M, Carozzi FM, Burroni E, Bisanzi S, Puliti D, Confortini M, Carozzi FM, Burroni E, Bisanzi S, Puliti D, Confortini M,
Giorgi Rossi P, Sani C, Scalisi A, Chini FGiorgi Rossi P, Sani C, Scalisi A, Chini FGiorgi Rossi P, Sani C, Scalisi A, Chini FGiorgi Rossi P, Sani C, Scalisi A, Chini F. Comparison of clinical
performance of Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV test with that of
hybrid capture 2 assay in a screening setting. J Clin Microbiol.
2011;49(4):1446-51. Epub 2011/02/18.
97.97.97.97. Poljak M, Ostrbenk A, Seme K, Ucakar V, Hillemanns P, Poljak M, Ostrbenk A, Seme K, Ucakar V, Hillemanns P, Poljak M, Ostrbenk A, Seme K, Ucakar V, Hillemanns P, Poljak M, Ostrbenk A, Seme K, Ucakar V, Hillemanns P,
Bokal EV, Jancar N, Klavs IBokal EV, Jancar N, Klavs IBokal EV, Jancar N, Klavs IBokal EV, Jancar N, Klavs I. Comparison of clinical and analytical
performance of the Abbott Realtime High Risk HPV test to the
performance of hybrid capture 2 in population-based cervical cancer
screening. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(5):1721-9. Epub 2011/03/25.
98.98.98.98. Hesselink AT, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Berkhof J, van Hesselink AT, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Berkhof J, van Hesselink AT, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Berkhof J, van Hesselink AT, Meijer CJ, Poljak M, Berkhof J, van
Kemenade FJ, van der Salm ML, Bogaarts M, SnijdeKemenade FJ, van der Salm ML, Bogaarts M, SnijdeKemenade FJ, van der Salm ML, Bogaarts M, SnijdeKemenade FJ, van der Salm ML, Bogaarts M, Snijders PJ, rs PJ, rs PJ, rs PJ,
Heideman DAHeideman DAHeideman DAHeideman DA. Clinical validation of the Abbott RealTime High
Risk HPV assay according to the guidelines for human
papillomavirus DNA test requirements for cervical screening. J Clin
Microbiol. 2013;51(7):2409-10. Epub 2013/05/03.
99.99.99.99. Hesselink AT, BHesselink AT, BHesselink AT, BHesselink AT, Berkhof J, van der Salm ML, van Splunter AP, erkhof J, van der Salm ML, van Splunter AP, erkhof J, van der Salm ML, van Splunter AP, erkhof J, van der Salm ML, van Splunter AP,
Geelen TH, van Kemenade FJ, Bleeker MG, Heideman DAGeelen TH, van Kemenade FJ, Bleeker MG, Heideman DAGeelen TH, van Kemenade FJ, Bleeker MG, Heideman DAGeelen TH, van Kemenade FJ, Bleeker MG, Heideman DA.
Clinical validation of the HPV-risk assay, a novel real-time PCR
assay for detection of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA by
targeting the E7 region. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(3):890-6. Epub
2014/01/07.
100.100.100.100. Ejegod DMEjegod DMEjegod DMEjegod DM. Clinical Validation of the BD Onclarity™ HPV
Assay Using a Non-Inferiority Test. Medical Microbiology &
Diagnosis. 2013;S3.
101.101.101.101. Barzon L, Militello V, Pagni S, Palu GBarzon L, Militello V, Pagni S, Palu GBarzon L, Militello V, Pagni S, Palu GBarzon L, Militello V, Pagni S, Palu G. Comparison of
INNO-LiPA genotyping extra and hybrid capture 2 assays for
detection of carcinogenic human papillomavirus genotypes. J Clin
Virol. 2012;55(3):256-61. Epub 2012/08/11.
102.102.102.102. Dartell M, Rasch V, Munk C, Kahesa C, Mwaiselage J, Dartell M, Rasch V, Munk C, Kahesa C, Mwaiselage J, Dartell M, Rasch V, Munk C, Kahesa C, Mwaiselage J, Dartell M, Rasch V, Munk C, Kahesa C, Mwaiselage J,
Iftner T, Kjaer SKIftner T, Kjaer SKIftner T, Kjaer SKIftner T, Kjaer SK. Risk factors for high-risk human papillomavirus
detection among HIV-negative and HIV-positive women from
Tanzania. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(9):737-43. Epub 2013/08/21.
103.103.103.103. ColonColonColonColon----Lopez V, QuinonesLopez V, QuinonesLopez V, QuinonesLopez V, Quinones----Avila V, Del ToroAvila V, Del ToroAvila V, Del ToroAvila V, Del Toro----Mejias LM, Mejias LM, Mejias LM, Mejias LM,
Reyes K, Rivera ME, Nieves K, SanchezReyes K, Rivera ME, Nieves K, SanchezReyes K, Rivera ME, Nieves K, SanchezReyes K, Rivera ME, Nieves K, Sanchez----Vazquez MM, MarVazquez MM, MarVazquez MM, MarVazquez MM, Martineztineztineztinez----
Ferrer M, Ortiz APFerrer M, Ortiz APFerrer M, Ortiz APFerrer M, Ortiz AP. Oral HPV infection in a clinic-based sample of
Hispanic men. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:7. Epub 2014/01/28.
104.104.104.104. Kjaer SK, Munk C, Junge J, Iftner TKjaer SK, Munk C, Junge J, Iftner TKjaer SK, Munk C, Junge J, Iftner TKjaer SK, Munk C, Junge J, Iftner T. Carcinogenic HPV
prevalence and age-specific type distribution in 40,382 women with
normal cervical cytology, ASCUS/LSIL, HSIL, or cervical cancer:
what is the potential for prevention? Cancer Causes Control.
2014;25(2):179-89. Epub 2013/11/19.
105.105.105.105. Coutlee F, Rouleau D, Petignat P, Ghattas G, Kornegay JR, Coutlee F, Rouleau D, Petignat P, Ghattas G, Kornegay JR, Coutlee F, Rouleau D, Petignat P, Ghattas G, Kornegay JR, Coutlee F, Rouleau D, Petignat P, Ghattas G, Kornegay JR,
Schlag P, Boyle S, Hankins C, Schlag P, Boyle S, Hankins C, Schlag P, Boyle S, Hankins C, Schlag P, Boyle S, Hankins C, Vezina S, Cote P, Macleod J, Vezina S, Cote P, Macleod J, Vezina S, Cote P, Macleod J, Vezina S, Cote P, Macleod J,
Voyer H, Forest P, Walmsley S, Franco EVoyer H, Forest P, Walmsley S, Franco EVoyer H, Forest P, Walmsley S, Franco EVoyer H, Forest P, Walmsley S, Franco E. Enhanced detection
and typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in anogenital
samples with PGMY primers and the Linear array HPV genotyping
test. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(6):1998-2006. Epub 2006/06/08.
106.106.106.106. Tabrizi SN, Stevens MP, Khan ZA, Chow C, Devitt MA, Tabrizi SN, Stevens MP, Khan ZA, Chow C, Devitt MA, Tabrizi SN, Stevens MP, Khan ZA, Chow C, Devitt MA, Tabrizi SN, Stevens MP, Khan ZA, Chow C, Devitt MA,
Garland SMGarland SMGarland SMGarland SM. Comparison of PapType to Digene Hybrid Capture 2,
Roche linear array, and Amplicor for detection of high-risk human
papillomavirus genotypes in women with previous abnormal pap
smears. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(8):2796-8. Epub 2012/06/01.
107.107.107.107. van den Brule AJ, Pol R, Fransenvan den Brule AJ, Pol R, Fransenvan den Brule AJ, Pol R, Fransenvan den Brule AJ, Pol R, Fransen----Daalmeijer N, Schouls Daalmeijer N, Schouls Daalmeijer N, Schouls Daalmeijer N, Schouls
LM, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJLM, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJLM, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJLM, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJ. GP5+/6+ PCR followed by reverse line
blot analysis enables rapid and high-throughput identification of
human papillomavirus genotypes. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(3):779-
87. Epub 2002/03/07.
108.108.108.108. Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM, Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ, Coupe VM,
Hesselink AT, Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk Hesselink AT, Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk Hesselink AT, Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk Hesselink AT, Rozendaal L, Heideman DA, Verheijen RH, Bulk
S, Verweij WM, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJS, Verweij WM, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJS, Verweij WM, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJS, Verweij WM, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ. Evaluation of 14 triage
strategies for HPV DNA-positive women in population-based
cervical screening. Int J Cancer. 2012;130(3):602-10. Epub
2011/03/15.
109.109.109.109. Hesselink AT, Heideman DA, Berkhof J, Topal F, Pol RP, Hesselink AT, Heideman DA, Berkhof J, Topal F, Pol RP, Hesselink AT, Heideman DA, Berkhof J, Topal F, Pol RP, Hesselink AT, Heideman DA, Berkhof J, Topal F, Pol RP,
Meijer CJ, Snijders PJMeijer CJ, Snijders PJMeijer CJ, Snijders PJMeijer CJ, Snijders PJ. Comparison of the clinical performance of
PapilloCheck human papillomavirus detection with that of the
38
Chapter 1
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
GP5+/6+-PCR-enzyme immunoassay in population-based cervical
screening. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(3):797-801. Epub 2010/01/01.
110.110.110.110. Skinner SR, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Garland SM, Skinner SR, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Garland SM, Skinner SR, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Garland SM, Skinner SR, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Garland SM,
LaLaLaLazcanozcanozcanozcano----Ponce E, Salmeron J, Del RosarioPonce E, Salmeron J, Del RosarioPonce E, Salmeron J, Del RosarioPonce E, Salmeron J, Del Rosario----Raymundo MR, Raymundo MR, Raymundo MR, Raymundo MR,
Verheijen RH, Quek SC, da Silva DP, Kitchener H, Fong KL, Verheijen RH, Quek SC, da Silva DP, Kitchener H, Fong KL, Verheijen RH, Quek SC, da Silva DP, Kitchener H, Fong KL, Verheijen RH, Quek SC, da Silva DP, Kitchener H, Fong KL,
Bouchard C, Money DM, Ilancheran A, Cruickshank ME, Levin Bouchard C, Money DM, Ilancheran A, Cruickshank ME, Levin Bouchard C, Money DM, Ilancheran A, Cruickshank ME, Levin Bouchard C, Money DM, Ilancheran A, Cruickshank ME, Levin
MJ, Chatterjee A, Stapleton JT, Martens M, Quint W, David MP, MJ, Chatterjee A, Stapleton JT, Martens M, Quint W, David MP, MJ, Chatterjee A, Stapleton JT, Martens M, Quint W, David MP, MJ, Chatterjee A, Stapleton JT, Martens M, Quint W, David MP,
Meric D, Hardt K, DescampsMeric D, Hardt K, DescampsMeric D, Hardt K, DescampsMeric D, Hardt K, Descamps D, Geeraerts B, Struyf F, Dubin GD, Geeraerts B, Struyf F, Dubin GD, Geeraerts B, Struyf F, Dubin GD, Geeraerts B, Struyf F, Dubin G.
Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus
16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women older than 25 years: 4-
year interim follow-up of the phase 3, double-blind, randomised
controlled VIVIANE study. Lancet. 2014;384(9961):2213-27. Epub
2014/09/06.
111.111.111.111. Garland SM, HernandezGarland SM, HernandezGarland SM, HernandezGarland SM, Hernandez----Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G,
Harper DM, Leodolter S, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Steben M, Bryan Harper DM, Leodolter S, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Steben M, Bryan Harper DM, Leodolter S, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Steben M, Bryan Harper DM, Leodolter S, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Steben M, Bryan
J, Taddeo FJ, Railkar R, Esser MT, Sings HL, Nelson M, Boslego J, Taddeo FJ, Railkar R, Esser MT, Sings HL, Nelson M, Boslego J, Taddeo FJ, Railkar R, Esser MT, Sings HL, Nelson M, Boslego J, Taddeo FJ, Railkar R, Esser MT, Sings HL, Nelson M, Boslego
J, Sattler C, Barr E, Koutsky J, Sattler C, Barr E, Koutsky J, Sattler C, Barr E, Koutsky J, Sattler C, Barr E, Koutsky LALALALA. Quadrivalent vaccine against
human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med.
2007;356(19):1928-43. Epub 2007/05/15.
112.112.112.112. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent
high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(19):1915-27.
Epub 2007/05/15.
113.113.113.113. Iftner T, Germ L, Swoyer R, Kjaer SK, Breugelmans JG, Iftner T, Germ L, Swoyer R, Kjaer SK, Breugelmans JG, Iftner T, Germ L, Swoyer R, Kjaer SK, Breugelmans JG, Iftner T, Germ L, Swoyer R, Kjaer SK, Breugelmans JG,
Munk C, Stubenrauch F, Antonello J, Bryan JT, Taddeo Munk C, Stubenrauch F, Antonello J, Bryan JT, Taddeo Munk C, Stubenrauch F, Antonello J, Bryan JT, Taddeo Munk C, Stubenrauch F, Antonello J, Bryan JT, Taddeo FJFJFJFJ.
Study comparing human papillomavirus (HPV) real-time multiplex
PCR and Hybrid Capture II INNO-LiPA v2 HPV genotyping PCR
assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(7):2106-13. Epub 2009/05/08.
114.114.114.114. Else EA, Swoyer R, Zhang Y, Taddeo FJ, Bryan JT, Lawson J, Else EA, Swoyer R, Zhang Y, Taddeo FJ, Bryan JT, Lawson J, Else EA, Swoyer R, Zhang Y, Taddeo FJ, Bryan JT, Lawson J, Else EA, Swoyer R, Zhang Y, Taddeo FJ, Bryan JT, Lawson J,
Van Van Van Van Hyfte I, Roberts CCHyfte I, Roberts CCHyfte I, Roberts CCHyfte I, Roberts CC. Comparison of real-time multiplex
human papillomavirus (HPV) PCR assays with INNO-LiPA HPV
genotyping extra assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(5):1907-12. Epub
2010/11/12.
115.115.115.115. Roberts CC, Swoyer R, Bryan JT, Taddeo FJRoberts CC, Swoyer R, Bryan JT, Taddeo FJRoberts CC, Swoyer R, Bryan JT, Taddeo FJRoberts CC, Swoyer R, Bryan JT, Taddeo FJ. Comparison of
real-time multiplex human papillomavirus (HPV) PCR assays with
the linear array HPV genotyping PCR assay and influence of DNA
extraction method on HPV detection. J Clin Microbiol.
2011;49(5):1899-906. Epub 2011/02/25.
116.116.116.116. Depuydt CE, Benoy IH, Bailleul EJ, VDepuydt CE, Benoy IH, Bailleul EJ, VDepuydt CE, Benoy IH, Bailleul EJ, VDepuydt CE, Benoy IH, Bailleul EJ, Vandepitte J, andepitte J, andepitte J, andepitte J,
Vereecken AJ, Bogers JJVereecken AJ, Bogers JJVereecken AJ, Bogers JJVereecken AJ, Bogers JJ. Improved endocervical sampling and
HPV viral load detection by Cervex-Brush Combi. Cytopathology.
2006;17(6):374-81. Epub 2006/12/16.
117.117.117.117. Depuydt CE, Benoy IH, Beert JF, Criel AM, Bogers JJ, Depuydt CE, Benoy IH, Beert JF, Criel AM, Bogers JJ, Depuydt CE, Benoy IH, Beert JF, Criel AM, Bogers JJ, Depuydt CE, Benoy IH, Beert JF, Criel AM, Bogers JJ,
Arbyn MArbyn MArbyn MArbyn M. Clinical validation of a type-specific real-time
quantitative human papillomavirus PCR against the performance of
hybrid capture 2 for the purpose of cervical cancer screening. J Clin
Microbiol. 2012;50(12):4073-7. Epub 2012/10/12.
118.118.118.118. Burger EA, Kornor H, Klemp M, LauvraBurger EA, Kornor H, Klemp M, LauvraBurger EA, Kornor H, Klemp M, LauvraBurger EA, Kornor H, Klemp M, Lauvrak V, Kristiansen ISk V, Kristiansen ISk V, Kristiansen ISk V, Kristiansen IS.
HPV mRNA tests for the detection of cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia: a systematic review. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;120(3):430-8.
Epub 2010/12/07.
119.119.119.119. Wu R, Belinson SE, Du H, Na W, Qu X, Liu Y, Wang C, Wu R, Belinson SE, Du H, Na W, Qu X, Liu Y, Wang C, Wu R, Belinson SE, Du H, Na W, Qu X, Liu Y, Wang C, Wu R, Belinson SE, Du H, Na W, Qu X, Liu Y, Wang C,
Zhou Y, Zhang L, Belinson JLZhou Y, Zhang L, Belinson JLZhou Y, Zhang L, Belinson JLZhou Y, Zhang L, Belinson JL. Human papillomavirus messenger
RNA assay for cervical cancer screening: the Shenzhen Cervical
Cancer Screening Trial I. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010;20(8):1411-4.
Epub 2010/11/06.
120.120.120.120. Monsonego J, Hudgens MG, Zerat L, Zerat JC, Syrjanen K, Monsonego J, Hudgens MG, Zerat L, Zerat JC, Syrjanen K, Monsonego J, Hudgens MG, Zerat L, Zerat JC, Syrjanen K, Monsonego J, Hudgens MG, Zerat L, Zerat JC, Syrjanen K,
Smith JSSmith JSSmith JSSmith JS. Risk assessment and clinical impact of liquid-based
cytology, oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and mRNA
testing in primary cervical cancer screening (the FASE study).
Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125(1):175-80. Epub 2012/01/12.
121.121.121.121. Heideman DA, Hesselink AT, van KemeHeideman DA, Hesselink AT, van KemeHeideman DA, Hesselink AT, van KemeHeideman DA, Hesselink AT, van Kemenade FJ, Iftner T, nade FJ, Iftner T, nade FJ, Iftner T, nade FJ, Iftner T,
Berkhof J, Topal F, Agard D, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJBerkhof J, Topal F, Agard D, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJBerkhof J, Topal F, Agard D, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJBerkhof J, Topal F, Agard D, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJ. The Aptima
HPV assay fulfills the cross-sectional clinical and reproducibility
criteria of international guidelines for human papillomavirus test
requirements for cervical screening. J Clin Microbiol.
2013;51(11):3653-7. Epub 2013/08/30.
122.122.122.122. Yamada T, Wheeler CM, Halpern AL, Stewart AC, Yamada T, Wheeler CM, Halpern AL, Stewart AC, Yamada T, Wheeler CM, Halpern AL, Stewart AC, Yamada T, Wheeler CM, Halpern AL, Stewart AC,
Hildesheim A, Jenison SAHildesheim A, Jenison SAHildesheim A, Jenison SAHildesheim A, Jenison SA. Human papillomavirus type 16 variant
lineages in United States populations characterized by nucleotide
sequence analysis of the E6, L2, and L1 coding segments. JVirol.
1995;69(12):7743-53.
123.123.123.123. Sanchez GI, Kleter B, Gheit T, van Doorn LJ, de Koning Sanchez GI, Kleter B, Gheit T, van Doorn LJ, de Koning Sanchez GI, Kleter B, Gheit T, van Doorn LJ, de Koning Sanchez GI, Kleter B, Gheit T, van Doorn LJ, de Koning
MN, de Sanjose S, Alemany L, Bosch XF, Tommasino M, Munoz MN, de Sanjose S, Alemany L, Bosch XF, Tommasino M, Munoz MN, de Sanjose S, Alemany L, Bosch XF, Tommasino M, Munoz MN, de Sanjose S, Alemany L, Bosch XF, Tommasino M, Munoz
N, Quint WGN, Quint WGN, Quint WGN, Quint WG. Clinical evaluation of polymerase chain reaction
reverse hybridization assay for detection and identification of
human papillomavirus type 16 variants. J Clin Virol.
2011;51(3):165-9. Epub 2011/05/13.
39
General introduction and thesis outline
209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets209130-L-bw-Geraets
40
Chapter 1