CHAPTER 1Matter in Motion

SECTION 1: MEASURING MOTION A Reference Point is: an object that

appears to stay in place

Motion: an object’s change in position overtime relative to a reference point

Motion can be north, south, east, west, up and down.

Common reference points are: the Earth’s surface, trees, buildings, and sometimes other moving objects

During the interval between the times that these pictures were taken, the

hot-air balloon changed position relative to a reference point—the

mountain.

Speed: the distance traveled divided by the time interval during which the motion occurred

Example: Time = 10s and Distance=50m

Speed = distance ÷ time = 50m ÷ 10s = 5 m/s

Standard units (SI) for speed is meters per second (m/s).

Other commonly used units are:

Kilometers per hour (km/hr)Feet per second (ft/s)Miles per hour (mi/h)

Not everything moves at a constant rate though so you need to be able to calculate average speed.

Average Speed =total distance total time

SPEED ON A GRAPH: SHOWN ON A GRAPH OF DISTANCE VERSUS TIME

PRACTICE PROBLEM: An athlete swims a distance from one

end of a 50 m pool to the other end in a time of 25 s

What is the athlete’s average speed?

Step 1: Write the equation for average speed:

Average Speed =total distance total time

Step 2: Replace the total distance and total time with the values given, and solve

NOW YOU TRY!!!1. Kira jogs to a store 72 m away in a

time of 36 s. What is Kira’s average speed?

2. If you travel 7.5 km and walk for 1.5 hr, what is your average speed?

3. An airplane traveling from San Francisco to Chicago travels 1,260 km in 3.5 hr. What is the airplane’s average speed?

Velocity: the speed of an object in a particular direction

Is like an object’s rate of change of that objects position

If speed and direction don’t change then velocity is constant, so constant velocity is motion along a straight line

The speeds of these cars may be similar, but the

velocities of the cars differ because the cars are

going in different directions.

Resultant Velocity: is a combination of 2 or more velocities

Acceleration: the rate at which velocity changes over time

An object accelerates if its speed, direction or both change

Positive acceleration means an increase in velocity

Negative Acceleration means a decrease in velocity or what is called deceleration

faster the velocity changes, the greater the acceleration is

CALCULATING AVERAGE ACCELERATION

Acceleration is measured in meters per second per second, or m/s2

EXAMPLE:A plane passes over point A a velocity of 240 m/s

north. Forty seconds later, it passes over point B at a velocity of 260 m/s north. What is the plane’s average acceleration?

Starting velocity = 240 m/sFinal velocity = 260 m/sTime = 40 s

Plug in your numbers:

260-240 = 20m/s = 0.5m/s2 north 40 s 40s

What is the average acceleration of a subway train that speeds up from 9.6 m/s to 12 m/s in 0.8 s on a straight section of track?

CIRCULAR MOTION: An object traveling in a circular motion

is always changing its direction so its velocity is always changing, so it’s accelerating.

This is called centripetal acceleration

The blades of these windmills are constantly changing direction. Thus, centripetal acceleration is occurring

SECTION 2: WHAT IS A FORCE?

Force: a push or pull exerted on an object in order to change the motion of the object

Force has size and direction

Newton: the SI unit for force, symbol is N

All forces act on objects

Forces do not always cause motion

Example: you are exerting a force on your chair, however the chair doesn’t move. That is because the floor is exerting a force on the chair

You cannot see all forces! For example the air around you is held near Earth’s surface by the force of gravity.

Something that you cannot see exerts a

force that makes this cat’s fur stand up.

The bulldozer is exerting a force on the pile of soil. But the pile of soil also exerts a force by just sitting

on the ground!

Net Force: the combination of all of the forces acting on an object

When forces are moving in the same direction, you add them together

When forces are moving in opposite direction you subtract the smaller force from the larger one.

When the forces on an object produce a net force of 0N, then those forces are balanced

Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion of an object

When the Forces of an object are not 0N, the forces are unbalanced and a change in motion occurs.

When forces act in the same direction, you add the forces to determine the net force. The net force will be in the same

direction as the individual forces.

When two forces act in opposite directions, you subtract the smaller force from the larger force to determine the

net force. The net force will be in the same direction as the larger force.

Because all the forces on this house of cards are balanced, none of the cards move.

The soccer ball moves because the players exert an unbalanced force on

the ball each time they kick it

A boy pulls a wagon with a force of 6 N east as another boy pushes it with a force of 4 N east. What is the net force?

A dog pulls on his chew toy with a force of 10 N towards the east. His owner pulls on the other end f the toy with a force of 15 N to the west. What is the net force?

SECTION 3: FRICTION: A FORCE THAT

OPPOSES MOTION

Friction: a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact.

Can cause a moving object to slow down or eventually stop

Occurs because the surface of any object is rough

When the hills and valleys of one surface stick to the hills and valleys of another surface, friction is created

Two factors that affect the amount of friction are:

1) the force pushing the surfaces

together and

2) the roughness of the surfaces.

If the force pushing objects together increases then the hills and valleys come in closer contact and the friction increases

The rougher the surface, the greater the friction is

TWO TYPES OF FRICTION:

1. Kinetic Friction: friction between moving surfaces

Mount depends on how the surfaces move

Sliding objects experience more friction than rolling objects

2. Static Friction: when a force is applies to an object but does not cause the object to move

The force of the friction is balanced with the force applied

Can be overcome with a large enough force

WAYS TO REDUCE FRICTION: Lubricants: substances

applied to reduce friction between objects (motor oil, wax, grease, air on a hockey table, etc)

Switching from sliding to rolling friction (using ball bearings in wheels)

Make surfaces that rub together smoother (sanding wood surfaces)

When you work on a bicycle, watch out for the chain! You

might get dirty from the grease or oil that keeps the chain moving freely. Without

this lubricant, friction between the sections of the chain would quickly wear the

chain out.

WAYS TO INCREASE FRICTION:

Make surfaces rougher (sand on ice, textured batting gloves, etc)

Increase the force pushing the surfaces together (pressing harder on sandpaper)

No one likes cleaning dirty pans. To get this chore done quickly, press

down with the scrubber to increase friction.

SECTION 4: GRAVITY: A FORCE OF ATTRACTION

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efzYblYVUFk&feature=fvwrel

Gravity: a force of attraction between two objects that is due to their masses

Gravity is a result of mass, so matter is affected by gravity

Objects experience a pull toward all other objects, called gravitational force

Because Earth has such a large mass, it also has a very large gravitational force, pulling everything toward its center

SIR ISAAC NEWTON – A BRITISH SCIENTIST Proposed the idea of gravity

He said that an unbalanced force on apples caused them to fall from trees, and that an unbalanced force on the moon kept it circling the Earth; and that both of these forces were really the same, a force of attraction called gravity

Wrote the Law of Universal Gravitation, which describes the relationships between gravitational force, mass, and distance

Sir Isaac Newton realized that the same unbalanced force affected the

motions of the apple and the

moon

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=jwPc0kK9VHU&feature=fvwp

Law of Universal Gravitation: All objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force; the size of the force depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between the objects.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk5E-CrE1zg

TWO PARTS:

1. Gravitational Force Increases as Mass Increases

2. Gravitational Force Decreases as Distance Increases

Venus and Earth have approximately the same

mass. But because Venus is closer to the sun, the

gravitational force between Venus and the sun is

greater than the gravitational force between

Earth and the sun

The gravitational force between objects decreases as the distance

between the objects increases. The length of the arrows indicates the strength of the gravitational force

between two objects

Weight: is a measure of the gravitational force on an object; SI unit is Newtons (N)

Mass: is the amount of matter in an object; SI unit is a kilogram (kg) but is also measured in grams (g) or milligrams (mg)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SegMt7sa42E

The Vomit Comet: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTkFIE_-kL8