Chapter 1 Botany 1A

8/13/2019 Chapter 1 Botany 1A

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An Introduction to theScience of Botany

Chapter 1


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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1

Briefly describe the field of botany, andgive short definitions of at least five

subdisciplinesof plant biology


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KEY TERMS

BOTANYThe scientific study of plants;also calledplant biology


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Subdisciplines 1

Plant molecular biology Structures and functions of important

biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids)

Plant cell biology Structures, functions, and life processes of

plant cells


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Subdisciplines 2

Plant physiology How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral

nutrition)

Plant genetics Plant heredity and variation


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Subdisciplines 3

Plant ecology Interrelationships among plants, and between

plants ands their environment


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Summarize and discuss the features ofplants and other organisms that

distinguish them from nonliving things


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Characteristics of Living Things

1. Organization

Plants and other organisms are highlyorganized with cellsas their basic buildingblocks


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BiosphereAtoms

Hydrogen Oxygen

Molecule

Water

MacromoleculeChloroplast

Organelle

Epidermis

Tissue

Cell

Organ

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Fig. 1-3, p. 9


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Organism distinct, living entities Populations members of the

same species that live together inthe same area

Community populations ofdifferent organisms that interact

with each other within an area

Ecosystem community with itsnon-living environment

Biosphere all of the earthsecosystems


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Characteristics of Living Things 1

2. Energy

Plants and other organisms take in and useenergy


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Plant Cells

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

RESPIRATION


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KEY TERMS PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Biological process that includescapture of light energy and itstransformation into chemical

energy of organic molecules that

are manufactured from carbondioxide and water

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular process in which energy

of organic molecules is released

for biological work


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3. Interaction with environment

Plants respond to stimuliin their environment


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Root Growth and Gravity


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Response to Stimuli


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4. Plants undergo growth anddevelopment


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Germination & Growth


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5. Reproduction

Plants form new individuals by asexualorsexualreproduction


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Asexual Reproduction


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Sexual Reproduction

Stamen malePistil - female


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6. Heredity DNAmolecules transmit genetic information

from one generation to the next in plants and

other organisms

7. Evolution

Plants and other organisms evolve Populations change or adaptto survive in

changing environments


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Adaptation


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KEY TERMS

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) A nucleic acid present in a cells

chromosomes that contains geneticinformation


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KEY TERMS

EVOLUTION Cumulative genetic changes in a population of

organisms from generation to generation

NATURAL SELECTION Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin) Tendency of organisms that have favorable

adaptations to their environment to survive

and become parents of next generation


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Distinguish among the six kingdomsandthree domains, and give representativeorganisms for each


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Euglena


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Six-Kingdom Classification

1. Archaea

2. Bacteria

3. Protista protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds


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Six-Kingdom Classification

4. Fungi

molds, yeasts

5. Animalia

6. Plantae


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Three-Domain Classification

Archaea Kingdom archaea

Bacteria Kingdom bacteria

Eukarya All other kingdoms


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Three Domains:

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Six Kingdoms:

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi

Prokaryotes (lackmembrane-bound

organelles);

unicellular;most are

heterotrophic(obtain food by

eating other

organisms),

but some are

photosynthetic or

chemosynthetic

Prokaryotes;unicellular;

microscopic;

most live inextreme

environments;differ in

biochemistry

and in cell wall

structure

from bacteria

Eukaryotes;mainly

unicellular or

simplemulticellular;

maybeheterotrophic

or photosynthetic;

include protozoa,

algae, and slime

molds

Eukaryotes;multicellular;

photosynthetic;

life cycle withalternation of

generations;cell walls of

cellulose

Eukaryotes;multicellular;

heterotrophic;

most moveabout by

muscularcontraction;

nervous

system

coordinates

responses to

stimuli

Eukaryotes;most

multicellular;

heterotrophic;absorb

nutrients;do not photo-

synthesize;

cell walls of

chitin

Fig. 1-11, p. 14


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KEY TERMS

KINGDOM A broad taxonomic category made up of

related phyla; many biologists currently

recognize six kingdoms of living organisms

DOMAIN A taxonomic category that includes one or

more kingdoms


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Classification (Binomial System)


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KEY TERMS

SPECIES A group of organisms with similar structural

and functional characteristics In nature, they breed only with one another

and have a close common ancestry


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Summarize the main steps in the scientificmethod, and explain how science differsfrom many other human endeavors


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The Scientific Method 1

1. Recognize a problem or an unanswered question

2. Develop a hypothesis

to explain the problem

3. Design and perform an experiment

to test the hypothesis


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The Scientific Method 2

4. Analyze and interpret the data

to reach a conclusion

5. Share new knowledge

with the scientific community


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KEY TERMS

HYPOTHESIS An educated guess (based on previous

observations) that may be true and is testable

by observation and experimentation

THEORYA widely accepted explanation supported by alarge body of observations and experiments

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Chapter 1 Botany 1A