CHAPTER 1 Converging Cultures SECTION 1 The Migration to America

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 Converging Cultures Converging Cultures

SECTION 1 SECTION 1

The Migration to AmericaThe Migration to America

I. Asian Migration to AmericaI. Asian Migration to America

A. When did the first people come to

America?

The Ice Age occurred 100,000 years ago

THEN about 15,000 years ago Asian

people came across the

Beringia – land mass between Asia &

Alaska

II. Early Civilizations of II. Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Mesoamerica

A. 9,000 – 10,000 years ago, Native Americans A. 9,000 – 10,000 years ago, Native Americans

learned how to plant & raise crops during learned how to plant & raise crops during thethe

agricultural revolutionagricultural revolution..

1. What was the most important crop?1. What was the most important crop?

2. According to anthropologists the 2. According to anthropologists the OLMECOLMEC

was the 1was the 1stst civilization in America and the first civilization in America and the first large city was large city was TeotihuacanTeotihuacan in what is now in what is now

Veracruz, Mexico. They traded Veracruz, Mexico. They traded obsidianobsidian..

The Avenue of the DeadThe Avenue of the Deadin Teotihuacan, Mexicoin Teotihuacan, Mexico

C 1, SECTION 2C 1, SECTION 2 I. Native American I. Native American Cultures CulturesA. A. WestWest – climate & geography played an – climate & geography played an

important part. Depended on corn for important part. Depended on corn for survival.survival.

1. 1. Pacific CoastPacific Coast – fished & built homes out – fished & built homes out of lumber from the forests.of lumber from the forests.

2. Between 2. Between Sierra Nevada & Rocky Sierra Nevada & Rocky MountainsMountains – weather was drier so they were – weather was drier so they were nomadsnomads..

3. 3. Great PlainsGreat Plains – became farmers first, – became farmers first, then nomads. Followed then nomads. Followed buffalobuffalo. Spanish . Spanish brought brought horseshorses..

Native AmericansNative Americans

Native Americans in Native Americans in AlabamaAlabama

CherokeeCherokee - NE - NE

CHICKASAW - NW CHICKASAW - NW

CHOCTAW - SWCHOCTAW - SW

CreekCreek - major - major

part of ALpart of AL

B. The FAR NORTH

• Inuit - Arctic

(Alaska’s Aleutian Islands) to Greenland.

• Hunted & invented devices such as the harpoon & dogsled.

• Used whale oil and blubber

for fuel

C. Eastern WoodlandsC. Eastern Woodlands Hunted, fished, farmed.Hunted, fished, farmed. DeerDeer provided food & clothing. provided food & clothing. Spoke two languages: Spoke two languages:

Algonquian or IroquoianAlgonquian or Iroquoian. . Used Used slash & burnslash & burn agriculture. agriculture. Lived in Lived in longhouseslonghouses or wigwams. or wigwams. Iroquois lived in kinship groups headed by Iroquois lived in kinship groups headed by

the the elder womenelder women.. Iroquois LeagueIroquois League – made up of five (5) – made up of five (5)

Iroquoian groups to maintain Iroquoian groups to maintain peacepeace..

THE IROQUOISTHE IROQUOIS

C 1, Sec 2C 1, Sec 2 D. D. THE SOUTHEASTERN THE SOUTHEASTERN NATIVE AMERICANS NATIVE AMERICANS

1. Lived in towns built around a central1. Lived in towns built around a central plaza.plaza.

2. Farmed and hunted.2. Farmed and hunted.

3. Houses were made of poles covered3. Houses were made of poles covered with grass, mud, or thatch.with grass, mud, or thatch.

4. Built 4. Built moundsmounds in Alabama & Mississippi in Alabama & Mississippi

Moundville, AlabamaMoundville, Alabama

CHAPTER 1, SECTION 3 CHAPTER 1, SECTION 3 AFRICAN CULTURESAFRICAN CULTURES

I. I. WEST WEST AFRICAAFRICA A. A. Ghana, Mali, SonghaiGhana, Mali, Songhai.. 1. Traded 1. Traded goldgold and and saltsalt.. 2. Sahara Desert is the interior.2. Sahara Desert is the interior. Savannahs are on the edges.Savannahs are on the edges. Tropical rain forest along the SW Tropical rain forest along the SW & Southern edge.& Southern edge. 3. 3. Niger RiverNiger River – major East-West pathway. – major East-West pathway. Traded for salt. Used camels.Traded for salt. Used camels. B. IslamB. Islam spread through trade routes. (Muslims) spread through trade routes. (Muslims) C. C. GoldGold trade made West Africa prosper. trade made West Africa prosper.

Chapter 1, Sec 3Chapter 1, Sec 3II. Empires of West AfricaII. Empires of West AfricaA. A. SoninkeSoninke from Ghana controlled trade. from Ghana controlled trade. Muslims built mosques.Muslims built mosques. Ended in 1200s because new Ended in 1200s because new gold mines opened in Bure.gold mines opened in Bure.

B. B. MalinkeMalinke – upper Niger Valley & controlled – upper Niger Valley & controlled gold trade from Bure.gold trade from Bure. Conquered the Soninke & builtConquered the Soninke & built Mali empire. Mali empire. Mansa MusaMansa Musa – leader – leader Timbuktu – center of tradeTimbuktu – center of trade

C. C. SorkoSorko people built Songhai empire. people built Songhai empire. Ruler – Ruler – Sonni AliSonni Ali who seized control of who seized control of Timbuktu.Timbuktu.

C 1, Sec 3 C 1, Sec 3 III. III. FOREST KINGDOMS of GuineaFOREST KINGDOMS of Guinea GuineaGuinea – located on southern coast of – located on southern coast of

Africa - Dense forestsAfrica - Dense forests A. Yoruba & Edo peopleA. Yoruba & Edo people B. Hunters, farmers, tradersB. Hunters, farmers, traders C. Produced a surplus of food and traded C. Produced a surplus of food and traded

for copper & salt.for copper & salt.

Chapter 1, Sec 3Chapter 1, Sec 3IV. CENTRAL & SOUTHERN AFRICAIV. CENTRAL & SOUTHERN AFRICA

A. CENTRALA. CENTRAL– dense vegetation – – dense vegetation – RAIN FORESTSRAIN FORESTS

Fished, grew wheat & raised livestockFished, grew wheat & raised livestock MatrilinealMatrilineal – traced lineage through – traced lineage through

mothersmothers B. B. KongoKongo – –

located on thelocated on the

Zaire RiverZaire River

V. SLAVERYSlavery existed in African society! A. Most were captured in war; they were sold

back to their people or absorbed into their new

African society. B. THEN, Arabs began to trade for them. C. Akans used them to clear land & mine gold. D. Portuguese used them on sugar plantations. E. Europeans set up sugar plantations on the

Mediterranean Islands; Spain & Portugal set

up sugar plantations on the West Coast of Africa. F. THEN, traders shipped slaves to the Americas.

Chapter 1 – Section 4 EUROPEAN CULTURES I. European Society – THE CRUSADES – means “cross” A struggle to regain the Holy Land. Helped get Europe out of isolation because it encouraged a new desire for exploration.

C 1, Sec 4 – European Cultures

A. Feudalism – a political system in which a king would give estates to nobles in exchange for their loyalty & military support.

Chapter 1, Sec 4 – European Cultures

B. The Manorial System – Economic ties

between nobles and peasants.

Peasants worked for the Lords in exchange for protection.

called SERFS – bound to the manor.


C. The Economy Improves in 1000.

1. A better plow

2. Horse collar

3. Use of horses instead of oxen

4. Trade improved

5. More towns started up

Chapter 1, Section 4 – European Cultures

D. THE CHURCH

1. The Roman Catholic Church helped

promote stability and order.

2. However, the Church penalized rulers

and common persons for disobedience.

Chapter 1, Section 4 – European Cultures

II. Expanding Horizons. A. By 1200 – Italian & Arab merchants controlled the trade.

B. Arab traders wanted money for payment, & this led to an economy based on money. C. Demand for gold from Africa increased. D. The Mongols opened borders for trade & secured the roads from bandits. E. Then, the Mongol empire collapsed & Europeans began to look for a new way trade – the sea.


III. NEW STATES, NEW TECHNOLOGY

A. Western European monarchs began to unify their kingdoms and create strong central governments.

The four strong states in the mid-1400s

were: Portugal, Spain, England,

and France


B. THE RENAISSANCE. “Rebirth” of interest in the culture of ancient Greece and Rome. Produced great works of art and triggered a scientific revolution.

Chapter 1, Sec 4Chapter 1, Sec 4 – European – European Cultures Cultures

C. C. NEW TECHNOLOGYNEW TECHNOLOGY – – Navigational InstrumentsNavigational Instruments

1. 1. AstrolabeAstrolabe – used the position of the sun to – used the position of the sun to determinedetermine

direction, latitude, and local time. direction, latitude, and local time.

2. 2. CompassCompass – showed the direction of magnetic– showed the direction of magnetic north.north.

3. 3. Lateen sailsLateen sails – could sail against the wind– could sail against the wind

4. 4. CaravelCaravel – small vessel that – small vessel that could carry about could carry about 130 tons of cargo130 tons of cargo

Chapter 1, Sec 4 – European Chapter 1, Sec 4 – European CulturesCultures

IV. IV. Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration 1. Portuguese were the first Europeans to 1. Portuguese were the first Europeans to

find a sea route to Asia. find a sea route to Asia. 2. 2. Prince HenryPrince Henry, the Navigator, set up a , the Navigator, set up a

center for astronomical and geographical center for astronomical and geographical studies in studies in PortugalPortugal. .

3. 3. Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of reached the Cape of Good Hope on the tip of Southern Africa in Good Hope on the tip of Southern Africa in 1488.1488.

4. In 1497, 4. In 1497, Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama landed on landed on India’s SW coast. India’s SW coast.

This was the 1This was the 1stst European sea route!! European sea route!!

Chapter 1, Sec 4 - ReviewChapter 1, Sec 4 - Review

End of EuropeanIsolation

Advances inShipbuilding

& Sailing

NavigationalInstruments

Renaissance

Crusades

Collapse ofThe Mongol

Empire

Decline of FeudalismAnd

New Strong States

Plow &HorseCollar

Chapter 1, Section 5Chapter 1, Section 5Europe Encounters AmericaEurope Encounters America

I. I. The Vikings Arrive in AmericaThe Vikings Arrive in America A. Archaeological evidence A. Archaeological evidence says that the says that the VikingsVikings probably arrived beforeprobably arrived before ColumbusColumbus.. B. A.D. 1000 – B. A.D. 1000 – Lief EricssonLief Ericsson explored the coast of Labradorexplored the coast of Labrador and stayed the winter in and stayed the winter in NewfoundlandNewfoundland.. C. The Vikings did not stay.C. The Vikings did not stay.

C 1, Sec 5C 1, Sec 5

II. II. Spain Sends Columbus WestSpain Sends Columbus West

A. A. GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY

1. 1. Claudius Claudius PtolemyPtolemy – drew – drew maps of a round world w/ 360 lines of maps of a round world w/ 360 lines of longitude on a flat surface.longitude on a flat surface.

2. 2. al-Idrisial-Idrisi – –

published a published a

geographical survey.geographical survey.

C 1, Sec 5C 1, Sec 5 B. B. Columbus.Columbus. 1. 14921. 1492 – – Columbus got financing Columbus got financing

from Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen from Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to seek a route to Asia across the Isabella to seek a route to Asia across the Atlantic. His shipsAtlantic. His ships werewere: : PintaPinta, , NinaNina, , Santa MariaSanta Maria..

2. Probably landed at 2. Probably landed at San SalvadorSan Salvador Island & met Island & met the the TainoTaino people. Called people. Called them Indians. He thoughtthem Indians. He thought he had landed in India.he had landed in India.

C 1, Sec 5C 1, Sec 5 3. Columbus saw 3. Columbus saw

goldgold around the around the TainosTainos’’

necks and went farther necks and went farther

to Cuba and Hispaniola. to Cuba and Hispaniola.

He thought He thought CubaCuba was was

ChinaChina and and HispaniolaHispaniola was was JapanJapan..

4. He left his men 4. He left his men

while he took back while he took back

treasures to the King & treasures to the King &

Queen of Queen of SpainSpain. .

Chapter 1, Section 5Chapter 1, Section 5 5. On his next trip to back to Hispaniola, 5. On his next trip to back to Hispaniola,

he learned his men had been killed. He he learned his men had been killed. He established a new colony – established a new colony – IsabellaIsabella..

6. Columbus left for Spain again.6. Columbus left for Spain again. His brother, Bartholomew founded His brother, Bartholomew founded Santo DomingoSanto Domingo – – 11stst capital of Spain’s empire in America capital of Spain’s empire in America.. 7. On his third voyage back to American 7. On his third voyage back to American

he landed in South America.he landed in South America. 8. On his last voyage he mapped the 8. On his last voyage he mapped the

American coastline from Guatemala to American coastline from Guatemala to Panama.Panama.

HOW MANY TRIPS DID COLUMBUS MAKE TO HOW MANY TRIPS DID COLUMBUS MAKE TO AMERICA?AMERICA?

Chapter 1, Section 5Chapter 1, Section 5III. III. Spain Claims AmericaSpain Claims America..

A. Spain had explored A. Spain had explored

The Caribbean IslandsThe Caribbean Islands & established & established

colonies in:colonies in:

HispaniolaHispaniola, , CubaCuba, , JamaicaJamaica

& & Puerto RicoPuerto Rico in addition in addition

to exploring the Americanto exploring the American

mainland.mainland.

Chapter 1, Section 5Chapter 1, Section 5 B. B. The Treaty of Tordesillas –The Treaty of Tordesillas – Established by Pope Alexander VI to avoid a Established by Pope Alexander VI to avoid a

war between Catholic nations.war between Catholic nations. 1. 1. Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation divided the divided the

Atlantic Ocean down the middle.Atlantic Ocean down the middle. Spain got the land west of the line.Spain got the land west of the line. Portugal got the land east of the line.Portugal got the land east of the line. 2. 2. Two things it didTwo things it did:: * Confirmed Portugal’s right to the route * Confirmed Portugal’s right to the route

around Africa to India & gave them most of around Africa to India & gave them most of Brazil.Brazil.

* Confirmed Spain’s claim to the new * Confirmed Spain’s claim to the new lands in America.lands in America.

Chapter 1, Sec 5Chapter 1, Sec 5

Chapter 1, Section 5Chapter 1, Section 5

C. C. AmerigoAmerigo VespucciVespucci – (Italian) – (Italian) sailed for Spain then for Portugal.sailed for Spain then for Portugal.

Determined that the new land was Determined that the new land was not Asia. German scholar proposed not Asia. German scholar proposed that the new continent be named that the new continent be named AmericaAmerica for “Amerigo the for “Amerigo the discoverer.”discoverer.”


D. Other Spanish Expeditions.D. Other Spanish Expeditions.

1. 1. Juan Ponce de LeonJuan Ponce de Leon – Spanish – Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, explored governor of Puerto Rico, explored FloridaFlorida – – named for land of flowers.named for land of flowers.

2. 2. Vasco de BalboaVasco de Balboa – – first European first European to reach the to reach the PacificPacific coast of America. coast of America.

3. 3. Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan - - gave the gave the Pacific Ocean its name (pacific means Pacific Ocean its name (pacific means peacefulpeaceful). Died in the Philippines, but his ). Died in the Philippines, but his crew was the crew was the 11stst to circumnavigate the to circumnavigate the globe.globe.

Chapter 1, Section 5Chapter 1, Section 5IV. IV. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGETHE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

A. Native Americans taught A. Native Americans taught Europeans about farming & new Europeans about farming & new crops. Corn, squash, pumpkins, crops. Corn, squash, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, chili peppers, peanuts, chocolate, chili peppers, peanuts, chocolate, tobacco, chewing gum, & potatoes tobacco, chewing gum, & potatoes went to Europe.went to Europe.

Chapter 1, Section 5Chapter 1, Section 5 B. EUROPE TO AMERICA.B. EUROPE TO AMERICA.

Europeans introduced these items to Europeans introduced these items to America: America: wheat, oats, barley, rye, wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, coffee, dandelions, onions, rice, coffee, dandelions, onions, bananas, oranges & citrus fruits, bananas, oranges & citrus fruits, chickens, cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, chickens, cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, technology – metalworking, technology – metalworking, shipbuilding, weapons (firearms), shipbuilding, weapons (firearms),

and and diseases.diseases.


DISEASESDISEASES

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CHAPTER 1 Converging Cultures SECTION 1 The Migration to America