CHAPTER 1HISTORICAL ORIGINS

THE EVOLUTION OF THE DETECTIVE

• European Origins

FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM

TITHINGS

MERCHANT FINANCED WATCHES

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Shifting masses of people

• Younger people relocating to cities

• Brutal Punishments- capital offenses

• Parliamentary reward system– Apprehension paid official 40 pounds

EUROPEAN ORIGINS

• THIEF TAKING- fee for return of property

• JONATHON WILD “It takes a thief to catch a thief

• Buckle maker and Brothel operator

• Hired thieves for a cut of their thefts

• Sometimes he turned in his employees for reward

• Executed for stealing items to be returned

ORIGINS (Cont.)

• EUGENE VODOCQ- Thief catcher 80 yr. after Wild

• Thief sanctioned by police- informant

• Became head of Paris detective bureau

• Police grew envious, accused of picking pockets, left Paris police

• Started pvt. detective bureau-200 arrests

• Started “Trade protection society”

ENGLISH DETECTIVE

• HENRY FIELDING- Wrote Tom Jones

• Bow Street Runners

• Became Magistrate

• Passed company to blind brother

• 1821- 1828/ 41% increase in crime with only a 15% increase in population

• Blamed crime increase on gin consumption

LONDON METRO POLICE ACT

• SIS ROBERT PEEL- Occupied a building that had been used by Scottish Royalty

• Open to public- called Scotland Yard

• Bobbies- introduced term “Detective”

• Model for Police Administration

• Peel’s Principles

• http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/laworder/9points.htm

EARLY AMERICAN DETECTIVES

• Allan Pinkerton- Appointed by mayor of Chicago- First detective 1849

• “AMERICA’S FOUNDEROF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION”

• Pinkerton Investigative Agency early 1850s• War Between the States- Protected President

Lincoln- Gathered intelligence for the North• Pioneered handwriting examinations and central

federal record keeping. FBI roots

MODUS OPERANDI

• The way you go about committing crime MO

• Thomas Byrnes- NYC Chief of Detectives first recognized criminal technique

STATE-AUTHORIZED POLICING

• Texas Rangers- 1835 First State Police started for protection from indians

FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS

• J. Edgar Hoover- First Director- 1924– Est. Central Records Chicago/ Leavenworth– Uniform Crime Reports– Established the FBI image

UNIFORM CRIME REPORT

• UCR- NUMBER OF REPORTED CRIMES PER 100,000

• # Crimes/Population X 100,000= UCR

• 100/1,000,000 X 100,000= 10

CRIMINALISTICS

• Forensic Science earliest application

• Alphonse Bertillion- Anthropometry- Catalogued basic factors for identification

• Body measured in 11 key places– + eye, hair, and skin color – Portrait parle’- front and side mug shot– Will West Case

CONTRIBUTORS TO CRIMINALISTICS

• Francis Galton- dactylography- fingerprint identification

• Edward Richard Henry- System of fingerprint classification

• Arthur Conan Doyle- Sherlock Holmes books predicted many forensic practices

• Edmond Locard- Established principle “Every contact leaves a trace”

CONTRIBUTORS (Cont.)

• AUGUST VOLLMER• Town Marshall- Berkley CA• Police organization• Agency developed the first polygraph

• ALEC JEFFREYS Discovered DNA Profiling “Genetic fingerprinting” 1984

• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 1st use1987

DR. HENRY C. LEE

• Contemporary criminalist

– Kennedy assination– OJ Simpson Case– Jon Benet Ramsey

LEGAL INFLUENCES

• Bill of Rights

• 14th Amendment

• 4th, 5th, and 6th most effect on CRJ

4TH AMENDMENT

• Unlawful search and seizure

• Exclusionary Rule

• Mapp v. Ohio

5TH AMENDMENT

• You cannot be compelled to be a witness against yourself

• You cannot be deprived of due process rights

• You cannot be tried twice for the same offense

6TH AMENDMENT

• Right to counsel

• Right to have a swift trial

• Jury of your peers

U.S. ORIGINS