CHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH OVERVIEW pages 66 Adverbs€¦ · Aword’s part of speech depends on how the word is used in a sentence. Words that can be used as prepositions can also

Developmental Language Skills 21

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1e.

AdverbsAn adverb modifies (or describes) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

EXAMPLE They talked today. [Today is an adverb because it describes the verbtalked.]

An adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often).

HOW They talked excitedly. [Excitedly is an adverb that tells how they talked.]

HOW LONG They talked briefly. [Briefly is an adverb that tells how long they talked.]

HOW OFTEN They frequently talk. [Frequently is an adverb that tells how often theytalk.]

Many adverbs that tell how end in the letters –ly.

EXAMPLE In a hurry, the family quickly ate their soup. [Quickly is an adverb that tellshow the family ate.]

EXERCISE A Underline the adverb in each of the following sentences. Hint: Each of the followingsentences contains an adverb that describes a verb.

Example 1. The geese flew noisily over the lake. [Noisily is an adverb that tells how the geese flew.

Flew is a verb.]

1. Proudly, he took the crown in his own hands. [Which word tells how something was done?]

2. The lawn mower stopped working yesterday.

3. Bald eagles are rarely sighted in this area.

4. Six people around the table were staring intently at some graphs.

5. You may begin the test now.

An adverb can describe an adjective.

EXAMPLE That blue jacket is surprisingly inexpensive. [Surprisingly is an adverb thatdescribes the adjective inexpensive.]

EXERCISE B Underline the adverb in each of the following sentences. Hint: Each of the followingsentences contains an adverb that describes an adjective.

Example 1. That was quite kind of you, ma’am. [The adverb quite describes the adjective kind.]

6. Everyone, please be especially quiet when we enter the museum. [Which word describes the

adjective quiet?]

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7. Our proposal, sir, met with an exceptionally good response.

8. Extremely dangerous, this mountain range has claimed many lives.

9. The most organized applicant will get this job.

10. An especially colorful garden would improve our yard.

An adverb can describe another adverb.

EXAMPLE Quite often, they talk. [Often is an adverb that describes the verb talk.Quite is an adverb that describes another adverb, often.]

A contraction can contain an adverb.

EXAMPLE They don’t talk. [Don’t stands for do not. Since not is an adverb describingthe verb do talk, the contraction contains an adverb.]

EXERCISE C Underline each adverb in the following sentences. Each sentence contains more than oneadverb. Hint:The following sentences contain adverbs that describe verbs and other adverbs.

Example 1. Yes, Stanton has always arrived rather promptly. [The adverbs always and promptly

describe the verb has arrived. The adverb rather describes the adverb promptly.]

11. Can you believe we’re almost there, kids? [Which word describes the verb are in the contraction

we’re? Which word describes the adverb there?]

12. Handle these slides more carefully in the future.

13. Miss Turner is frequently away on business.

14. The children danced rather merrily during the folk festival.

15. Must you play those drums consistently loudly?

EXERCISE D Underline each adverb in the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow to the word thateach adverb describes.

Example 1. Yes, the Lakota Sioux once camped here. [The adverbs once and here describe the verb

camped.]

16. The twins watched the stranger curiously. [Which word tells how something was done?]

17. Traffic is usually light at this time of day.

18. She takes her art very seriously.

19. Play with the dog outside.

20. Would you explain the math formula again?

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22 Fourth Course

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1f.

PrepositionsA preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object ofthe preposition, to another word.

Memorizing several of the prepositions is a good way to help you know them when you seethem.

COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONS

above according to at before belowby for from in in addition toin spite of of on to until

Prepositions show relationships between words.

EXAMPLES She arrived before lunch. [The preposition before shows the relationshipbetween arrived and lunch.]She arrived during lunch. [The preposition during shows the relationshipbetween arrived and lunch.]Please get ready for dinner. [The preposition for shows the relationshipbetween ready and dinner.]Did you write a letter to her? [The preposition to shows the relationshipbetween write and her.]Everyone except her was there. [The preposition except shows therelationship between everyone and her.]

EXERCISE A Underline the preposition in each of the following sentences. Remember to underline allparts of a compound preposition.

Examples 1. Without goggles, the welder could damage his eyes. [The preposition Without shows

a relationship between goggles and could damage.]

2. Their ball rolled in front of the house. [The compound preposition in front of shows

the relationship between rolled and house.]

1. A bicycle with five speeds would be best. [What word relates bicycle to speeds?]

2. Can that gecko jump over the stone, Richard? [What word shows what can jump has to do with

stone?]

3. The store across the street sells art supplies and hardware.

4. The winner will be the person with the lowest score.

5. During the performance, no one will be admitted.

6. A moray eel was hiding among the rocks.

7. Palm trees, in addition to native flowers, were planted.



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8. Wait until dark.

9. In spite of countless obstacles, Wilma Rudolph triumphed.

10. Weren’t some of the slides usable?

Changing the preposition can change the relationship between words.

EXAMPLES He was sitting behind the table. [The preposition behind shows therelationship between table and sitting.]He was sitting beside the table. [The preposition beside changes therelationship between table and sitting.]He was sitting in front of the table. [The preposition in front of changes therelationship between table and sitting again.]

A word’s part of speech depends on how the word is used in a sentence. Words that canbe used as prepositions can also be used as other parts of speech.

PREPOSITION I had never seen an ostrich before that day. [Day is the object of thepreposition before.]

ADVERB I had never seen an ostrich before. [Before has no object. Before is an adverb.]

EXERCISE B Underline the preposition in each of the following sentences. Remember that a prepositionmust have an object. Adverbs do not have objects.

Examples 1. After that, Athens attained its real power. [Which word shows a relationship in time?]

2. The study of the past protects the future. [Which word expresses the relationship

between study and past?]

11. Lisa just got a letter from Senator Lee. [Which word relates Senator Lee to letter?]

12. At that time, social changes affected Europe. [Which word specifies the relationship between

affected and that time?]

13. Wow! Your little brother runs fast for a six-year-old.

14. The shirts that have white tags go on the bottom shelf.

15. Who is the girl standing between Barbara and Jean?

16. The knight would encounter many adventures in faraway lands.

17. According to Dad, we haven’t finished our chores.

18. We were surprised because Dad sprinkled cinnamon on the carrots.

19. Mrs. Shepard took the first exit off the interstate and then turned right.

20. Just then, a red balloon floated by my window.

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1g.

Conjunctions and InterjectionsConjunctions

A conjunction joins words or word groups.

Coordinating conjunctions join words or word groups that are used in the same way. Thecoordinating conjunctions are and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet.

EXAMPLES Mike and Dave have pets. [Two words are joined.]Mike walks his dog at the park or on Main Street. [Two phrases are joined.]Mike has a pet, but Dave doesn’t have one. [Two clauses are joined.]

EXERCISE A Underline each conjunction in the following sentences.

Example 1. The old brick road will be torn up and resurfaced with asphalt. [The conjunction and

connects the words torn and resurfaced.]

1. The power was off, so the model train didn’t move. [Which word connects the two clauses?]

2. Push the plus key but not the equals key.

3. Your role in the play is small yet important.

4. Why not put some special effects or voice-overs on your video?

5. An informal yet elegant restaurant opened at the airport.

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that areused in the same way. The correlative conjunctions are both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . . nor,not only . . . but also, and whether . . . or.

EXAMPLES Neither pet snakes nor pet tarantulas require much work. [Two nouns arejoined.]We can adopt a puppy either from our neighbor or from the pound. [Twophrases are joined.]Not only does Mike have a cat, but he also has a dog. [Two clauses arejoined.]

EXERCISE B Underline each pair of correlative conjunctions in the following sentences. Hint: Correlativeconjunctions are pairs of words that work together to introduce two alternatives.

Example 1. Tell me whether we are going to the library or my house. [The words whether and or

work together to introduce the two alternatives.]

6. Neither swamp buggies nor motorboats are allowed in this environmentally sensitive area.

[Which two words work together to connect swamp buggies and motorboats?]



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7. Both cars and speedboats will be on display at the convention center.

8. His walls were covered not only with posters but also with photographs, news clippings, and

other mementos.

9. Decide whether you’ll paint houses or plant trees, then sign the volunteer sheet.

10. She had been neither to Chicago nor out of the county.

InterjectionsAn interjection expresses emotion. An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of thesentence. In other words, an interjection is not a subject, verb, object, modifier, preposition, orconjunction. Without the interjection, the sentence still makes sense. Common interjectionsinclude ah, ouch, ugh, wow, oops, hey, and oh.

STRONG EMOTION Yikes! What a big spider! [Yikes is an interjection that expresses strongemotion.]

MILD EMOTION There’s an, oh my, excessively large spider. [Oh my is an interjection thatinterrupts the rest of the sentence.]

MILD EMOTION Hey, your tarantula’s loose again. [Hey is an interjection that expresses mildemotion.]

Notice that an interjection is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by an exclamationpoint or by a comma or commas. Interjections set off by commas can be easy to spot becausethey interrupt the rest of the sentence.

EXERCISE C Underline each interjection in the following sentences.

Example 1. Ugh, this milk is sour. [Ugh is an interjection that expresses emotion.]

11. It’s, oh, about five hundred miles from here to Miami. [Which word interrupts the sentence but

expresses no meaning other than an emotional one?]

12. Ow! That was my toe under your foot.

13. Whoa! The sun is brighter than usual today.

14. The solution, well, is not that simple.

15. My, the storm uprooted a tree at Valleyview Park.

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4g.

Sentence Structure AThe structure of a sentence is determined by the number and type of clauses it has.

A sentence can be classified, depending on its structure, as simple, compound, complex, orcompound-complex.

Simple SentencesA simple sentence contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.

EXAMPLES Mr. RomanoS

designedV

the treehouse. [This is an independent clausebecause it makes sense on its own and has a subject, Mr. Romano, and itsverb, designed.]

Mr. RomanoS

designedV

the treehouse but hasV

not builtV

it yet. [Thisindependent clause makes sense on its own and has a subject, Mr.Romano, and a compound verb, designed and has built.]

Compound SentencesA compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses.

A compound sentence may be divided by a comma and a coordinating conjunction such asand, but, for, yet, so, nor, or or. Sometimes, a semicolon separates the clauses.

EXAMPLES HeS

woreV

cowboy boots, sheS

woreV

sandals, and IS

woreV

tennis shoes. [Thissentence has three independent clauses. Commas separate these clauses, and the coordinating conjunction and signals the last independent clause.]

HeS

woreV

cowboy boots; sheS

woreV

sandals. [This sentence has two independent clauses. A semicolon divides the clauses, so no coordinatingconjunction is needed.]

EXERCISE A Identify the structure of each of the following sentences. On the lines provided, write S for asimple sentence or CD for a compound sentence.

Examples 1. Rocks and stones marked the trail and pointed the way. [This is a simple

sentence with a compound subject and a compound verb. Both subjects, rocks

and stones, have the same verbs, marked and pointed.]

2. Either you will, or you won’t; there’s no in-between position. [This sentence

has three independent clauses, so it is a compound sentence.]

1. Dozens of paper cranes in all colors sat on the table, and the recycling can had only a

few sheets of colored paper in it. [How many independent clauses are in the sentence?]

CD

S


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2. Do the buses or subway run near there? [How many independent clauses are in the

sentence?]

3. A string of pearls is expensive, so a knot is tied in the string between each pearl.

4. The tourists held up their binoculars, and an eagle soared above them.

5. Modern art inspires many people but confuses some others.

6. The barn is down the road a couple of miles from here.

7. This is a dress rehearsal, everybody, so do your best.

8. Will Psychology I or World Studies II be offered next semester?

9. Slowly, transfer the solution into the beaker.

10. The human eye can be fooled; just look at these optical illusions.

Do not confuse a simple sentence with a compound subject or verb with a compoundsentence.

SIMPLE SENTENCE HeS

and his friendsS

woreV

cowboy boots. [This sentence has a compoundsubject, He and friends, but only one verb, wore.]

COMPOUND SENTENCE HeS

woreV

cowboy boots, and his friendsS

didV

, too. [This sentence has twoindependent clauses—He wore cowboy boots and his friends did, too. Eachclause could stand alone as a complete sentence.]

EXERCISE B Use a conjunction and a comma to combine each of the following pairs of simple sentencesinto a compound sentence. Use proofreading symbols to make your changes.

Example 1. Mt. Rainier is a tall mountain.̂, but

It is not the tallest mountain in the world. [Both of

these simple sentences can become one compound sentence. A comma and the

conjunction but join these two sentences together.]

11. The soccer coach and her team practiced every day for months. They won the championship.

[How can the word so be used to join these two sentences together?]

12. Can raccoons swim? Do they not know how?

13. Our city’s Fourth of July parade was a massive project. Hundreds of floats were presented.

14. Meet the class in this room at 8:00 A.M. on Friday for the field trip. We’ll leave the building

by 8:30 A.M.

15. Wilma used to spend money quickly. Now she prefers to save it.

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4g.

Sentence Structure BA sentence can be classified, depending on its structure, as simple, compound, complex, orcompound-complex.

Complex SentencesA complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause. Inthe following example, the independent clause has been underlined once, and the subordinateclause has been underlined twice.

EXAMPLE Although Ed likes to watch movies, he usually prefers to read. [Although Ed likes to watch movies is a subordinate clause. This clause cannot standalone as a sentence, but it does have a subject and its verb. He usuallyprefers to read is an independent clause. This clause has a subject and itsverb, and it can stand alone as a sentence.]

EXERCISE A Underline each independent clause once and each subordinate clause twice in the sentencesthat follow. Hint: All items are complex sentences.

Example 1. When the bell rang, students poured into the hallways. [Students poured into the

hallways is an independent clause because it has a subject and a verb , and it could make

sense on its own. When the bell rang is a subordinate clause because it has a subject and a

verb, but it does not make sense on its own.]

1. When the train approached the railroad crossing, the train whistle blew loudly. [Which part of

the sentence would not make sense on its own? Which part would make sense on its own?]

2. I will visit you every day while you are in the hospital.

3. While the electricity was out, did Carlton light some candles?

4. If the ice in the cooler melts, move the water bottles into the refrigerator.

5. Myra’s confidence grew as the third game of the tennis match progressed.

Compound-Complex SentencesA compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least onesubordinate clause.

EXAMPLE Although Ed likes to watch movies, he usually prefers to read; however, he

doesn’t like to watch movies based on books. [This sentence has two

independent clauses and one subordinate clause.]


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EXERCISE B Identify each of the following sentences as complex or compound-complex. First, underlineall independent clauses once and all subordinate clauses twice. Then, write CX for complex or CD-CX forcompound-complex on each line provided.

Example 1. When my brother went to college, I got his room, and it is great! [This

sentence has two independent clauses and one subordinate clause. It is a

compound-complex sentence.]

6. Since Aunt Chi got her convertible, she drives it every day, yet she will not put the top

down. [How many independent and subordinate clauses are in the sentence?]

7. If Ida washes the dishes this evening, Ken will dry them.

8. Because she has been saving money all year, Nina is proud of her savings account.

9. Hundreds of pigeons lived in the tower, and every one of them knew the lady who fed

them every day.

10. Eric has had little time for games since he opened his lawn business.

EXERCISE C Identify each of the following sentences as complex or compound-complex. Write CX forcomplex or CD-CX for compound-complex on the line provided.

Example 1. If you can try out for the play, I can, and I will. [This sentence is compound-

complex because it has two independent clauses—I can and I will—and one

subordinate clause, If you can try out for the play.]

11. Although our neighbors have a satellite dish, we don’t have one. [Does this sentence

have more than one independent clause?]

12. That’s right; although this leaf may look plain, it will look much more interesting under

the microscope.

13. Because the gray fence hid the yard from public view, the children wondered who

lived in the house on the corner.

14. The tractor, which is a model from the 1940s, still runs fine.

15. The tour of downtown is interesting; my favorite stop on the tour is the street that has

several offbeat stores and restaurants.

CD-CX

CD-CX

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CHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH OVERVIEW pages 66 Adverbs€¦ · Aword’s part of speech depends on how the word is used in a sentence. Words that can be used as prepositions can also