Chapter 1 – Population Chapter 1 – Population and Settlementand Settlement

Review

Mr. Wilson History 404

Name two things that contribute Name two things that contribute to population growth?to population growth?

High Birth RateHigh life expectancyLow infant mortality rateHigh immigrationLow emigration

Name two things that contribute Name two things that contribute to a decrease in the population?to a decrease in the population?

Low birth rateLow life expectancyHigh infant mortality rateLow immigrationHigh emigration

The majority of Quebec’s The majority of Quebec’s population lives where and why?population lives where and why?

80% urban20% rural

Why?◦Better education◦Better chance at finding work◦More “entertainment”

Fill in the table!Fill in the table!

Fact: Explanation:a)Quebec welcomes

tens of thousands of immigrants each year.

If we did not, what would happen to our population? We need a high immigration rate to offset our low birth rate and our high life expectancy. More people = more money!

a)The population of Quebec is aging.

As our life expectancy keeps increasing, an our birth rate keeps dropping, our population is basically getting older!

a)Young people are leaving rural areas for the city.

As we mentioned before, better education, better job opportunities and more entertainment!

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the natives divided themselves based on their various lifestyles (culture, language, geography, etc.)Who were the three main nations living in Quebec and describe how each of them had different lifestyles. ◦Iroquois◦Algonquian◦Inuit

How did they use these differences to How did they use these differences to their advantages when trading with their advantages when trading with each other?each other?

The Iroquois (sedentary – agriculturalists) would trade with the Algonquians (nomadic – hunter/gatherers) in order to get “the best of both worlds.”

The Iroquois usually had surplus food from the harvest and the Algonquians usually had furs from the interior.

It was a Win-Win situation.

Why were the first French Why were the first French settlements located along the St-settlements located along the St-Laurence River?Laurence River?

The fastest transportation in those days was by ship or canoe.

Therefore, the best location if you were interested in trade would naturally be on the water-ways.

The river was also extremely useful for things like…

Name 6 different occupations Name 6 different occupations practiced by the first French practiced by the first French colonists.colonists.

SoldiersLes EngagésClergyProfessionalsCraftsmenFur Traders

Complete the table!Complete the table!

French Behavior: Reasona) They settled in Canada

without requesting permission from the natives.

Considered them to be savages, no concept of ownership, they were not Christian and they had no public institutions.

a) They established alliances with some of the native people.

As we know, the settlers needed help when they first got there – also, the natives were instrumental in the development of the fur trade.

a) They participated in battles against some of the natives.

The idea was to solidify their alliances, and good alliances meant good business opportunities.

Fill in the table…Fill in the table…

Settlement: Goal of the Settlement:

Site’s Advantage:

a) Quebec Very first settlement, where the river naturally narrows, the main idea was trade!

The river suddenly gets very narrow, excellent spot for defence.

a) Trois-Rivieres The main reason was the fur trade.

The site was chosen for its excellent location at the mouth of 3 different rivers – very good spot for setting up a trading post!

a) Ville-Marie Evangelism – but it too became a major trading site.

Very far inland, hard to get around the rapids at this point, the island was also easy to defend if necessary.

List as many negative consequences of List as many negative consequences of the French colonization of the the French colonization of the Amerindian people as you can.Amerindian people as you can.

WarSlaveryDiseaseLoss of landRemoval of culture

How did King Louis intend to How did King Louis intend to populate his new colony?populate his new colony?

He started by creating the Company of One Hundred Associates and gave them the contract to populate his colony.

With Jean-Talon they also created the Birth Incentives policy.

And they instituted the plan for Les Filles du Roi.

They also kept retired soldiers and there was Les Engages.

Why was Louis so interested in Why was Louis so interested in increasing the population of New increasing the population of New France?France?

More people = more money.The greater the population of his

colony, the greater the trade or production.

Thus, the more money France would make off of the colony.

What were the 3 main social What were the 3 main social groups and which one made up groups and which one made up the majority of the colony’s the majority of the colony’s population?population?

The Elite Professionals, Aristocrats, the Bourgeoisie

The Clergy Bishops, priests, nuns, monks, etc.

The People Famers, craftsmen, labourers, small merchants,

servants and slaves.

Why were there so many men Why were there so many men willing to immigrate to New willing to immigrate to New France?France?

It was exciting and rough.You stood the chance at making a lot of

money (if you survived!)You could also get your own land – a

better opportunity for your future children?

The opportunities in France were very limited.

How did the French organize land How did the French organize land distribution within the colony?distribution within the colony?

The Seigneurial system, with long pieces of land so that everyone could have access to the water.

When a seigneurie was big enough, it usually got a church and a name (St-whatever-de-whatever…)

What happened in 1775 that had a What happened in 1775 that had a huge impact on the population of huge impact on the population of Canada?Canada?

The American Revolution.This led to thousands of Loyalists fleeing

to the north.This of course had a major impact on the

French speaking population that was still living there!

How did this influx of new settlers How did this influx of new settlers from the South have an impact on from the South have an impact on the social and political differences the social and political differences in Canada?in Canada?

It created a lot of social tensions between the French and the English, who had very little in common.

Politically, the French were suddenly not such a huge population and therefore were not as scary.

What happened in 1847 that led What happened in 1847 that led to a large Scottish and Irish to a large Scottish and Irish immigration into Canada?immigration into Canada?

The Potato Famine in Great Britain.Thousands of Scottish and Irish people

fled Britain for the colonies, in the hopes of finding work, land, and maybe a brighter future.

After the Confederation and the After the Confederation and the completion of the Canadian Pacific completion of the Canadian Pacific railway, what was Canada’s railway, what was Canada’s immigration plan for the west?immigration plan for the west?

Canada started pushing for more immigration out West, with incentives like land, money, etc.

At this point a lot of Quebecers started to get fed up with the living conditions in the “Old Country” and started leaving.

Why were so many Quebecers Why were so many Quebecers emmigrating during the mid-emmigrating during the mid-1800’s until the 1930’s? Why did 1800’s until the 1930’s? Why did it finally stop?it finally stop?

This mass exodus from Quebec went on for quite some time.

It only stopped during the Great Depression because there were literally no jobs ANYWHERE, so leaving was not really an option.

Fill in the table…Fill in the table…

Before WWII After WWIIFactors that contributed to population growth:

•High Fertility rate•Vaccination•Chlorine and water filtration•Milk Pasteurization•Improved nutrition

•Economic growth•Higher standards of living•Medical insurance•Better quality food

Factors that slowed population growth:

•Epidemics•Bad water and/or milk•Lack of Hygene•War•Famine•Intense cold•Disease•Little medical knowledge•Emigration•Urbanization

•Women in the labour market•Consumer society•Higher standard of living•Education•Careers and personal goals•Secularization•Contraception

What kind of immigrants was What kind of immigrants was Canada interested in during the Canada interested in during the early contemporary period?early contemporary period?

Mostly white, western European immigrants.

Why? At the time, discrimination was common and considered acceptable by most people.

What was Canada’s policy for the What was Canada’s policy for the Natives at this time?Natives at this time?

Canada’s policy was one of assimilation.The Indian population was disregarded

and institutionalized with the intention of cultural genocide.

It was not a pretty time for Canadians.

Summary TableSummary Table

Period: Population Movements:First Occupants (10 000BC – 1608)

The move across the Bering Strait – Spreading out across North America – loss of territory after contact with the Europeans.

French Regime (1608-1763) Settling the St-Laurence River – Mostly setting up trading posts – development of seigneuries along the St-Laurence.

British Regime (1763-1867) Creation of Les Cantons – settling areas like Gatineau, Mauricie, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia – The arrival of the Loyalists and the populating of Ontario – The Scottish and Irish immigrants form 1847.

Contemporary (since 1867) Completing the CP railway – settling the West – Exodus from Quebec – The Great Depression (no more leaving!)

Summary TableSummary Table

Period: The Birth Rate:French Regime (1608-1763) The Company of One Hundred

Associates – Les Engages – Les Filles du Roi – Jean-Talon’s Birth Incentives – Overall the Birth rate INCREASES!

British Regime (1763-1867) Arrival of the Loyalists, then the Scottish and the Irish – Birth rate is no longer as high as it was with the French, but there is more immigration to sustain the population.

Contemporary (since 1867) Birth rate starts to decline, people start having less children BUT the infant mortality rate goes down too, and life expectancy goes up.

Summary Table Summary Table

Period: Population Distribution:First Occupants (10 000BC – 1608)

Population is very spread out!

French Regime (1608-1763) With the arrival of the settlers, the population along the St-Laurence river starts to become more dense. And it continues to increase.

British Regime (1763-1867) The population is still increasing, but now Ontario is starting to be more populated, so are the Maritimes and the density along the St-Laurence seaway continues to increase.

Contemporary (since 1867) With the completion of the CP railway, Canada’s population starts to spread West. It is still largely concentrated in Quebec and Ontario along the St-Laurence seaway, and long the American border.