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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
Introduction to Database Management
1-2
Welcome! Database technology: crucial to the
operation and management of modern organizations
Major transformation in computing skills Significant time commitment Exciting journey ahead
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Book Goals First course in database management Practical textbook
Fundamentals of relational databases Data modeling and normalization Database application development Database administration and database
processing environments
Detailed material
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Outline Database characteristics DBMS features Architectures Organizational roles
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Initial Vocabulary Data: raw facts about things and events Information: transformed data that has
value for decision making Essential to organize data for retrieval and
maintenance
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Database Characteristics Persistent
Inter-related
Shared
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University Database
University Database
Registration
GradeRecording
FacultyAssignment
CourseScheduling
Entities: students, faculty, courses, offerings, enrollmentsRelationships: faculty teach offerings, students enroll in offerings, offerings made of courses, ...
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Water Utility Database
Billing
MeterReading
PaymentProcessing
Service Start/Stop
Entities :customers, meters, bills,payments, meter readingsRelationships :bills sent to customers,customers make payments,customers use meters, ...
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Database Management System (DBMS) Collection of components that support
data acquisition, dissemination, storage, maintenance, retrieval, and formatting
Enterprise DBMSs Desktop DBMSs Embedded DBMSs Major part of information technology
infrastructure
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Database Definition Define database structure before using a
database Tables and relationships SQL CREATE TABLE statement Graphical tools
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University Database
Relationships
Tabless
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University Database (ERD)
StdSSNStdClassStdMajorStdGPA
StudentOfferNoOffLocationOffTime
Offering
EnrGrade
Enrollment
Registers
Accepts
CourseNoCrsDescCrsUnits
Course
FacSSNFacSalaryFacRankFacHireDate
Faculty
Has
Teaches
Supervises
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Nonprocedural Access Query: request for data to answer a
question Indicate what parts of database to retrieve
not the procedural details Improve productivity and improve
accessibility SQL SELECT statement and graphical
tools
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Graphical Tool for Nonprocedural Access
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Application Development Form: formatted document for data entry
and display Report: formatted document for display Use nonprocedural access to specify data
requirements of forms and reports
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Sample Data Entry Form
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Sample Report
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Procedural Language Interface Combine procedural language with
nonprocedural access Why
Batch processing Customization and automation Performance improvement
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Transaction Processing Transaction: unit of work that should be
reliably processed Control simultaneous users Recover from failures
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Database Technology EvolutionEra Generation Orientation Major Features
1960s 1st Generation File File structures and proprietary program interfaces
1970s 2nd Generation Network Navigation
Networks and hierarchies of related records, standard program interfaces
1980s 3rd Generation Relational Non-procedural languages, optimization, transaction processing
1990s 4th Generation Object Multi-media, active, distributed processing, XML enabled
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DBMS Marketplace
Enterprise DBMS Oracle: dominates in Unix; strong in Windows SQL Server: strong in Windows DB2: strong in mainframe environment Significant open source DBMSs: MySQL,
Firebird, PostgreSQL Desktop DBMS
Access: dominates FoxPro, Paradox, Approach, FileMaker Pro
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Data Independence Software maintenance is a large part
(50%) of information system budgets Reduce impact of changes by separating
database description from applications Change database definition with minimal
effect on applications that use the database
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Three Schema Architecture
View 1 View 2 View n
ConceptualSchema
InternalSchema
ExternalLevel
ConceptualLevel
InternalLevel
External toConceptualMappings
Conceptualto InternalMappings
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Differences among Levels External
FacultyAssignmentFormView: data required for the form in Slide 16 (Figure 1.9)
FacultyWorkLoadReportView: data required for the report in Slide 17 (Figure 1.10)
Conceptual: tables in Slide 11 Internal
Files needed to store the tables Extra files to improve performance
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Client-Server Architecture
Database
Database
a) Client, server, anddatabase on thesame computer
b) Mulitple clients and 1 serveron different computers
c) Multiple servers and databases on different computers
Client
Server
Client Server
Client Server Server
DatabaseDatabase
Client
Client
Client
Client
Client
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Organizational Roles
Indirec t Param etr ic Pow er
F unctiona l User
T echnica l Non T echnica l
D BA A na lys t/Program m er M anagem ent
Inform ation S ys tem s
Spec ia l iza tion
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Database Specialists Database administrator (DBA)
More technical DBMS specific skills
Data administrator Less technical Planning role
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Summary Databases and database technology vital
to modern organizations Database technology supports daily
operations and decision making Nonprocedural access is a crucial feature Many opportunities to work with databases