Chapter 1Chapter 1Science SkillsScience Skills

Page 2Page 2

1.1 1.1

• Science - system of knowledge & methods used to find it

• Begins w/ curiosity…ends w/ discovery

• Curiosity provides ?’s

• Observing/measuring…means to find answers

What is science? (3:54)

Science From CuriosityScience From Curiosity

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

• Science / technology interdependent– Advances in 1 leads to advances in the other

Science and Technology (1:39)

Branches of ScienceBranches of Science

Natural Science

Physical Science•Chemistry•Physics

Earth and Space Science•Geology

•Astronomy

•Life Science•Biology

Big Ideas of Physical ScienceBig Ideas of Physical Science• Space and Time

– universe age– size

• Matter and Change– Small amt for universe– Volume/mass– Atoms

• Protons, neutrons, electrons

• Forces and Motion– Push/pull causes change– Laws will explain

• Energy– Many forms– Drives motion– Transferred/never destroyed

Sec 1.2 Using a Scientific ApproachSec 1.2 Using a Scientific Approachp. 7p. 7

• What is the Scientific Method?What is the Scientific Method?– organized plan scientists use to answer ?’s organized plan scientists use to answer ?’s

about natural world.about natural world.– only scientific way accepted to back up only scientific way accepted to back up

idea.idea.– used to support /disprove theoryused to support /disprove theory

Step 1: Ask a QuestionStep 1: Ask a Question

• Develop ? to solve Develop ? to solve thru experimentationthru experimentation

• make observationsmake observations

• Ask ? about ur Ask ? about ur observationsobservations

Step 2: Form a HypothesisStep 2: Form a Hypothesis• Educated guessEducated guess

– previous experience/ previous experience/ researchresearch

• Possible answer to ?Possible answer to ?

• TESTABLE!TESTABLE!

Step 3: Conduct ExperimentStep 3: Conduct Experiment• Develop / follow Develop / follow

procedureprocedure

• detailed detailed materialsmaterials list list

• so so detaileddetailed that anyone that anyone who disputes ur work who disputes ur work can reproduce can reproduce exactlyexactly

• outcome measurable outcome measurable (quantifiable)(quantifiable)

Variables – “to vary or change”Variables – “to vary or change”Independent Variables Independent Variables - part of - part of

experiment experiment you you change change

Dependent Variables Dependent Variables - part that changes - part that changes (or not) as result of changes u made(or not) as result of changes u made

Control Group Control Group - ur basis for comparison - ur basis for comparison

ConstantsConstants - parts of exp that don’t change - parts of exp that don’t change

Step 4: Analyze the ResultsStep 4: Analyze the Results

• Record data Record data during experimentduring experiment to keep to keep track of what’s happening track of what’s happening

• Data tables, graphs, or photosData tables, graphs, or photos

Step 5: Draw ConclusionsStep 5: Draw Conclusions

• examine data examine data

• 2 possible outcomes:2 possible outcomes:

–experiment supported hypothesis - experiment supported hypothesis - regarded as trueregarded as true

–experiment disproved hypothesis experiment disproved hypothesis

• If hypothesis rejected, ask ?’s:If hypothesis rejected, ask ?’s:–poor observations? poor observations? –Poor/inaccurate measurements?Poor/inaccurate measurements?–Flawed experiment?Flawed experiment?

I haven’t failed, I’ve found 10,000 ways I haven’t failed, I’ve found 10,000 ways that don’t work (Thomas Edison)that don’t work (Thomas Edison)

Scientific Method Rap Mr. Duey

Theories v.s. Laws

Scientific ModelsScientific Models• Scientific Models - makes easier to Scientific Models - makes easier to

understand things too hard to observe understand things too hard to observe directlydirectly– Ex. Atomic models, models of the solar Ex. Atomic models, models of the solar

system, cell models, etc.system, cell models, etc.

The Scientific Method (12:07)

Section 3Section 3MeasurementsMeasurements

p. 14p. 14

Using Scientific Using Scientific NotationNotation

Written as # btwn 1 & Written as # btwn 1 & 10 and a power of 1010 and a power of 10

Makes very large/small Makes very large/small #’s easier to work w/#’s easier to work w/

The Distance From the Sun to the Earth

93,000,000 miles

Step 1

• Move decimal left

• Leave only 1 # in front of decimal

Step 2

• Write the # w/o zeros

Step 3

• Count # places decimal moved• That’s power of ten

Scientific NotationStandard Form

Practice Problem

1) 98,500,000 = 9.85 x 10?

2) 64,100,000,000 = 6.41 x 10?

3) 0.0000000279 = 2.79 x 10?

4) 0.00042 = 4.2 x 10?

Write in scientific notation. Decide the power of ten.

9.85 x 107

6.41 x 1010

2.79 x 10-8

4.2 x 10-4

Complete Practice Problems

1) 50,000

2) 7,200,000

3) 802,000,000,000

Write in scientific notation.

5 x 104

7.2 x 106

8.02 x 1011

Multiplying numbers in scientific notation

• When x #s in sci not, its 2 steps:

A rectangular parking lot has a length of 1.1 x 103 meters and width of 2.4 x 103 meters. What is the area of the parking lot?

Step 1

• X base #s

1.1 x 2.4 = 2.6

Step 2• add exponents 3 + 3= 6

2.6 x 106 m2

1.1 x 103 m x 2.4 x 103 m =

It’s a metric worldThe United States is the only western country not presently using the metric system as its primary system of measurement. The only other countries in the world not using metric system as their primary system of measurement are Yemen, Brunei, and a few small islands.

DID YOU KNOW

In 1906, there was a major effort to convert to the metric system in the United States, but it was opposed by big business and the attempt failed.

The Trade Act of 1988 and other legislation declare the metric system the preferred system of weights and measures of the U.S. trade and commerce, call for the federal government to adopt metric specifications, and mandate the Commerce Department to oversee the program. The conversion is currently under way; however, the metric system has not become the system of choice for most Americans’ daily use.

DID YOU KNOW

Lost in spaceIn September 1999, the United States lost the Mars Climate Orbiter as it approached Mars. The loss of the $125 million spacecraft was due to scientists confusing English units and metric units.

Two spacecraft teams, one at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) in Pasadena, CA, and the other at a Lockheed Martin facility in Colorado, where the spacecraft was built, were unknowingly exchanging some vital information in different units. The missing Mars Climate Orbiter

DID YOU KNOW

Lost in spaceThe spacecraft team in Colorado used English units of pounds of force to describe small forces needed to adjust the spacecraft’s orbit. The data was shipped via computer, without units, to the JPL, where the navigation team was expecting to receive the data in metric units.The mix-up in units led to the JPL scientists giving the spacecraft’s computer wrong information, which threw the spacecraft off course. This in turn led to the spacecraft entering the Martian Atmosphere, where it burned up. The missing Mars Climate Orbiter

DID YOU KNOW

DID YOU ALSO KNOWLost in space On Jan. 3, 1999, NASA launched the $165 million Mars Polar Lander. All radio contact was lost Dec. 3 as the spacecraft approached the red planet.

A NASA team that investigated the loss of the Mars Polar Lander concluded a rocket engine shut off prematurely (due to programming error) during landing, leaving the spacecraft to plummet about 130 feet to certain destruction on the Martian surface.

On July 23, 1983 Air Canada Flight 143 (a brand new Boeing 767) ran out of fuel while en route to Edmonton from Montreal at 26,000 feet.  

Miraculously the caption was able to land the plane on an abandoned Royal Canadian Air Force Base at Gimli, where the runways were converted into two lane dragstrips for auto racing. No one was killed.

The Gimli Glidera mix up in units

On July 23, 1983 Air Canada Flight 143 (a brand new Boeing 767) ran out of fuel while en route to Edmonton from Montreal at 26,000 feet.  

Miraculously the caption was able to land the plane on an abandoned Royal Canadian Air Force Base at Gimli, where the runways were converted into two lane dragstrips for auto racing. No one was killed.

The Gimli Glidera mix up in units

SI Units of Measurement SI Units of Measurement (Metric System) p. 16(Metric System) p. 16

• LENGTHLENGTH – straight line – straight line btwn 2 pts. btwn 2 pts.–meters (m)meters (m)

• MASSMASS – amt. of matter in – amt. of matter in object object –kilograms (kg)kilograms (kg)

• VOLUMEVOLUME – amt. of space – amt. of space occupied by object occupied by object – liters (L)liters (L)

Common Metric prefixes & valuesCommon Metric prefixes & values

Why scientists use metrics 2:31

PrefixPrefix MultipleMultiple SymbolSymbol

kilokilo kk

hectohecto 100100

1010 dada

Base unitsBase units

(meter, liter, (meter, liter, gram)gram)

11 m, L, gm, L, g

0.1 (1/10)0.1 (1/10)

cc

0.001 (1/1000)0.001 (1/1000) mm

1000

h

deca

deci d

centi 0.01 (1/100)

milli

KKids (kkilo, 1,000)

HHave (hhecto, 100)

DDazzling (ddeca, 10)

UUniforms (UUnit of measurement)

DDuring (ddeci 1/10)

CCross Country (ccenti 1/100)

MMeets (mmilli, 1/1,000)

10 mm = _______ cm

100 kg = ________ g

5296 mL = _____________ L

Other SI Prefixes (p. 17)Other SI Prefixes (p. 17)Prefix Multiple Symbol

GigaGiga Billion (10Billion (1099)) GG

MegaMega Million (10Million (1066)) MM

MicroMicro Millionth (10Millionth (10-6-6)) µµ

NanoNano Billionth (10Billionth (10-9-9)) nn

Derived Units p. 16Derived Units p. 16Quantity Unit Symbol

Area Square meter m2

Volume Cubic meter m3

Density Kilograms per cubic meter kg/m3

VOLUME

English vs. Metric UnitsWhich is larger?

A. 1 liter or 1 gallon

B. 1 liter or 1 quart

C. 1 milliliter or 1 fluid ounce

1 gallon = 3.79 liters

It would take approximately 3 ¾ 1-liter bottles to equal a gallon.

1 fl oz = 29.573 mL

1- 12oz can of soda = approx 355 mL.

1 quart = 0.946 liters

Metric Units

Volume is amt of space object occupies

Base unit is liter (L).

Standard: 1 liter = cubic decimeter

Which is larger?

A. 1 liter or 1500 milliliters

B. 200 milliliters or 1.2 liters

C. 12 cm3 or 1.2 milliliters

Click the image to watch a short video

about volume.

Liter Image: http://www.dmturner.org/Teacher/Pictures/liter.gif

Measuring Volume

Top Image: http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2006/grade8/science/images/20graphicaa.gifBottom Image: http://morrisonlabs.com/meniscus.htm

Read the measurement based on the bottom of the meniscus or curve. Read at eye-level with level of liquid.

What is the volume of liquid in cylinder? __________

What causes the meniscus?What causes the meniscus?

A meniscus occurs when molecules of liquid attract molecules of container.

Measuring Liquid Volume

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swfWhat is the volume of water in each cylinder?

Pay attention to the scales for each cylinder.

Measuring Solid Volume

Click here for an online activity about volume. Choose Lessons Volume & Displacement

9.0 cm

8.2 cm

6 cm

We can measure the volume of regular object using the formula length x width x height.

_____ X _____ X _____ = _____

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We can measure the volume of irregular object using water displacement.

Amount of H2O with object = ______

About of H2O without object = ______

Difference = Volume = ______

1 pound = 453.6 grams

MASS

English vs. Metric UnitsWhich is larger?

1. 1 Pound or 100 Grams

2. 1 Kilogram or 1 Pound

3. 1 Ounce or 1000 Milligrams

100 kg = 220 pounds1 oz gold = 28,349.5 mg

Metric Units

Mass - amt of matter in object.

Base unit is kilogram (kg)

Standard: 1 kg = mass of International Prototype Kilogram

(IPK), a platinum-iridium cylinder kept by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures [BIPM]) .

Which is larger?

A. 1 kilogram or 1500 grams

B. 1200 milligrams or 1 gram

C. 12 milligrams or 12 kilograms

D. 4 kilograms or 4500 grams

Click the image to watch a short video

about mass.

Kilogram Prototype

Kilogram Prototype Image - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram

Measuring Mass

Top Image: http://www.southwestscales.com/Ohaus_Triple_Beam_750-SO.jpgBottom Image: http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/laboratory/graphics/triplebeambalance.jpg

Objects placed on pan

Starting with largest weight, move weights on beams until lines match up.

Once you have balanced the scale, you add up the amounts on each beam to find the total mass.

What would be the mass of the object measured in the picture? (precision to nearest 0.01g)

_______ + ______ + _______ = ________ g

Measuring Mass – Triple-Beam Balance

Click here to try an online activity.

1st – Place the object to be massed on the pan.2nd – Slide the large weight to the right until the arm drops below the line. Move the rider back one groove. Make sure it “locks” into place.

3rd – Repeat this process with the top weight. When the arm moves below the line, back it up one groove.

4th – Slide the small weight on the front beam until the lines match up.

5th – Add the amounts on each beam to find the total mass to the nearest tenth (0.1) of a gram. Estimate your final digit to the nearest hundredth (0.01) of a gram

Which has more mass – water or steel?

• Large amt of water could have more mass than small amt of steel

• To compare, must compare masses that occupy same volume or compare volumes of same mass

How do you define DENSITY?

• DensityDensity - ratio of material’s mass to volume

• For example: A steel shot put is more dense than a styrofoam ball of the same size.

• Or…how closely "packed" material is - rock vs. crumpled paper or “cereal killer”

• Each sample has same volume. If each red particle has the same mass, which box would weigh more? Why?

• Sample w/ more particles has more mass per unit of volume. The density of a material helps distinguish it from other materials.

Science of NHL hockey – Mass, volume and density 6:27

Limits of MeasurementLimits of Measurement

• How precise are the clocks on the right?

• Top analog clock is precise to the minute

• Digital clock is precise to the second

PrecisionPrecision gauges how exact a measurement is

NFL flyovers 4:53

AccuracyAccuracy is closeness of a measurement to actual value

This clock is running 15 minutes This clock is running 15 minutes slow…… slow…… precise to nearest second BUTprecise to nearest second BUT time not accuratetime not accurate

What are scientific measurements? 9:45

Significant figures Significant figures (digits)(digits)

• “Sig Figs” - all digits of known measurement + 1 estimated digit

• Answer can only be as precise as least precise measurement in calculation

• more precise, more sig figs

Sig Fig RulesSig Fig Rules• ALL non-zero #’s ALL non-zero #’s are are

alwaysalways significant. significant.

• Zeros btwn two sig Zeros btwn two sig figs figs areare significant. significant.

• Trailing zeros only Trailing zeros only significant significant after after decimaldecimal

Not sig figs

How many sig figs?How many sig figs?

1)1) 50.550.5

2)2) 26.2526.25

3)3) 500500

4)4) .050.050

5)5) 1.02501.0250

3 sig figs3 sig figs

4 sig figs4 sig figs

1 sig fig1 sig fig

3 sig figs3 sig figs

5 sig figs5 sig figs

Example• You’re curious about the You’re curious about the

average time it takes you average time it takes you and your friend to walk to and your friend to walk to Quik Trip to get a slushy. Quik Trip to get a slushy. You take 3 minutes 15 You take 3 minutes 15 seconds (3.25 min) from seconds (3.25 min) from your house. Your friend your house. Your friend takes 4 minutes 30 seconds takes 4 minutes 30 seconds (4.5 minutes) from her (4.5 minutes) from her house. house.

3.25min + 4.5min = 7.75 total min3.25min + 4.5min = 7.75 total min

7.75min / 2 = 3.875 min7.75min / 2 = 3.875 minThis answer has 4 sig figs, but least This answer has 4 sig figs, but least precise number in calculation has only precise number in calculation has only 2 sig figs (4.5 min)2 sig figs (4.5 min)

Therefore, answer can only have Therefore, answer can only have TWO sig figsTWO sig figs

Your answer is 3.9 minutes (rounded up)

Measuring TemperatureMeasuring Temperature• 3 temp scales:3 temp scales:

– FahrenheitFahrenheit• HH22O freezes @ 32O freezes @ 32°F °F

• boils @ 212boils @ 212°F°F

– CelsiusCelsius• HH22O freezes @ 0O freezes @ 0°C°C

• Boils @ 100°CBoils @ 100°C

– Kelvin (SI base unit for temp)Kelvin (SI base unit for temp)• 0 K – lowest possible temp (= -273.15°C)0 K – lowest possible temp (= -273.15°C)• K = °C + 273K = °C + 273

Sec. 1.4 Presenting Scientific Data Sec. 1.4 Presenting Scientific Data p. 22p. 22

• Scientists organize data in &Scientists organize data in &data tablesdata tables

graphsgraphs

Data TablesData Tables• Relates Relates independentindependent & & dependent dependent

variablesvariables

• OrganizesOrganizes

datadata

Independent variableIndependent variable dependent variabledependent variable

Ordered Pair – set of data directly relatedOrdered Pair – set of data directly related

Line GraphsLine Graphs• Show changes in Show changes in related variablesrelated variables– Often change over timeOften change over time

• Independent variable Independent variable plotted on x-axis.plotted on x-axis.

• Dependent variable Dependent variable plotted on y-axis.plotted on y-axis.

• Shows continuous dataShows continuous data• interpolate/extrapolate unknown datainterpolate/extrapolate unknown data

What does this What does this measure?measure?

Direct

pro

portion

Direct

pro

portion DENSITY!DENSITY!

Inverse proportion

Inverse proportion

RiseRiseRunRun

= 2 min2 min0.5 gal/min0.5 gal/min

RiseRiseRunRun

= 0.5 min0.5 min

2 gal/min2 gal/min

Bar GraphsBar Graphs• compares set of compares set of

measurements, measurements, amounts, or amounts, or categoriescategories

• non-continuous non-continuous datadata

• generalizes datageneralizes data

• data differencesdata differences

Circle GraphsCircle Graphs• part to wholepart to whole

• Entire Entire circle=100%circle=100%

• slices are % slices are % that add up that add up to 100%to 100%

With 32,500 With 32,500 households households surveyed, surveyed, how many how many households households relied on relied on steam for steam for heat? heat?

8125 8125

households

households