Child Development 1 (Wk 2)Chapter 1/ Sec. 2 (Theories)

A theory - an orderly, integrated set of statements that are cohesive; the statements describe, explain, and predict human behavior.

Helps us understand, describe, respond & predict…

The Classic TheoriesPsychodynamic Theories:i. Sigmund Freudii. Erik EriksonConstructivist Theories:i. Jean Piagetii. Lev Vygotsky

Recent TheoriesSystems Theories:i. Urie Bronfenbrenner

Category: Classic TheorySub-Category: Psychodynamic TheoryTheorist: Erik Erikson (1902-1994)Name of theory: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Trust vs. Mistrust:

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt:

Initiative vs. Guilt:

Industry vs. Inferiority:

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence):

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood):

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood): Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Later Adulthood):

Category: Classic TheorySub-Category: Constructivist TheoryTheorist: Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)Name of theory: Piaget’s Cognitive (Constructivist) Theory

Stages (refer to Table 1.3, p. 24)

Sensorimotor Pre-Operational Concrete operational Formal operational We will go into detail about the

characteristics of each stage, as the semester continues; this is just a preview

TermsSchemes- any action pattern (cognitive structure) for dealing with the environment.

Assimilation- new information into our existing schemes.

 Accommodation- when information does not fit into existing scheme; one changes a scheme to adapt to the new information, which may involve creating a new scheme.

Category: Classic TheorySub-Category: Constructivist TheoryTheorist: Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)Name of theory: Social Constructivist Theory A Russian Psychologist

“Sociocultural theory” of development:

Social: Cultural:

- Humans have a biological need & capacity for tool use and production.

- “Physical tools” = master the environment; “psychological tools” = master behavior.

- Psychological tools Includes…

Terms: “ZPD” & Scaffolding

ZPD Scaffolding

Zone of Proximal Development

A teaching style which includes…

Category: Recent TheorySub-Category: Systems TheoryTheorist: Urie Bronfenbrenner’s (1917-2005)Name of theory: Ecological Systems Theory

Microsystem

Interactions in the child’s immediate environment (daily

lives).

Mesosystem ExosystemInteractions among

various microsystems.Social settings that have

an indirect influence on the child...

Macrosystem-culture (subculture) values, laws, customs, & economics & government systems.

Chronosystem –is not a level, but refers to a dimension of “time”…one’s personal history