Chapter 1Sections 1.1, 1.3

Adv: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Sect

ion 1

.1:

Sco

pe

of

Chem

istr

y

What is Chemistry? Areas of Study Big Ideas in Chemistry

What

is

Chem

istr

y?

化学 Means Chemistry in

Japanese. The characters literally

mean “Change Study.”

Chemistry is the study

of matter: the composition of matter

and the changes matter

undergoes. Write that down: it’s

really important!

Is it

rele

vant

to m

y

life?

Am

I e

ver

goin

g

to u

se t

his

?

How should I know? But Chemistry is all

around you. It is called the “central”

science because it is

fundamental to understanding all other

sciences well. Everything is made of

matter. Matter is anything that

has mass and takes up

space.

Are

as

of

Stu

dy

No one person could

possibly know everything

there is to know about

Chemistry. Chemistry can be broken

down into 5 major areas

of study: Organic Chemistry Biochemistry Inorganic Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry

Org

anic

C

hem

istr

y

The study of compounds

(chemicals) which contain

CARBON. They also will have hydrogen and maybe

oxygen or nitrogen, and

possibly lots of other

elements too. We will learn a little organic

chemistry, because they

test for it on the SOL.

Org

anic

C

hem

istr

y

All branches of chemistry,

including Organic can be

further broken down into:

Pure chemistry Doing chemistry just for the joy

of doing research. May not have any practical

value or use. Done at major universities.

Applied chemistry Doing chemistry to produce a

specific product to make

money off of. Generally done at a company.

Org

anic

C

hem

istr

y

Originally organic meant

“comes from nature.” However, not all organic

compounds come from

nature or living things today.

MOST are created by

scientists in a lab. Organic groceries just

mean they are produced

in a “natural” way without

any man-made fertilizers

or chemical enhancements.

Org

anic

Chem

istr

y =

B

ioch

em

istr

y?

Biochemistry is one of the

“subdivisions” of Organic

Chemistry. Biochemistry is the study

of organic compounds

which exist in living things

(primarily humans) and

the chemical processes

which occur in living

things. Breathing and digestion are

caused and regulated by

chemistry!

Org

anic

C

hem

istr

y

All branches of chemistry,

including Organic can be

further broken down into:

Pure chemistry Doing chemistry just for the joy

of doing research. May not have any practical

value or use. Done at major universities.

Applied chemistry Doing chemistry to produce a

specific product to make

money off of. Generally done at a company.

Hyd

roca

rbons

The simplest organic

compounds are called

hydrocarbons. These compounds ONLY

contain C and Hydrogen.

The simplest one is methane (natural gas)

which has a formula CH4.

You should write that

down and memorize

that!

Hyd

roca

rbons

Hydrocarbons are also called

“fossil fuels” (because they

come from decomposed

living things) and “petrochemicals” (because

they are found in petroleum). Petroleum is a mixture of

hydrocarbons found in

geologic formations beneath

the Earth’s surface. Used for energy Used for making plastic

Medic

ines

or

Pharm

ace

uti

cals

:

Asp

irin

Many organic compounds have value

as medicines. Aspirin is found in nature. But all of the

aspirin you buy is made

in chemical companies,

like Bayer. Aspirin occurs naturally

in willow tree bark. It

was discovered by Hippocrates.

Medic

ines

or

Pharm

ace

uti

cals

:

Asp

irin

Hippocratesmade a powder

with the bark and used it to

treat headaches and fevers

as early as 400BC. Aspirin was first isolated in

Germany at Bayer in 1897.

It is quite easy to make (I

do it at Germanna as a lab

experiment). Many pharmaceutical

products are quite difficult

to make however.

Poly

mers

Polymers can be natural

or synthetic (man made).

They are large molecules

composed of simple molecules hooked together in a long chain.

Monomer = one unit of

chain Polymer = many units to

form the chain Legos?

Natu

ral P

oly

mers

Natural Polymers Proteins (monomer =

amino acid) Starch and Cellulose

(monomer = sugar molecules) DNA or RNA (monomer =

purine or pyrimidine bases)

Syn

theti

c Po

lym

ers

Synthetic Polymers Plastics PE or polyethylene (most

common plastic found in soda

bottles) PVC or polyvinylchloride (pipes

used for plumbing) Styrofoam or polystyrene (cups)

Polyacrylate (found in disposable

diapers) Fibers (nylon, rayon,

polyester) Kevlar (bullet proof vests)

Teflon (PTFE or polytetrafluoroethylene)

Chem

ists

Lik

e

Big

Word

s

polytetrafluoroethylene

Just break it down into

syllables. Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethyl Ene Each syllable tells me

something about the

structure. That’s how it works in

Organic.

Inorg

anic

C

hem

istr

y

The study of compounds (chemicals) which do

not contain CARBON. Inorganic chemistry

studies the REST of the elements on the

Periodic Table. Carbon = Organic. Everything else =

Inorganic!

Ele

ments

on

Peri

odic

Table

The Periodic Table is

you BFF in this class. Don’t memorize it. However, do start

learning the symbols

and names for elements 1-36!

The E

lem

ent

Song The Element Song: http://www.priva

tehand.com/flash/elements.html

Analy

tica

l C

hem

istr

y

The study of the type of

chemistry they do on CSI

and other crime shows on

TV. Focuses on the

composition of matter and

can answer questions.

How much is there? Where did it come from?

Is it one substance or a

mixture of more than one

substance?

Phys

ical

Chem

istr

y

The study of properties of

matter. Use calculus and other

high level math to do

chemistry. Lots of the facts that we

know about molecules

were discovered by physical chemists. Bond strengths, lengths,

and angles. Heat involved in reactions.

Speeds of reactions.

What’

s th

e

Big

Idea?

This is patterned after

the College Board who

redesigned AP Chemistry

around 6 Big Ideas. The book uses 8. Each

Big Idea will be explored

in several of the chapters

in the book. Big Ideas are the “central

themes” of chemistry or

how and why we organize

things the way we do.

What’

s th

e

Big

Idea?

Don’t memorize these:

Chemistry as the Central

Science Electrons and the Structure of Atoms

Bonding and Interactions

Reactions Kinetic Theory The Mole and Quantifying

Matter Matter and Energy Organic Chemistry

SO

L O

bje

ctiv

es

you

will

be t

est

ed o

n

CH 1 Scientific Investigation CH 2 Atomic Structure

and Periodicity CH 3 Nomenclature, Formulas and Bonding

CH 4 Molar Relationships

CH 5 Kinetic Molecular

Theory and States of

Matter CH 6 Organic Chemistry

Sect

ion 1

.2

Why Study Chemistry?

Next thing after Biology?

Chemistry can help explain

the natural world around you.

Chemistry can help prepare

you for a career in science or

medicine or engineering.

In other words, fields that you

can actually find a job in after

graduation. Chemistry can make you a

more informed citizen and

consumer in our society.

Acc

identa

l C

hem

istr

y

Pg 12-13 lists 4 “accidents”

which ended up making

millions of dollars. Sticky notes were invented

because a chemist working at

a glue company made some

glue which didn’t stick very

well. If you pulled on the paper it

would pull right off. His invention sat on a shelf for

6 years until he discovered a

use for the “worthless” glue.

Sect

ion 1

.3

Thinking Like a Scientist

The word chemistry comes from

alchemy. Alchemists weren’t scientists.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

changed that by calling himelf

a “chymist” and was probably

the first real scientist.

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)

was “the father of modern

chemistry.” He explained chemical results

that others had explored before

him.

Anto

ine L

avo

isie

r

Demonstrated the principle we now

call “The Law of Conservation of

Mass.” Proved water was a compound.

Studied combustion and respiration

and discovered oxygen and nitrogen

and the percent composition of air.

Turned chemistry from a series of

good and detailed observations into a

science of careful measurement.

Wrote the first chemistry textbook

(which I have on my iPad) in French,

but his wife Marie Anne translated it

into English. Beheaded on the guillotine during the

French Revolution at age 50.

The S

cienti

fic

Meth

od

Yes, same one you have been learning since you first heard

about it in elementary

school. 3 major steps: Observation: look, see,

smell, touch, etc. Hypothesis: more than

just an “educated guess”

Experiment: used to test

your hypotheis.

The S

cienti

fic

Meth

od

Observations make you

wonder. They suggest questions

for you to study. From the observations,

you will develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis must be

TESTABLE. It must also

be possible for it to be

true or false, otherwise it

isn’t a good hypothesis.

Not

an e

duca

ted

guess

?

A better way of saying it

(now that we’re not in

middle school anymore)

is that a hypothesis is a

testable statement of

what you believe will

happen during an experiment, based on

your scientific expertise.

In other words, an educated guess you can

TEST!

Exp

eri

ments

Used to test and support

your hypothesis. Or used to test and not

support your hypothesis

Try not to think of “not

support” as a failure. Only 2 things can happen

in an experiment: it works

and you learned something, or it didn’t

work and you learned

something else.

Vari

able

s in

C

hem

istr

y Exp

eri

ments

Independent or Manipulated

Variable Variable “I change” Book sometimes calls it manipulated.

Always graphed on “x axis”

Dependent or Responding Variable

Changes or responds as a result of the

change you made to the independent

variable. Always graphed on “y axis”

Control or Constant Must be controlled so they don’t

change (stay constant)

If the do change, they will affect your

results (because now you have more

than 1 independent variable).

Never graphed.

Analy

zing D

ata

and

maki

ng C

oncl

usi

ons

Some people list these out as

separate steps in the Scientific

Method. I think they are all part of the

Experiment step. You must analyze data to know

what it is telling you. You must make conclusions to

figure out if they experiment did

support your hypothesis.

Your analysis and conclusions can

also suggest improvements for the

next experiment or a whole

different topic to investigate.

Gra

phin

g D

ata

This isn’t math class. We

don’t just graph to see what it

looks like. Chemistry graphs are

meaningful and we can get

real data off the graph.

This is part of Analysis of Data.

We will use Excel to produce

graphs starting in Lab 2.

We will use scatter plots with a

“line of best fit.” Bar graphs and pie charts are

generally not appropriate.

Sci

enti

fic

Theory

A theory is a detailed explanation

of why an experiment works the

way it does. A theory can NEVER be proven

completely true. Theories can always be disproved if

new data is discovered which

doesn’t support the theory.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory is studied

in Section 4.1 and is the basis for

modern chemistry. Kinetic Molecular Theory is

studied in Sections 13.1 and 14.1

Sci

enti

fic

Law

A law is a statement of

fact, usually about something chemical which

occurs naturally. Laws are always true.

They just don’t explain

how or why. Law of Conservation of

Mass is studied in Section

2.4. Much of what we learn this

entire year is built on that

law.

ssch

wart

z@ci

ty

schools

.com

HW: no reading.Do Problems:pg 28-30, # 36, 45,

47, 48, 50, 59, 60*,

64, 65, 69*