Chapter 1 Study Tool - جامعة نزوى · Distinguish between structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and ... –Efficient because they process a set of transaction-related

Chapter Objectives

Discuss the impact of information technology

on business strategy and success

Define an information system and describe its

components

Explain how profiles and models can represent

business functions and operations

Explain how the Internet has affected business

strategies and relationships

1

Chapter Objectives

Identify various types of information

systems and explain who uses them

Distinguish between structured

analysis, object-oriented analysis, and

agile methods

Compare the traditional waterfall model

with agile methods and models

Discuss the role of the information

technology department and the systems

analysts who work there

2

Introduction

Companies use information as a

weapon in the battle to increase

productivity, deliver quality products

and services, maintain customer loyalty,

and make sound decisions.

Information technology can mean the

difference between success and failure

Figure 1-1

3

The Impact of Information

Technology

Information Technology (IT)

– Combination of hardware and software

products and services that companies

use to manage, access, communicate,

and share information

– A vital asset that must be used

effectively, updated constantly, and

safeguarded carefully

4


Technology

The Future of IT

– Will see robust growth for at least a

decade

– The greatest need will be for systems

analysts, network administrators, data

communications analysts, and software

engineers

Figure 1-3 For more information about

the Future of IT visit

scsite.com/sad8e/more,

locate Chapter 1, and then

click the Future of IT link. 5

http://www.scsite.com/sad8e/more


Technology

The Role of Systems Analysis and

Design

– Systems Analysis and Design

• Step-by-step process for developing high-

quality information systems

– Systems Analyst

• Plan, develop, and maintain information

systems

Figure 1-4

6


Technology

Who develops Information Systems?

– In-house applications

– Software packages

– Internet-based application services

– Outsourcing

– Custom solutions

– Enterprise-wide software strategies

– How versus What

7

Figure 1-5

Information System Components

A system is a set of related components

that produces specific results

A Mission-critical system is one that is

vital to a company’s operations

Data consists of basic facts that are the

system’s raw material

Figure 1-6

8

Figure 1-7


Information is data that has been

transformed into output that is valuable

to users

Information systems have five key

components: hardware, software, data,

processes, and people

Figure 1-8

9

Hardware

– Is the physical layer of the information

system

– Moore’s Law



Moore’s Law visit

scsite.com/sad8e/more, locate

Chapter 1, and then click the

Moore’s Law link. 10



Software

– System software

– Application software

– Enterprise applications

– Horizontal system

– Vertical system

– Legacy systems

11


Data

– Is the raw material that an information

system transforms into useful

information

– Tables store data

– By linking the tables, the system can

extract specific information

Figure 1-10

12


Processes

– Describe the tasks and business

functions that users, managers, and IT

staff members perform to achieve

specific results

People

– Stakeholders

– Users, or end users

13

Understanding The Business

Business Process Modeling

Business Profile

Business Models

– Business model

– Business process

– Business process reengineering (BPR)

Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12

14

Understanding The Business

New Kinds of Companies

– Production-oriented

– Service-oriented

– Internet-dependent

– Dot-com (.com)

– Brick-and-mortar

Figure 1-13

15

Impact of the Internet

E-Commerce or I-Commerce

B2C (Business-to-Consumer)

B2B (Business-to-Business)

– EDI

– Extensible markup language (XML)

– Supplier relationship management

(SRM)

Figure 1-14

For more information about

Electronic Commerce visit

scsite.com/sad8e/more,


click the Electronic

Commerce link.

For more information about

XML visit



Extensible Markup Language

link.. 16



Impact of the Internet

Web-Based System Development

– WebSphere

– .NET

– Web services

– Internet-based systems involve various

hardware and software designs

– Career opportunities will expand

Figure 1-15

17

How Business Uses Information

Systems

In past, IT managers divided systems

into categories based on the user group

the system served

– Office systems

– Operational systems

– Decision support systems

– Executive information systems

18


Systems

Today, it makes more sense to identify a

system by its functions and features,

rather than by its users

– Enterprise computing systems

– Transaction processing systems

– Business support systems

– Knowledge management systems

– User productivity systems

19


Systems

Enterprise computing systems

– Support company-wide operations and

data management requirements

– Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

– Many hardware and software vendors

target the enterprise computing market


Enterprise Resource Planning

visit scsite.com/sad8e/more,


click the Enterprise Resource

Planning link. 20



Systems

Transaction processing systems

– Involve large amounts of data and are

mission-critical systems

– Efficient because they process a set of

transaction-related commands as a

group rather than individually

Figure 1-17

21


Systems

Business support systems

– Provide job-related information to users

at all levels of a company

– Management information systems (MIS)

– Radio frequency identification (RFID)

– What-if


RFID, visit



RFID link. 22



Systems

Knowledge management systems

– Called expert systems

– Simulate human reasoning by combining

a knowledge base and inference rules

– Many knowledge management systems

use technique called fuzzy logic


knowledge management

systems, visit



Knowledge Management

Systems link. 23



Systems

User productivity systems

– Technology that improves productivity

– Groupware

Information systems integration

– Most large companies require systems

that combine transaction processing,

business support, knowledge

management, and user productivity

features

24

Information System Users and Their

Needs

A systems analyst must understand the

company’s organizational model to

recognize who is responsible for

specific processes and decisions and to

be aware of what information is required

by whom

Figure 1-20

25

Information System Users and Their

Needs

Top managers

– Strategic plans

Middle Managers and Knowledge

Workers

Supervisors and Team Leaders

Operational Employees

– Empowerment

26

Systems Development Tools

Systems analysts must know how to

use a variety of techniques such as

modeling, prototyping, and computer-

aided systems engineering tools to plan,

design, and implement information

systems.

Systems analysts work with these tools

in a team environment

27


Modeling

– Business model

– Requirements model

– Data model

– Object model

– Network model

– Process model

Figure 1-21

28


Prototyping

– Prototype

– Speeds up the development process

significantly

– Important decisions might be made too

early, before business or IT issues are

thoroughly understood

– Can be an extremely valuable tool

29


Computer-Aided Systems Engineering

(CASE) Tools

– Also called computer-aided software

engineering

– CASE tools

– Can generate program code, which

speeds the implementation process


CASE Tools visit



CASE Tools link.

30


Overview of Systems Development

Methods

The most popular alternatives are

structured analysis, which is a

traditional method that still is widely

used, and object-oriented analysis (O-

O), which is a newer approach that

many analysts prefer, and agile

methods, also called adaptive methods

Understand the various methods and

the strengths and weaknesses of each

approach

31


Methods

It is not unusual for system developers

to mix and match methods

People, tasks, timetables, and costs

must be managed efficiently

Project management

Figure 1-23

32


Methods

Structured Analysis

– Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

– Predictive approach

– Uses a set of process models to

describe a system graphically

– Process-centered technique

– Waterfall model

Figure 1-24

33


Methods

Structured Analysis

– Deliverable or end product

– Disadvantage in the built-in structure of the SDLC, because the waterfall model does not emphasize interactivity among the phases

– This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases are followed too rigidly

– Adjacent phases usually interact

Figure 1-25

34


Methods

Structured Analysis

– The SDLC model usually includes five

steps

• Systems planning

• Systems analysis

• Systems design

• Systems implementation

• Systems support and security

35


Methods

Structured Analysis

– Systems Planning

• Systems planning phase

• Systems request – begins the process &

describes problems or desired changes

• Purpose of this phase is to perform a

preliminary investigation

• Key part of preliminary investigation is a

feasibility study

36


Methods

Structured Analysis

– Systems Analysis

• Systems analysis phase

• First step is requirements modeling, where

you investigate business processes and

document what the new system must do to

satisfy users

• Deliverable is the System requirements

document

37


Methods

Structured Analysis

– Systems Design

• Systems design phase

• Identify necessary outputs, inputs, and

processes

• Design internal and external controls

• Determine the application architecture

• Deliverable is system design specification

• Management and user involvement is critical

38


Methods

Structured Analysis

– Systems Implementation

• Systems implementation phase

• New system is constructed

• Programs are written, tested, and

documented, and the system is installed

• Includes an assessment, called a system

evaluation

39


Methods

Structured Analysis

– Systems Support and Security

• Systems Operation, Support, and Security

phase

• A well-designed system must be secure,

reliable, maintainable, and scalable

• Most information systems need to be

updated significantly or replaced after

several years of operation

40


Methods

Object-oriented Analysis

– Combines data & processes that act on

the data into things called objects

– Object is a member of a class

– Objects possess properties

– Methods change an object’s properties

Figure 1-26

41


Methods

Object-Oriented Anaylsis

– A message requests specific behavior or

information from another object

– Usually follow a series of analysis and

design phases that are similar to the

SDLC

– Interactive model

Figure 1-27

42


Methods

Agile Methods

– Are the newest development

– Emphasizes continuous feedback

– Iterative development

– Agile community has published the Agile

Manifesto

– Spiral model

Figure 1-28 Figure 1-29 For more information about

agile systems development

methods, visit



Agile Methods link. 43



Methods

Agile Methods

– Agile process determines the end result

– Other adaptive variations and related

methods exist

– Two examples are Scrum and Extreme

Programming (XP)

– Analysts should understand the pros

and cons of any approach before

selecting a development method

Figure 1-30 Figure 1-31 44


Methods

Other Development Methods

– IT departments have long sought to

avoid systems that were developed

without sufficient input from users

– Joint application development (JAD)

– Rapid application development (RAD)

45


Methods

Other Development Methods

– Might encounter other systems

development techniques

– Rational Unified Process (RUP®)

– Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)


Microsoft Solutions Framework,

visit scsite.com/sad8e/more,

locate Chapter 1, and then click

the Microsoft Solutions

Framework link. 46


Systems Development Guidelines

Develop a project plan

Involve users and listen carefully to

them

Use project management tools to

identify tasks and milestones

Develop accurate cost and benefit

information

Remain flexible

Figure 1-33

47

Information Technology Department

The information technology (IT)

department develops and maintains a

company’s information systems.

The IT group provides technical support

These functions overlap considerably

and often have different names in

different companies

Figure 1-34

48


Application Development

– Teams consisting of users, managers

and IT Staff members

Systems Support and Security

– Deployment team

User Support

– Help desk or information center (IC)

49


Database Administration

– Database design, management,

security, backup, and user access

Network Administration

– Includes hardware and software

maintenance, support, and security

Web Support

– Webmasters

50


Quality Assurance (QA)

– Reviews and tests all applications and

systems changes to verify specifications

and software quality standards

– Is a separate unit that reports directly to

IT management

51

The Systems Analyst Position

A systems analyst investigates,

analyzes, designs, develops, installs,

evaluates, and maintains a company’s

information systems

On large projects, the analyst works as

a member of an IT department team

Smaller companies often use

consultants to perform systems

analysis work on an as-needed basis

52


Responsibilities

– Translate business requirements into IT

projects

Required Skills and Background

– Solid technical knowledge, strong oral

and written communication skills and

analytic ability, and an understanding of

business operations and processes.

Figure 1-35

53


Certification

– Important credential

Career Opportunities

– Job titles

– Company organization

– Company size

– Corporate culture

– Salary, location, and future growth

54

Chapter Summary

IT refers to the combination of hardware

and software resources that companies

use to manage, access, communicate,

and share information

The essential components of an

information system are hardware,

software, data, processes, and people

Most companies offer a mix of products,

technical and financial services,

consulting, and customer support

55

Chapter Summary

Information systems are identified as

enterprise computing systems,

transactional processing or operational

systems, business support systems,

knowledge management systems, or

user productivity systems

Organization structure includes top

managers, middle managers and

knowledge workers, supervisors and

team leaders

56

Chapter Summary

Systems analysts use modeling,

prototyping, and computer aided

systems engineering (CASE) tools

Three popular system development

approaches are structured analysis,

object-oriented analysis (O-O), and agile

methods, also called adaptive methods

57

Chapter Summary

Regardless of the development strategy,

people, tasks, timetables, and cost must

be managed effectively using project

management tools

The IT department develops, maintains

and operates a company’s information

systems

58

Chapter Summary

Systems analysts need a combination of

technical and business knowledge,

analytical ability, and communication

skills

Systems analysts need to consider

salary, location, and future growth

potential when making a career decision

59

Test Yourself

1. What is the role of a systems analysis

and design?

60

Test Yourself

1. What is the role of a systems analysis

and design?

– Systems analysis and design is a step-

by-step process for developing high-

quailty information systems.

61

Test Yourself

2. What are the five key components of

information systems?

62

Test Yourself

2. What are the five key components of

information systems?

Hardware

Software

Data

Processes

People

63

Test Yourself

3. How are business information systems

identified?

64

Test Yourself

3. How are business information systems

identified?

– Functions and features

65

Test Yourself

4. True/False: WebSphere is a strategy

maintained and managed by Microsoft.

66

Test Yourself

4. True/False: WebSphere is a strategy

maintained and managed by Microsoft.

False

67

Test Yourself

5. SDLC is an example of a ________

method, while Extreme Programming is

an example of an __________ method.

68

Test Yourself

5. SDLC is an example of a structured

analysis method, while Extreme

Programming is an example of an agile

approach.

69

Test Yourself

6. CASE tools are:

a) an object oriented methodology

b) techniques or tools to help plan and

design information systems

c) team-based fact finding techniques

70

Test Yourself

6. CASE tools are:

a) an object oriented methodology

b) techniques or tools to help plan and

design information systems

c) team-based fact finding techniques

71

Test Yourself

7. Objects, classes, and methods are all

terms used in structured/object oriented

methodologies

72

Test Yourself

7. Objects, classes, and methods are all

terms used in object oriented

methodologies

73

Test Yourself

8. What are the phases of the systems

development life cycle?

74

Test Yourself

8. What are the phases of the systems

development life cycle?

– Systems planning

– Systems analysis

– Systems design

– Systems implementation

– Systems support and security

75

Test Yourself

9. List at least three of the six functions of

a typical IT department

76

Test Yourself

9. List at least three of the six functions of

a typical IT department

1. Application development

2. Systems support

3. User support

4. Database administration

5. Network administration

6. Web support

77

Test Yourself

10. True/False: Certification is an

important credential that is valued by

companies.

78

Test Yourself

10. True/False: Certification is a

professional credential that is valued by

companies.

True

79

Systems Analysis & Design

8th Edition

End Chapter 1

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Chapter 1 Study Tool - جامعة نزوى · Distinguish between structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and ... –Efficient because they process a set of transaction-related