The chemical nature of cells

Chapter 1

WaterWater molecules are cohesive -> they form hydrogen bonds

Substances that dissolve in water are called hydrophilic or polar

Substances that are insoluble in water are called hydrophobic or non-polar

Acid or alkaline? pH

Bio = lifeMacro = large, bigMolecule = group of atoms bonded together

(particle)

Carbohydrates (Polysaccharide)LipidsProteinsNucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Biomacromolecules

Monomers: Polymers:

Sugars Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

Amino Acids Proteins

Fatty acids & glycerol Lipids

Nucleotides Nucleic Acids

Organic molecules

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Simple

Monosaccharides

Contain a single sugar

unit

Disaccharides

Contain two sugar units

Complex

Polysaccharides

Contain many sugar units

Glucose, Fructose Sucrose, LactoseStarch, Glycogen & Cellulose

hexose shapepentose shape

Mostly ends in –ose

C, H, O => organic

Condensation reaction

Opposite of condensation reaction

Hydrolysis

Lipids

Types of Lipids

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Nucleic acids

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acidRNA: ribonucleic acid

The nucleotide monomer

SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

Base pairing

DNA:Adenine (A)Thymine (T)Cytosine (C)Guanine (G)

RNA:Adenine (A)Uracil (U)Cytosine (C)Guanine (G)

Proteins

3 groups: Amino group, Carboxyl group & R-group

When joined together they form peptide bonds

Protein structurePrimary structure: Secondary structure:

Tertiary structure:

Quaternary structure:

Summary

Biomacromolecule

Type of bonding

Carbohydrates Glycosidic bondLipids Ester bondNucleic acids Phosphodiester

bondProteins Peptide bond

Summary II

Chapter Review Questions

Answer Chapter Review Questions: 3 - 11 p. 33 and 34 Nature of Biology Book 2

Example of exam question