Chapter 10

1. Outer (external) hearing2. Middle only

3. Inner (internal) - balance & hearing

 

1. Auricle (pinnae)2. External auditory meatus (auditory canal)3. Tympanic membrane4. Malleus (hammer)5. Incus (anvil)6. Stapes (stirrup)7. Oval Window8. Vestibule9. Cochlea (*Organ of Corti)10. Cochlear nerve11. Cerebrum

1. Sound waves enter the external auditory meatus.

2. Waves of changing pressure cause the eardrum to reproduce vibrations coming from sound a wave source.

3. Auditory ossicles amplify and transmit vibrations to end of stapes.

4. Movement of stapes at oval window transmits vibrations to perilymph of cochlear duct.

5. Vibrations pass through the vestibular membrane and enter endolymph of cochlear duct.

6. Different frequencies of vibration in endolymp stimulate different sets of receptor cells.

7. As a receptor cell depolarizes, its membrane becomes more permeable to calcium ions.

8. Inward diffusion of calcium ions causes vesicles at the base of the receptor cell to release neurotransmitters.

9. Neurotransmitter stimulates ends of nearby sensory neurons.

10. Sensory impulses are triggered on fibers of the cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve.

11. Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe interprets sensory impulses.

Decibels (dB): measure sound intensityWhisper 40dB Rock concert 120dBNormal conversation 60-70dB Jet

plane 140dBFrequent or prolonged exposure to sounds

above 85dB can damage hearing receptors and cause permanent hearing loss.

Frequency: number of vibrations or sound waves per secondHuman: can detect sounds with a frequency of

20-20,000 per minuteDog: 60-45,000Rat: 650-60,000Bat: 3,000-120,000

Static equilibrium: sense of position of the head, maintaining stability and posture when the head and body are still. (vestibule)

Dynamic equilibrium: detect head and body motion and aid in maintain balance (semicircular canals)

All of this information goes to the cerebellum

Ear-popping: aids in equalizing pressureYour auditory tube is normally flattened and

closed, but swallowing or yawning can open it to equalize pressure between the middle ear cavities with the atmospheric pressure. The eardrum will not vibrate unless pressure is equal. If there is unequal pressure, the eardrum bulges causing hearing difficulties and earaches.

Otitis media: inflammation of the middle ear. Can be caused by sore throats in children.

Myringotomy: implanting of a tiny tube to drain fluid & pus accumulation*Children have a more horizontal auditory tube*

2 typesConduction: temporary or permanent; results

when something interferes with the conduction of sound vibrations to the fluid of the inner ear. Wax build-upOtosclerosis (fusion of the ossicles)Ruptured eardrumOtitis mediaHearing aids: use skull bones to conduct sound

vibrations to inner ear.Sensorineural: degeneration or damage to the

receptor cells in Organ of Corti, cochlear nerve, or to neurons of the auditory cortex. Results from a problem of nervous system structures or by extended listening to excessively loud sounds.Hearing aids are less helpful

Meniere’s disease: a pathological condition of the inner ear characterized by vertigo (sensation of spinning), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and progressive loss of hearing.

Presbycusis: occurs because of changes in the inner ear. Very common in older people.

Otosclerosis: spongy bone formation that causes deafness by fixing the stapes to the oval window.