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THE MUSLIM WORLDChapter 10
THE RISE OF ISLAM
Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes Desert and Town Life
Clans provided security and support in desert
Farming communities in the fertile lands
Crossroads of Trade and Ideas
Mecca Ka’aba – site of an ancient
shrie Allah – Arabic word for God
THE RISE OF ISLAM
Muhammad, Prophet of Islam Revelations
Gabriel called to him during meditation in a cave outside of Mecca
Muhammad became convinced that he was the last of the prophets
Islam – “submission to the will of Allah”
Muslim – “one who is submitted”
613 – began publically preaching in Mecca
THE RISE OF ISLAM
Muhammad, Prophet of Islam The Hijrah
Migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina)
Muhammad became the leader politically, socially, and religiously
Returning to Mecca Muhammad led 10,000 of his believers back to
Mecca in 630
THE RISE OF ISLAM
Beliefs and Practices of Islam The Five Pillars
Faith – statement of faith Prayer – mosque – an Islamic
house of worship Alms – support for the less
fortunate Fasting - Ramadan Pilgrimage – Hajj to Mecca
A Way of Life Sources of Authority
Qur’an – the holy book of the Muslims
ISLAM EXPANDS Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Caliph – successor or deputy “Rightly Guided” Caliphs
Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs Jihad – striving and can refer to the inner struggle against
evil Also armed struggle against unbelievers
Reasons for Success Well disciplined and expertly commanded Fighting weak empires in Arabia Persecutions suffered by people under Byzantine or
Sassanid rule Treatment of Conquered Peoples
Tolerance of other religions especially Christianity and Judaism
ISLAM EXPANDS Internal conflict
Creates a Crisis Umayyads – family who
came to power after the murder of Ali in 661
Sunni-Shi’a Split Shi’a – party of Ali –
caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad
Sunni – followers of Muhammad’s example
Sufi – rejected the luxurious life and pursued a life of poverty
ISLAM EXPANDS
ISLAM EXPANDS Control Extends Over
Three Continents Al-Andalus – settlement in
southern Spain Abbasids Consolidate
Power Capital moved to Baghdad
Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Fatimid – formed by Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
Muslim Trade Network Sakk – notes of exchange
for any bank in the Empire
MUSLIM CULTURE Muslim Society
The rise of Muslim Cities Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, and
Cordoba Four Social Classes
Muslims at Birth Converts Protected Peoples – Jews,
Christians, and Zoroastrians Slaves – POWs and non-Muslims
Role of Women Expected to submit to men Had more property and economic
rights than most women in the world
Expected to be veiled in public
MUSLIM CULTURE Muslim Scholarship
Extends Knowledge Emphasis on
scholarship and learning House of Wisdom – a
combination library, academy, and translation center
MUSLIM CULTURE
Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim literature
Poetry – bravery, love, generosity, and hospitality
Fairy tales, parables, and legends Muslim Art and Architecture
Calligraphy – art of beautiful hand writing Huge domes and vaulted ceilings
Medical Advances Al-Razi – greatest physician
Math and Science Stretch Horizons Philosophy and Religion Blend
Views The “Ideal Man”