Chapter 10Chapter 10

Emotional DevelopmentEmotional Development

Emerging Emotions

The Function of Emotions

Experiencing and Expressing Emotions

Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions

Regulating Emotions

The Function of Emotions

Emotions are useful because they help people Emotions are useful because they help people adapt to their environmentsadapt to their environments

Fear leads to avoiding dangerFear leads to avoiding danger Happiness strengthens relationshipsHappiness strengthens relationships Disgust keeps people away from things that Disgust keeps people away from things that

make them illmake them ill

Experiencing and Expressing Emotions

Basic emotions: universal and consist of Basic emotions: universal and consist of subjective feeling, physiological change, and subjective feeling, physiological change, and overt behaviorovert behavior

Interest, disgust, sadness, and fearInterest, disgust, sadness, and fear Stranger warinessStranger wariness appears around 6 months appears around 6 months Self-conscious Self-conscious (complex) emotions such as (complex) emotions such as

pride, guilt, embarrassment appear laterpride, guilt, embarrassment appear later Cultures differ in degree of emotional Cultures differ in degree of emotional

expressionexpression

Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions

By 4-6 months, infants can identify facial By 4-6 months, infants can identify facial expressions associated with different emotionsexpressions associated with different emotions

Social referencingSocial referencing: in unfamiliar or ambiguous : in unfamiliar or ambiguous environment, infants look to parents for cues to environment, infants look to parents for cues to interpret situationinterpret situation

During elementary school, children understand During elementary school, children understand that people can have mixed feelingsthat people can have mixed feelings

Regulating Emotions

Regulation of emotions begins in infancyRegulation of emotions begins in infancy For example, infants will look away when they For example, infants will look away when they

encounter something frightening or confusingencounter something frightening or confusing With age, children develop even more effective With age, children develop even more effective

strategiesstrategies Children who don’t regulate their emotions tend Children who don’t regulate their emotions tend

to have problems with peersto have problems with peers

Temperament

What is Temperament?

Hereditary and Environmental Contributions to Temperament

Stability of Temperament

Temperament and Other Aspects of Development

What is Temperament?

TemperamentTemperament: behavioral styles that are fairly : behavioral styles that are fairly stable across situations and are biologically stable across situations and are biologically basedbased

Thomas and Chess identified 3 patterns: easy, Thomas and Chess identified 3 patterns: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-updifficult, and slow-to-warm-up

Five dimensions: activity level, positive affect, Five dimensions: activity level, positive affect, persistence, inhibition, and negative affectpersistence, inhibition, and negative affect

Hereditary and Environmental Contributions to Temperament

Twin studies show genetic influence: identical Twin studies show genetic influence: identical twins more alike in most aspects of twins more alike in most aspects of temperament than fraternal twinstemperament than fraternal twins

Impact of heredity depends on temperamental Impact of heredity depends on temperamental dimension and child’s agedimension and child’s age

Infants more likely to develop intense, difficult Infants more likely to develop intense, difficult temperaments when mothers are abrupt and temperaments when mothers are abrupt and lack confidencelack confidence

Asian infants less emotional than European Asian infants less emotional than European American counterpartsAmerican counterparts

Stability of Temperament

Temperament moderately stable through Temperament moderately stable through infancy, childhood, and adolescenceinfancy, childhood, and adolescence

Fearful preschoolers tend to be inhibited as Fearful preschoolers tend to be inhibited as older child and adolescentolder child and adolescent

Inhibited children more likely to be introverted Inhibited children more likely to be introverted adultsadults

Research also reveals many instances where Research also reveals many instances where temperament is not related to adult personalitytemperament is not related to adult personality

Temperament and Other Aspects of Development

Various aspects of temperament are related to Various aspects of temperament are related to school success, peer interactions, compliance school success, peer interactions, compliance with parents, depression, and helping otherswith parents, depression, and helping others

Influence of temperament depends on Influence of temperament depends on environmental influences (children who resist environmental influences (children who resist control are less likely to have behavior control are less likely to have behavior problems when mothers exert control)problems when mothers exert control)

Temperament and Helping Temperament and Helping BehaviorBehavior

10.2: Temperament and Other Aspects of Development

Attachment

The Growth of Attachment

The Quality of Attachment

The Growth of Attachment

AttachmentAttachment: enduring social-emotional : enduring social-emotional relationship between infant and parentrelationship between infant and parent

Relies upon infant’s growing perceptual and Relies upon infant’s growing perceptual and cognitive skillscognitive skills

By about 7 months, infants have identified a By about 7 months, infants have identified a single attachment figuresingle attachment figure

Usually first attach to mothers, then to fathersUsually first attach to mothers, then to fathers Prefer to play with fathers, but prefer mothers Prefer to play with fathers, but prefer mothers

for comfortfor comfort

The Quality of Attachment

Types: secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganizedTypes: secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized Positive consequences of secure attachment in Positive consequences of secure attachment in

later social relationshipslater social relationships Predictable, responsive parenting is important Predictable, responsive parenting is important

for secure attachmentfor secure attachment Parents’ attachment to their own parents may Parents’ attachment to their own parents may

influence responsiveness to their childreninfluence responsiveness to their children Characteristics of child care and mother affect Characteristics of child care and mother affect

quality of attachmentquality of attachment