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Chapter 10 Memory & Thought
Memory
• The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.
EncodingEncoding StorageStorage RetrievalRetrieval
The 3 Processes of Memory
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EncodingEncoding StorageStorage RetrievalRetrieval
3 Processes of Memory
Encoding:The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.
EncodingEncoding StorageStorage RetrievalRetrieval
3 Processes of Memory
Storage:The process by which information is maintained over a period of time.
EncodingEncoding StorageStorage RetrievalRetrieval
3 Processes of Memory
Retrieval:The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.
The Three Stages of Memory
Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory
Short-term Short-term MemoryMemory
Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory
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Three Stages of Memory
Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory
Short-term Short-term MemoryMemory
Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory
Sensory memoryVery brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor.• holds info for a fraction of a second
Three Stages of Memory
Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory
Short-term Short-term MemoryMemory
Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory
Short-term memoryMemory that is limited in capacity to about 7 items, and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal.• holds info for about 30 seconds
“Magic # 7”
Three Stages of Memory
Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory
Short-term Short-term MemoryMemory
Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory
Long-term memoryThe storage of information over extended periods of time. • holds an unlimited amount of info
Sensory Memory
• Iconic Memory– Visual sensory memory – Holds visual information for up
to a second
• Echoic Memory– Auditory sensory memory– Holds auditory information for
1 - 2 seconds
Short-Term Memory
• Maintenance rehearsal – A system for remembering that involves
repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it.
• Chunking– The process of grouping items to
make them easier to remember.
Short-Term Memory
• Primacy-recency effect– We are better able to recall information
presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list.
• Working memory– Another name for
short-term memory.
Types of Long-Term Memory:
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Declarative memory
Procedural memory
Long-Term Memory
• Semantic memory– Knowledge of language,
including its rules, words, and meanings.
• Episodic memory– Memory of one’s life, including time of
occurrence.
Long-Term Memory• Declarative memory
– Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed.
• Procedural memory– Memory of learned skills that does not
require conscious recollection.
Review…
Types of Memory
A. Declarative
B. Episodic
C. Semantic
D. Procedural
Memory Task1.Writing your name
2.Words to the Star Spangled Banner
3.Your friend’s birthday party from last week
4.Tying your shoe
5.What you ate last Thanksgiving
6.Remembering the parts of the limbic system
7. Knowing that the word plane is different from plain, even though they sound the same.
Answers…
1. D
2. A or C
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
Section 2
Retrieving Information
Define the following words:
• Recognition
• Recall
• Reconstructive process
• Confabulation
• Schemas
• Eidetic memory
• State-dependent memory
Context-Dependent Memory
• Refers to improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.
Explain each type of forgetting:
• Decay
• Proactive interference
• Retroactive interference
• Repression
• Amnesia
Types of Forgetting…
• Can you guess which type of forgetting is being illustrated in each of the following examples?
Question 1:
• Since we are learning new information in Chapter 10, you can’t remember the information from Chapter 9 in as much detail.
Answer:
• Retroactive Interference
Question 2:
• Someone who went to Disney World when they were 9 years old is having trouble describing the trip to their friends in high school because the trip took place so many years ago.
Answer:
•Decay
Question 3:
• Last year in class one of your friends told a really embarrassing story about you in front of all of your friends. You were so embarrassed at the time that you tried not to think about it after it happened.
• When someone asked you about the incident a week later, you can’t seem to remember any of the details.
Answer:
• Repression
Question 4:
• You had to change the password on your laptop. After you changed it you kept entering your old password again and again because you couldn’t remember the new one.
Answer:
• Proactive Interference
Question 5:
• John was texting while driving and ran into a telephone poll. He hit his head on the windshield of the car, but he did not appear to be seriously injured. When the ambulance arrived and asked him for his name, he said he couldn’t remember.
Answer:
• Amnesia
Define:
• Elaborative rehearsal
• Maintenance rehearsal
