Chapter 10 - Muslim CivilizationFocus: Who was Muhammad and how did his teachings lead to the rise of Islam?

Chapter 10- Muslim Civilization

10.1 - The Rise of Islam

10.2 - Building a Muslim Empire

10.3 - Muslim Civilization Golden Age

10.4 - India’s Muslim Empires

10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

10.1- Rise of Islam

Focus: What messages, or teachings, did Muhammad spread through Islam?

10.1- Rise of Islam

Followers of Islam are called Muslim*

Their holy text is the Quran*

Chief Prophet: Muhammad*

10.1- Rise of Islam

Islam begins: Muhammad was born in the oasis town of Mecca. Mecca:

Was a bustling market* Pilgrimage center* No weapons in the city* Was home to many pagan gods* (statues)

10.1- Rise of Islam

Muhammad: (570 AD) led a modest life early on:

He was an honest business man*

Married at 25 (Khadija)*

Devoted father and husband*

Was troubled by the moral ills of society*

10.1- Rise of Islam

According to Islamic belief, when Muhammad was 40 years old he heard the voice of an angel (Gabriel) . Muhammad was uneasy, but became the messenger of god.*

10.1- Rise of Islam

Muhammad's Teachings: Weren’t widely accepted at

first

As they gained strength, angered Mecca’s merchants Neglect of idols would

disrupt trade

10.1- Rise of Islam

Muhammad’s Journey (Hijra):

Muhammad left Mecca and entered the city of Medina.* Acceptance grows Thousands of Arabs adopt

Islam

With his followers he returned to Mecca to free the Kaaba, the temple he believed should be dedicated to one true God, of idols.*

Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah (God), making it the most holy place of Islam.*

10.1- Rise of Islam

The Quran: Sacred text of Islam* States people are

responsible for their actions

Muslims believe that God (Allah) has sent other prophets: Jesus, Abraham, Moses… but Muhammad is the last and greatest of all.

10.1- Rise of Islam

Duties (expectations) of Islam:

Islamic people follow

The Five Pillars of Islam Lay out the expectations

of Muslims*

10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar One: Shahada Declaration of faith*

“There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”

10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Two: Salah Daily Prayer*

Pray 5 times a day Wash Face Mecca

Some pray in Mosques - house of worship* But not required

10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Three: Zakat Alms for the Poor*

Give charity

10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Four: Ramadan Fasting*

Don’t eat from sun up to sun down Applies to other parts of life too, not just

eating For the month of Ramadan (varies by

year)

10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Five: Making a

Pilgrimage (Hajj)* Must make

the journey at least once

Pray at the Kaaba

Over 2 million people a year

10.1- Rise of Islam

Jihad- struggle in God’s service*

To Muslims Islam is both a religion and a way of life

Their laws are based on the teaching of Islam- Sharia*

Islam and the Quran extended rights of women*- *however they must dress

modestly- Varies by location

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

Focus: How did Muhammad’s successors extend Muslim rule and spread Islam?

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

After Muhammad died- he named no successor:*

Islam needed another strong leader

Abu Bakr - becomes the first: caliph – successor*

Reunites the Muslims

Leads military campaigns to unite other Arabs in Islam

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

The Muslim Empire rapidly spread

Conquering area including: Damascus Jerusalem The Persian Empire Byzantine Egypt

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

Death of Muhammad : created a split (schism) in the

Empire:

Sunni versus Shiite Muslims

disagreed over who should be caliph (successor)

SUNNI- majority of Muslims; believed successors

should be pious males*

SHIITE- believed the caliph must be a direct

descendent of Muhammad*

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

Sufis - Muslim Mystic* Meditation, fasting, rituals

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

Muslim Empire grew from 661 - 750 Several Ruling Families (clans)

Umayyad (Spain) Decline – criticized for lifestyle

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

Abbasid – moved capital to Baghdad (750-1258)

Reasons for success: Weakness of Byzantines and Persians Aggressive and bold fighting Strong unity under Islam

Muslim Empire- c. 750

SPAIN- Umayyad

AFRICA

ARABIA

MED SEA BAGHDAD- Abbasids

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

As the Empire expanded: Conquered people were treated

fairly Many conquered joined the Islamic

faith Non-Muslims taxed Equality

The capital was moved to Baghdad (Damascus)* “Paradise on Earth” Beautiful city Market, Gardens, Domes Minarets- slender towers*

Baghdad

Baghdad

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

Starting in 850 the Muslim Empire began to fade Independent dynasties – caliph loses power* Invasions*

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

Seljuk Turks migrated to the Middle East (900s) Seljuk Turk Rulers (Sultan) - controlled Baghdad (1055) Conflicts prevent Christians from traveling to Jerusalem

Cause the Crusades (1095) Christians v. Muslims

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

Mongols led by Genghis Khan move into Middle East (1216)

Eventually burn and loot Baghdad

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

The culture still flourished in Spain Until 1492 (Inquisition)

10.3 - Muslim Golden AgeFocus: What achievements did Muslims make in economics, art, literature, and science?

Muslim Golden Age a time of prosperity 750-850: 100 years

During the Muslim Golden Age:

Economy Advanced Social Structure Advanced Art, Literature, and

Architecture Thrive Muslim Knowledge

Expanded

Muslim rulers unite many diverse cultures

Arabs

Persians

Egyptians

Africans

Europeans

10.3 - Economy Advanced

Merchants were near the top of society (Muhammad was a merchant)*

Built a massive trade route – camels, silk roads, ships* Asia Africa Europe

10.3 - Economy Advanced

Muslim’s pioneered new business practices*

Partnerships* Credit* Formed banks* Checks*

10.3 - Social Structure Improves

Social Mobility – changing of social class* Improve their position through achievements:

Religious Scholarly Military

Muslim Empire Included

Greeks

Romans

Persians

Indians

Muslim art displayed many different cultures Religious - did not portray humans (Quran - no idols)* Poetry (oral) was used to tell stories

Art, Literature, & Architecture

Muslim Architecture Mosque and Minarets decorated the skyline Calligraphy decorated buildings (beautiful handwriting)*

10.4 India’s Muslim EmpiresFocus: How did Muslim rule affect Indian government and society?

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Muslims move into Indian Empire around 1000

By the late 1100’s the Sultan (Muslim Ruler)*: Defeated Hindu armies

and claimed Delhi as his capital

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Successors to the empire would rule what was known as the Delhi sultanate (lands of the sultan) Marked start of Muslim rule in India (1206 – 1526)

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Muslim advances lead to a blending of cultures

Persian

Arab

Turks

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Muslims and Hindus clash over: Text : Quran vs. Many texts

God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many gods/goddesses

Equality vs. Caste: Many Hindus converted to Islam to due to:

-*equality (before God) in Islam

Text : Quran vs. Many

God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many

Equality vs. Caste

*Equality was appealing to Hindus

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Eventually Delhi sultanate became tolerant of Hindus

Even kept local Rajahs - Hindu rulers in place*

Accepted Hindus as monotheistic (Brahman)

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Mughal Empire Rises* Mughal = Persian for Mongol* Replace Delhi Sultanate (1526 - 1857)

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

By 1707 The Mughal Empire had conquered most of the Indian Subcontinent

Led to the rise of Akbar the Great

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Akbar the Great was the chief builder of the Mughal Empire*

Created a strong central government

Tolerant of Hindus (married one)

Promoted Religious harmony

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Akbar’s Grandson Shah Jahan was also influential

While ruling the empire his wife Mumtaz Mahal would die: She gave birth to 14

children and was only 39 He loved her dearly so he

built a monument (tomb) in her honor…

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

The Taj Mahal Took 22,000 workers & 20 years Greatest monument of Mughal Empire

10.5 – The Ottoman & Safavid EmpiresFocus: What were the main characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid empires?

The Ottomans Migrated into Asia Minor (Turkey) Turkish-speaking nomads from Central Asia Took Constantinople (Istanbul)

1453 becomes Ottoman Capital

Used new war tech the cannon

10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)

Great leader of the Ottoman Empire*

Extended Ottoman Empire into Middle East

Known as the lawgiver Laws based on the Sharia,

supplemented by royal edicts Held absolute power

Used a vizier, huge bureaucracy, and powerful military

Ottoman Empire: Hungary to Arabia & Mesopotamia, and across North Africa

10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires

Ottoman Culture Organized social classes

Top: “Men of the sword” (soldiers)* Muslim*

“Men of the pen” (scientists, lawyers, judges, & poets) Muslim

“Men of negotiation” (merchants, artisans)

Lowest: “Men of husbandry” (farmers & herders: produce food)*

Janizaries – elite forces of the Ottoman army*

Usually born to Christian families but converted to Islam

10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires

Decline Suleiman the Magnificent

dies in 1566 1700s - European

commerce and new war tech are superior

Russia & other Europeans take over landholdings

North Africa breaks away from Ottoman control

10.5 – The Safavid Empire

Ruled in most of Modern day Iran Between:

Ottomans - West Mughal India - East

Shah (king) Abbas the Great Centralized gov’t

Capital is Isfahan Strengthened the economy

Safavid Empire decline Death of Shah Abbas Ottoman armies

10.5 – Safavid Empire