Revolution and Enlightenment

Chapter 10 Section 1

Aristotle called the shotsThe Renaissance

◦Scholars learned Latin and Greek◦Few began to question the old ways

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

New problems required observation and measurement

New instruments Telescope and microscope

New advancements in Math◦Algebra◦Geometry

New Technology and Mathematics

Scientific Breakthroughs

Geocentric Theory◦Earth was unmoving object at center of universe

◦Moon, sun, and planets move around earth

◦Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars

◦Heaven far beyond sphere

The Ptolemaic System

Aristotle in 4th century B.C.Ptolemy in 2nd century AD

How could you believe this?

Christianity supported theory◦God created Man◦Man is most important creation◦Man is at the center◦To disagree is Blasphemy Blasphemy is bad

Nicolaus Copernicus◦On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies

◦Stars, earth, and planets revolve around the Sun

◦Contradicted religious views Feared ridicule and persecution

◦Didn’t publish findings until year before he died - 1543

Heliocentric Theory

Johannes Kepler◦Laws of Planetary Motion◦Kepler’s First Law Planetary orbits are elliptical Sun at end of ellipse, not center

Used telescope to observe planetsThe Starry MessengerDestroyed idea of heavenly objects as orbs of light

Galileo Galilei

Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his ideas◦Threatened concept of the universe Humans no longer center of universe God no longer in specific place

Problems with the Church

Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant leaders◦Publicly silent but continues working

1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems◦Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory

◦Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial

1633 – reads confession◦Threatened w/torture◦Agreed ideas of Copernicus were false

◦Lived under house arrest Dies - 1642

Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the Principia

Laws of Motion Universal Law of Gravitation World-Machine concept

Newton’s View of the Universe

◦Law of Universal Gravitation Every object in universe attracts every other object

Degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them

What’s it mean?

Galen – Greek physician in A.D. 100s◦Teachings dominated Middle Ages◦Based on animal dissection

16th Century scientists change ideas

Breakthroughs in Medicine

Andreas Vesalius◦Dissected human corpses◦On the Fabric of the Human Body◦Filled w/detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscle

Medicine and the Human Body

William Harvey◦On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in America

◦Heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body

Robert Boyle◦First scientist to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry

◦Relationship between volume and pressure of gases

Antoine Levoisier◦System for naming chemical elements

◦Founder of Modern Chemistry

Breakthroughs in Chemistry

Scholarship was considered the domain of men◦Women belong at home with the children

Contributions of Women

Margaret Cavendish◦Criticized belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature

Women could be astronomers in Germany◦Worked with fathers and husbands

Maria Winkelmann◦Assisted her husband◦Discovered her own comet◦Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy They felt members would be appalled

Rene Descartes◦Inspired by Scientific Revolution Doubt and uncertainty everywhere

◦Doubt inspired learning◦Cannot doubt existence “I think, therefore I am”

◦Mind cannot be doubted Body and material world

can be

Philosophy and Reason

Mind cannot be doubted◦Body and material world can be

Mind and matter are completely separate◦Matter should be viewed as detached from the mind

◦Investigated by reasonWhat does this all mean?

◦Reason is chief source of knowledge

Scientists should not rely on ancient authority

Scientific Method◦Step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data

Bacon and the Scientific Method

Developed by Francis Bacon◦Believed in use of inductive reasoning Specific to the general Free of opinion Start with facts and proceed to general principles

Goal was to advance human life with new discoveries

Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade