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Chapter 11. Homo sapiens sapiens. Chapter Outline. The Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens (Anatomically Modern Human Beings) The Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Discoveries Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture. Homo sapiens sapiens. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 11
Homo sapiens sapiens
Chapter Outline
The Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens (Anatomically Modern Human Beings)
The Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Discoveries
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture
Homo sapiens sapiens
Members of early Homo sapiens sapiens are our direct kin.
They were much like us skeletally, genetically, and (most likely) behaviorally.
They were the first hominids that we can confidently refer to as “fully human.”
Questions About the Origin and Dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens
When did H. sapiens sapiens first appear? Where did the transition take place? In one
region or in several? What was the pace of evolutionary change?
How fast did the transition occur? How did the dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens to
other areas of the Old World take place?
Theories of Human Origins
Complete Replacement Model Regional Continuity Model Partial Replacement Model
Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)
Developed by British paleoanthropologists Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews.
Proposes anatomically modern populations arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years.
They migrated from Africa, completely replacing populations in Europe and Asia.
Does not account for the transition from archaic H. sapiens to modern H. sapiens anywhere except Africa.
Partial Replacement Model
Proposed by Günter Bräuer of the University of Hamburg.
Postulates the earliest dates for African modern Homo sapiens at over 100,000 y.a.
Partial Replacement Model
Initial dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens from South Africa was influenced by environmental conditions.
Moving into Eurasia, modern humans hybridized with resident groups, eventually replacing them.
The disappearance of archaic humans was due to both hybridization and replacement.
Regional Continuity Model(Multiregional Evolution)
Associated with paleoanthropologist Milford Wolpoff of the University of Michigan.
Populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued evolutionary development from archaic H. sapiens to anatomically modern humans.
The Regional Continuity Model(Multiregional Evolution)
Question: How did modern humans evolve in different continents and end up so physically and genetically similar?
Explanation: – Due to gene flow between archaic populations,
modern humans are not a separate species.– Earlier modern H. sapiens did not originate
exclusively in Africa.
Early Homo sapiens Discoveries From Africa and the Near East
SiteDates (y.a.) Human Remains Comments
Qafzeh(Israel)
110,000 20 individuals (minimum)
Large sample; variability in expression of modern traits
Skhu-l
(Israel)
115,000 10 individuals (minimum)
Earliest evidence of modern H. sapiens outside of Africa
Early Homo sapiens Discoveries From Africa and the Near East
Site Dates (y.a.)Human
Remains Comments
Omo-Kibish (Ethiopia)
120,000–80,000?
Cranium and postcranial remains
Second individual shows fewer modern traits
Klasies River Mouth (South Africa)
120,000? Several individuals; fragmentary
Perhaps earliest modern H. sapiens in Africa
Early Modern Homo sapiens Discoveries - Europe, Asia, Australia
SiteDates (y.a.)
Human Remains Comments
Abrigo do Lagar
24,500 4-year -old child’s skeleton
Shows mixture of traits
Velho
(Portugal)
Interpreted as evidence of hybridization
Cro-Magnon
(France)
30,000 8 individuals Famous site of early modern H. sapiens; some variability in expression of modern traits
Early Modern Homo sapiens Discoveries - Europe, Asia, Australia
SiteDates (y.a.) Human Remains Comments
Ordos
(Mongolia, China)
50,000 1 individual Perhaps earliest evidence of H. sapiens in Asia
Kow Swamp (Australia)
14,000-9,000
More than 40 individuals (adults, juveniles, infants)
Very robust individuals
Lake Mungo (Australia)
?60,000- 30,000
3 individuals, one a cremation
Date is controversial; recent extraction and analysis of DNA (also controversial)
Techniques for Dating Middle and Upper Pleistocene Sites
Technique Physical Basis Examples of Use
Uranium series Radioactive decay of short-lived uranium isotopes
Date limestone formations; estimate age of Jinniushan site in China and Ngandong site in Java
Thermoluminescence (TL)
Accumulation of electrons in certain crystals released during heating
Date ancient flint tools; provide key dates for the Qafzeh site
Electron spin resonance
(ESR)
Measurement of trapped electrons
Date dental enamel; corroborate dating various sites in Israel, Java, South Africa, and Australia
The New World
Ancestors of Native Americans reached the New World through migration over the Bering Land Bridge over many millennia.
Debates continue, but at present, the only direct evidence of hominids in the New World date to about 12,000 y.a.
The Upper Paleolithic
Cultural period began in western Europe approximately 40,000 years ago.
Five industries based on tool technologies:1. Chatelperronian
2. Aurignacian
3. Gravettian
4. Solutrean
5. Magdalenian
Cultural Periods of the European Upper Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic (beginnings) Cultural Periods
17,000
21,000
27,000
40,000
Magdalenian SolutreanGravettian
Aurignacian
Chatelperronian
Middle
Paleolithic Mousterian
Cave Art
Majority comes from southwestern France and northern Spain.
Grotte Chauvet– Dating has placed the cave painting during the
Aurignacian period more than 30,000 y.a.– Images include stylized dots, human handprints and
animal representations. – Among the archaeological traces are dozens of
footprints on the cave floor produced by bears as well as humans.
Africa
Rock art is found in southern Africa dating to between 28,000 and 19,000 y.a.
Personal adornment dates back to 38,000 y.a. in the form of beads made from ostrich shells.
Excavations in the Katanda area show remarkable bone craftsmanship.– Intricate bone tools resembling harpoons were
made from the ribs of large mammals.