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Chapter 11Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase1Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase9AP WORLD HISTORY1Learning objectives for Chapter 11Explain Rome's development from small city-state with a king to a republic.Explain the constitution of the Roman republic and its expansion into a preeminent power in the Mediterranean.Describe the transformation of Rome from a republic to an empire, from the Gracchi brothers to Augustus.Assess the impact of the continuing expansion and integration of the empire on the lands around the Mediterranean.2Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Learning objectives for Chapter 11Explain the expansion of trade and urbanization in the Roman Mediterranean and their impact upon society.Explain the significant features of family and social values in Roman times.Understand the influence of Greek philosophy and religions of salvation upon the Roman world.Outline the experiences of Judaism and early Christianity in the Roman empire.3Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.What can be summarized about Romes geography?Geographic features of Ancient RomeLarge boot shaped peninsulaSwiss Alps located in the north; the rest plains and rolling hillsLocated in the middle of MediterraneanRome built inland on the Tiber RiverMild climate4

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase9AP WORLD HISTORY44What effects did geography have upon the Roman people?Effects of geographic locationIdeal for trade because of locationIdeal for conquest in Mediterranean Safe from invaders along the Tiber River5

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase9AP WORLD HISTORY55What effects did geography have upon the Roman people?Developed strong central governmentMountains in north provided some protectionFertile plains supported growing population6

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase9AP WORLD HISTORY66The legend of Romulus and Remus7

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Establishment of RomeLegend of Romulus and RemusRome founded 753 BCEIndo-European migrants c. 2000 BCEBronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE8

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The EtruscansOriginally from AnatoliaColonized Roman regionsSociety declines late 6th c. BCEGreek maritime attacksCeltic invasions from north9

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The Kingdom of RomeMonarchy through 7th-6th c. BCEStreets, temples, public buildingsMajor center of trade routes10

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The makeup of the Roman social order11Roman social classes were broken up into three partsPATRICIANS: Wealthy landownersPLEBEIANS: Farmers, workers, merchants, artisans, tradersSLAVES: Typically foreign (Greek); acquired for labor

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase9AP WORLD HISTORY1111The makeup of the Roman social order12Political power originally in hands of patriciansPLEBEIANS: Had to rebel to force patricians to give them powerCopyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase9AP WORLD HISTORY1212Establishment of the Republic509 BCE: Romans overthrow last Etruscan kingRoman Forum built the center of Roman public lifeRepublican constitutionExecutive: 2 ConsulsSenate13

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Makeup of the Roman Republic14

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Social ConflictPatricians (aristocrats)Plebeians (commoners)Major class conflict emerged in 5th c. BCEPlebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation eventually expanded from 2 to 10Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCEYet 6-month appointments of dictators during civil or military crisis republic?15Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CharacteristicDescription of Roman RepublicExecutiveTwo CONSULS: elected by the Assembly Served 1-year termChief executiveCommander of armyMade lawsCollected taxesLegislativeSENATE: 300 membersRuled for lifeAdvised consulsControlled foreign and financial policiesJudicialPRAETORS: JudgesEight judges served1-year termTwo judges oversaw criminal and civil courtsSix judges governed Roman provincesCopyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CharacteristicDescription of Roman RepublicCode of LawsTwelve TablesBasis for Roman lawCitizenshipAdult male landownersVoting rightsPatriciansUpper class landownersControlled governmentSenators and consulsPlebeiansLower classFarmers, merchants, workersNo political rightsPaid taxes, served in the LegionsAssembly of TribesCopyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Makeup of the Roman Republic

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase9AP WORLD HISTORY1818

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Expansion of the RepublicRomans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek city-states in southBy 265 BCE, Rome controls Italian peninsula20

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.21Expansion of the RepublicTook over iron industry between 5th-4th c. BCEExpansion via military threat and incentivesForged alliancesTax exemptions grantedTrade privileges extendedCitizenship offered to conquered

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The Punic Wars264-164 BCE: Conflict with CarthageThree major wars over Sicilian grain supplyLater conflict with declining Hellenistic EmpiresRome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C. BCE22

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.What would have happened if Carthage won in the Punic Wars?23

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Imperial Expansion and Domestic ProblemsLand distributionPerennial problemDevelopment of large latifundia (plantations) by wealthyUnfair competition for smaller landholders24

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The Roman Empire to 146 BCE

25Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The Gracchi BrothersTiberius and Gaius Gracchus: Chief proponents of social reform in Roman RepublicAttempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats (especially conquered land)26

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.27The Gracchi BrothersAssassinated in 130s-120s BCE by enemies (wealthy and radical elements)Led to development of private armies made up of landless peasantsAlso showed Roman republican constitution not suitable for a growing empire

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Civil WarElimination of Gracchi brothers led to century of politicians and military leaders jockeying for control of RomeMilitary commanders recruited armies to support their causeGaius Marius (with reformers)Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with conservative aristocrats)28

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.29Civil WarCivil war erupts during first century BCE87 BCE: Gaius Marius takes Rome83 BCE: Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out Reign of terror follows under Sulla for five yearsMarius well remembered for making soldiers loyal to general first and not RomeCopyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Julius CaesarNephew of Gaius MariusEscaped Sullas terrorRelatively youngWell-timed trip abroad to Greece60 BCE: Helps lead a triumvirate (group of three rulers) 30

The Great TriumvirateCopyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Julius CaesarRose to popularity due to military prowess and public speakingPublic spectacles, victories in Gaul over Pompey49 BCE: Attacked Rome 46 BCE: Names self Dictator for Life, ratified by Senate violated terms of Roman republican constitution31

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Caesars PoliciesCentralized military, governance under personal control turned to dictatorshipRedistribution of land to war veterans, other alliesMajor building projects reduce urban unemploymentExtended citizenship to provincesAristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE (March 15 The Ides of March)32Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Why was Julius Caesar a target?33

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Octavian (Augustus)Civil conflict follows death of CaesarNephew Octavian fights Mark Antony & Cleopatra27 BCE: Takes title Augustus34

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Augustus AdministrationMonarchy disguised as a republicIncreasing centralization of political, military powerStabilized empireDeath in 14 CE35

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Expansion and Integration of EmpireRoman occupation of increasingly remote areasGaul (France), Germany, Britain, SpainCoordination of crop production, transport of natural resourcesDeveloped infrastructure, cities emerge36Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

37Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Pax Romana: Roman Peace27 BCE-250 CE: Pax RomanaPeriod of great economic and cultural expansionFacilitated trade, communicationRoadworkCurbs, drainage, milestonesPostal service established38Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Roman LawTwelve Tables, c. 450 BCEAdapted to diverse populations under Roman RuleInnocent until proven guiltyRight to challenge accusers in court39Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Commercial Agriculture and TradeLatifundia: Focused on agricultural production for exportRegional specialization increasesIntegration of empire-wide economyMediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum (our sea) a Roman lake40Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The City of RomeCash flowTaxes, tribute, spoils, commerceMassive construction projectsStatuary, monumental architecture, aqueductsTechnology: concrete41

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Roman AttractionsImported goodsUnderground sewageCircus Maximus250,000 spectatorsColosseumGladiatorial Games42

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Family and SocietyPater Familias: father of the family patriarchal in natureRight to arrange marriages, sell children into slaveryWomen not allowed to inherit property, but found ways to sidestep lawRarely enforcedWomen could also run businesses in later timesEducation stressed among lower and upper classes43Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Wealth and Social ChangeNewly rich challenge aristocracyYet poor class increasing in sizeDistraction: Bread and Circuses Panem at circenses (Juvenal)Satisfy poor by giving them money and entertainment44

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Slavery2nd c. CE: Slaves estimated to be 1/3 of Empire populationCustomary manumission (freeing of slave) at age 30Agricultural work, quarries, minesChain labor73 BCE: Revolt under Spartacus45

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Roman DeitiesPolytheisticMajor godsTutelary deitiesAbsorption of gods from other cultures especially Greeks46

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Cicero and StoicismMarcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE)Major orator, writerInfluenced by Greek thoughtProponent of Stoicism

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Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.MithraismFrom Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, lightRoman version emphasizes strength, courage, disciplineWomen not admitted into cultAppealed to militaryCult of Isis also popular48Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Judaism in Early RomeJewish monotheism at odds with most ancient culturesRefusal to recognize state godsRepeated Jewish rebellions66-70 CE: Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars49Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Synagogue at Capernaum

50Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The EssenesMessianic Jewish cultBaptismAscetic lifestyleDead Sea Scrolls51

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Jesus of NazarethJewish teacherMoral codeReputation for miracle-workingRomans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus52

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Jesus Early FollowersBelief in Jesus resurrection, divine natureTitle Christ: Anointed OneTeachings recorded in New Testament53Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Paul of TarsusApostle of Jesus who extends teachings far beyond Jewish circlesIntensive travel, missionary activity54

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Early Christian CommunitiesLocal leaders: BishopsRegional variation in doctrine and ritualNature of resurrectionRole of womenGradual acceptance of core texts55Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Growth of Early ChristianityRoman persecutionYet dramatic expansion of ChristianityEspecially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classesUrban poorWomen56Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)Three Wars between Rome and Carthage

1st Punic War- Rome gains control of Sicily & western Mediterranean Sea.

The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)2nd Punic War- Carthaginian General Hannibals surprise attack through Spain & France60,000 soldiers and 60 elephantsRomans experience severe losses, but eventually ward off attacks & invade North Africa

The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

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Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy. Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)3rd Punic War- Rome seizes Carthage Scipio- Roman StrategistConquered people sold into slavery

The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

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Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government, or its army? Why?

How does Romes rise to power relate to modern efforts to gain power and authority?

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.ReviewAfter the Punic wars, soldiers lose their land, move to the cities and become poor.Rulers try to make the masses happy, but rich folks (Senate) resist.Violence becomes a tool for power.Marius makes soldiers loyal to a general, not to Rome.Roman generals, popular with people and soldiers, can control the Senate.The Republic will soon endCopyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Julius Caesar brings order to Rome60 B.C. Caesar, Crassus and Pompey, create a triumvirate (group of three rulers)Caesar was a strong leader with good military strategy, conquered Gaul and Pompeys forcesSenate appointed him dictator for lifeAssassinated on March 15, 44 B.C

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.The Second TriumvirateOctavian, Mark Anthony and Lepidus take control of Rome and rule for 10 yearsThe triumvirate ends in jealousy and violenceOctavian accepts title of Augustus Exalted OneRome becomes an empire ruled by one manAugustus rule began the PAX ROMANA a period of peaceStarted the idea of census or population count

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.PAX ROMANAPeace and prosperityRome grew to 3 million square milesEconomy based on trade and agricultureAll roads lead to RomeAugustus government was soundTax collectionControlled grain supplyCivil serviceMonarchy disguised as republicCopyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.