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Chapter 11
April 6, 2010
Humans
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Mammalia
• Order: Primates
• Family: Homonidea
• Genus: Homo
• Species: Sapiens
• Subspecies: Homo sapiens sapiens
Other Primates
• Suborder: Haplorhini– Humans, tarsiers, monkeys, apes– Infraorder: Catarrhinni
• Humans, old world monkeys, apes
– Infraorder: Platyrrhinii• New world monkeys
• Suborder: Strepsirhini– Lemurs, lorises, indiriids
Primates
• Hominoidea – superfamily including humans, the small apes (gibbons), and the great apes (chimps, orangutans, gorillas)
• Similarities in blood and protein chemistry
• Humans share 98% of DNA with chimps
• Pentadactyl – having 5 fingers and toes
• Prehensile – ability of hands and feet to grasp objects
Primates
• Clavicle and scapula (shoulder blade) allow for great range of movement and strength
• Reduced sense of smell compared to other mammals
• Stereoscopic, color vision• More mobility in head movement versus other
mammals• Molars, canines, and incisors – adaptation to
generalist diet• Large brains
Adaptations to Arboreal Existence?
• Prehensile hands and feet, shoulder and arm design
• color stereoscopic vision – for judging distance, identifying food and predators
• Low numbers of offspring• Molecular clock – when did humans
diverge from chimp ancestors?– mtDNA from mother– 5 to 10 mya
Early Primates• Arose 70 may during late Cretaceous• Related by common ancestor to insectivores and bats• Extinct suborder Plesiadapiformes – appeared in North America
65 mya– Arboreal– Size of squirrels or house cats – rodent-like with primate teeth– Ate seeds and insects– Died out 55 mya
• 23 to 14 mya – great increase in ape diversity and range
• Extensive forests covered Africa and Eurasia• 20 different genera of Caterrhinii apes from
Africa, to western Europe, to southeast Asia– Pliopithecus – western Europe – similar to modern
gibbons– Gigantopithecus – China and India – larger than
modern gorillas
• Ramapithecines – jaws and teeth like humans and apes; skull like orangutans– 14 mya – climate changes requiring adaptation to
savanna climate – Lived at forest edge– Bipedal – uses less energy– Reduced canines
Gigantopithecus
Pliopithecus sp. (1); Dryopithecus sp. (2); Australopithecus afarensis (3)Homo habilis (4) (Mammiferi, Primati).
Pliopithecus sp.
Hominid• Hominid refers to humans and extinct bipedal
primate that are ancestral or closely related to humans
• Genus Australopithecus– Africa 5 mya– Forest-savanna ecotone– Reduced canines
Australopithecines
• Appeared between 4 and 3.8 mya
• Disappeared by 1 mya
• Fossils found only in Africa
• 3.3–5 feet; 66–132 pounds; small brains
• Closer to modern chimps and gorillas than modern humans
• No evidence of tool making or fire use
• Ate nuts and grasses
Early Homo
• Oldest Homo fossils 2.5 myo and from Olduvai Gorge, east Africa
• Homo habilis (handy man)• Small hominid• Bipedal• Increased brain size• Manufacture and use of specialized tools• Oldowan Tradition
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Acheulean Tradition
Early Homo• Homo erectus – “Java Man” and “Peking
Man”• Older than Homo sapiens, younger than
Homo habilis• Found in western Europe, Republic of
Georgia, Java, China, east and south Africa
• 1.7 mya–300,000 years ago• Acheulean Tradition• Used fire
Homo sapiens
• More prominent brow and thicker skull than modern-day humans
• Appeared 400,000 years ago in Europe, Africa, and Asia
• Eve Hypothesis – all modern humans descended from one African Homo sapiens female that lived 200,000 years ago
• Multiregional Model – Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus separately at two or more geographic locations
• Most Anthropologists support Out of Africa Model
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
• Fossils from 130,000 to 35,000 years ago• Europe and Near East• Only hominids that unquestionably did not
evolve in sub-Saharan Africa• Not ancestral to modern humans• Evolved from archaic Homo sapiens• Mousterian Tradition• Fire, clothing, shelter, rituals, music
Homo sapiens sapiens
• Adapted to warm conditons and open countryside
• Human Revolution – 50,000 years ago rapid expansion inside of and out of Africa; creating art and ritual burials