Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics - Wikispacesbiology2nash.wikispaces.com/file/view/Workbook+Ch+1… · Web viewBiology II. Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics. 1. ... 11–5

Biology IIChapter 11 Introduction to Genetics

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Tabla de contenidoSummary...............................................................................................................................................2

Vocabulary Review...............................................................................................................................3

Dominance............................................................................................................................................4

Section Assessment 11-1.......................................................................................................................4

Workbook Section 11–1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263–266)..............................................5

Section Review 11-1..............................................................................................................................7

Homozygous or Heterozygous?.............................................................................................................8

11-2 Probability and Punnett Square.....................................................................................................8

Enrichment -- Animal Pedigrees—A Canine Family Tree....................................................................9

Workbook Section 11–2 Probability and Punnett Squares (pages 267–269).......................................10

11-2 Reviewing Key Concepts............................................................................................................11

F2 Generation Punnett Square.............................................................................................................12

11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics....................................................................................................12

Workbook Section 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics (pages 270–274)..........................................13

Section Review 11-3............................................................................................................................15

Chapter 11 Assessment........................................................................................................................16

Vocabulary Review..............................................................................................................................18


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Summary11–1 The Work of Gregor MendelThe scientific study of heredity is called genetics. Gregor Mendel used purebred pea plants in a series of experiments to understand inheritance.

Pea flowers have both male and female parts. Normally, pollen from the male part of the pea flower fertilizes the female egg cells of the same flower. This is called selfpollination. Seeds that come from selfpollination inherit all their characteristics from just one parent.

To carry out his experiments, Mendel had to prevent self-pollination. He did this by cutting away the male parts and then dusting pollen from another plant on the flower. This process is called cross-pollination. The seeds that come from cross-pollination are the offspring of two different parents. Mendel decided to study just a few traits, or characteristics, of the pea plants. He studied seven traits: seed shape, seed color, seed coat color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and plant height.

First, Mendel crossed two plants with different characters, or forms, for the same trait. For example, one plant was tall and the other was short. Mendel used the seeds produced by this cross to grow plants. These plants were hybrids. Hybrids are the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.

To Mendel’s surprise, the hybrid plants looked like only one of the parents. He concluded that each trait was controlled by one gene that occurred in two different forms. The different forms of a gene are called alleles. Mendel formed the theory of dominance. He concluded that some alleles are dominant, while others are recessive. Whenever a living thing inherits a dominant allele, that trait is visible. The effects of a recessive allele are not seen if the dominant allele is present.

Mendel wanted to know what happened to the recessive allele. He allowed his hybrid plants to self-pollinate. Some of the plants that were produced showed the recessive trait. The alleles responsible for the recessive characters had not disappeared. Before, the dominant allele had masked the recessive allele, so it was not visible. Mendel concluded that the alleles for the same trait can be separated. He called this segregation. Alleles segregate when sex cells, or gametes, are formed. Each gamete carries only one copy of each gene. 11–2 Probability and Punnett SquaresMendel used the principles of probability to explain his results. Probability is the likelihood that a particular event will occur. Probability can be used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses because alleles segregate randomly. The gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross can be determined by drawing a Punnett square.

One important rule of probability is that probabilities predict the average outcome of a large number of events. They cannot predict what will happen in a single event. The more organisms examined, the closer the numbers will get to the expected values. This is why Mendel worked with thousands of pea plants. 11–3 Exploring Mendelian GeneticsMendel wondered whether genes that determine one trait have anything to do with genes that determine another trait. He wanted to know, for example, whether the gene that determines seed shape affects the gene for seed color. To answer this question, he did an experiment. He crossed plants and recorded two traits—seed shape and seed color.

Mendel found that the gene controlling seed shape did not affect the gene controlling seed color. Mendel concluded that genes can segregate independently, or undergo independent assortment, during gamete formation.

Not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles. In incomplete dominance, one allele is not completely dominant over another. In codominance, both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Many genes have more than two alleles and are said to have multiple alleles. Polygenic traits are traits controlled by two or more genes. The


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characteristics of any organism are not caused only by its genes. Instead, characteristics are determined by the interaction between the genes and the environment 11–5 Linkage and Gene MapsSome genes are almost always inherited together. These genes belong to the same linkage group. A chromosome is a group of linked genes. It is actually the chromosomes that assort independently during gamete formation, not single genes.

The location of genes can be mapped to a chromosome. The rate of crossover events is used to find the distance between genes on a chromosome. The farther apart two genes are, the more likely they will be separated by a crossover event.Vocabulary ReviewLabeling Diagrams Use the words listed below to label the Punnett square. Some words may be used twice.

heterozygous parent homozygous offspringdominant allele heterozygous offspringrecessive allele

Matching In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches each term._____ 7. phenotype_____ 8. gamete_____ 9. genetics_____ 10. probability_____ 11. haploid_____ 12. gene map_____ 13. gene_____ 14. multiple alleles_____ 15. Trait

a. likelihood that something will happenb. shows the relative locations of genes on a chromosomec. physical characteristics of an organismd. containing one set of chromosomese. sex cellf. chemical factor that determines traitsg. specific characteristich. scientific study of heredityi. gene with more than two alleles

Completion Fill in the blanks with terms from Chapter 11.16. The process in which two genes segregate independently is called _____________.17. Plants that, if left to self-pollinate, produce offspring identical to themselves are called ______________.18. The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called _______________.19. The process during sexual reproduction in which male and female sex cells join is called __________________.20. The process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half is called ________________.


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DominanceMendel’s principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. An organism with a dominant allele will show the dominant form of the trait. An organism will only express the recessive form of a trait when a dominant allele is not present.In the space provided, fill in the genotype of the offspring. The first one has been done for you.

Use the table to answer the questions. Circle the correct answer.1. What is the dominant shape of a pea pod?

Constricted smooth2. What is the recessive color of a pea plant’s seed coat?

white gray

Section Assessment 11-11- What are dominant and recessive alleles?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- What is segregation? What happens to alleles during segregation?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- What did Mendel conclude determines biological inheritance?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4- Determine how Mendel crosspollinated pea plants._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5- Why did only about one fourth of Mendel’s F2 plants exhibit the recessive trait?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6- Why were true- breeding pea plants important for Mendel’s experiments?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Workbook Section 11–1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263–266)This section describes how Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in garden peas and what his conclusions were.Introduction (page 263)1. The scientific study of heredity is called __________________________.Gregor Mendel’s Peas (pages 263–264)2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Gregor Mendel’s peas.

a. The male parts of pea flowers produce eggs.b. When pollen fertilizes an egg cell, a seed for a new plant is formed.c. Pea plants normally reproduce by self-pollination.d. Seeds that are produced by self-pollination inherit their characteristics from twodifferent plants.

3. What does it mean when pea plants are described as being true-breeding?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. To perform his experiments, how did Mendel prevent pea flowers from self-pollinating and control their cross-pollination?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Genes and Dominance (pages 264–265)Match the term with its definition.Definitions____ 5. Specific characteristics that vary from one individual to another

____ 6. The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits____ 7. Chemical factors that determine traits


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____ 8. The different forms of a gene

Termsa. genes

b. hybridsc. traitsd. alleles

9. State the principle of dominance. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10. Is the following sentence true or false? An organism with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form _____________________________

11. Circle the letters of the traits controlled by dominant alleles in Mendel’s pea plants.a. tall b. short c. yellow d. green

Segregation (pages 265–266)12. How did Mendel find out whether the recessive alleles were still present in the F1 plants?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13. About one fourth of the F2 plants from Mendel’s F1 crosses showed the trait controlled by _________________________ the allele.14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Mendel’s explanation of the results from his F1 cross.

a. Mendel assumed that a dominant allele had masked the corresponding recessive allele in the F1 generation.b. The trait controlled by the recessive allele never showed up in any F2 plants.c. The allele for shortness was always inherited with the allele for tallness.d. At some point, the allele for shortness was segregated, or separated, from the allele for tallness.

15. What are gametes? ___________________________________________________16. Complete the following diagram to show how alleles segregate during the formation of gametes.


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17. In the diagram above, the dominant allele is represented by ________________ and the recessive allele is represented by ________________________.

Section Review 11-1

Reviewing Key ConceptsShort Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions.1. State Mendel’s principle of dominance.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which two combinations of alleles could produce a trait controlled by a dominant allele?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What combination of alleles could produce a trait controlled by a recessive allele?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain segregation of alleles, using pea plant traits in your example.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reviewing Key Skills5. Applying Concepts Explain how Mendel’s experiments would have been different if he had not worked with true-breeding plants.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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6. Comparing and Contrasting Explain the difference between crosspollination and self-pollination in plants.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Calculating One fourth of the plants resulting from a certain cross are expected to show a trait controlled by a recessive allele. If 675 plants resulting from the cross display a trait controlled by a dominant allele, how many plants will show the trait controlled by the recessive allele?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Applying Concepts If one of the plants used in the F1 cross had TT alleles and was combined with a plant with Tt alleles, would the trait controlled by the recessive allele have been produced in the resulting F2 generation? Explain your answer.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Homozygous or Heterozygous?Homozygous organisms have two identical alleles for a particular trait. Heterozygous organisms have two different alleles for the same trait.Color the homozygous recessive plant yellow. Color the homozygous dominant plant red. Color the heterozygous plant orange. In the space provided, fill in the missing genotype.

Use the diagram to answer the questions.1. Does the tall offspring plant look like the tall parent plant? Explain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did you color the offspring plant a different color than the tall parent plant?


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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11-2 Probability and Punnett Square1- How are the principles of probability used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- How are Punnett squares used?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- What is probability?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4- Define the terms genotype and phenotype.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5- A F1 plant that is homozygous for shortness is crossed with a heterozygous F1 plant. What is the probability that a seed from the cross will produce a tall plant? Use a Punnett square to explain your answer and to compare the probable genetic variations in the F2 plants.___________________________________________________________________________

Enrichment -- Animal Pedigrees—A Canine Family TreeWhere did the dog come from? If you look at the hypothetical family tree shown here, you can see that the canine group began evolving about 30 million years ago from a tiny treeclimbing animal, Miacis.

The dog appears to be the first animal domesticated by humans. DNA evidence indicates that dogs were initially domesticated from wolves about 100,000 years ago. Tribes used dogs for help with hunting, for protection at night, and for companionship.

After dogs were domesticated, they were selectively bred for particular characteristics. Just as other domesticated animals have been bred, dogs were bred so that they had the characteristics most desired by humans. In different parts of the world, the choice of desirable characteristics varied, resulting in the diversity we see today.


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As dogs continued to live as human companions, many new breeds were developed for specific tasks, such as hunting, guarding, working, and companionship.

The basic principles of dog breeding are those that apply to any animal. Breeding pairs are selected for the desirable genes they will pass on. Some characteristics involve single-gene inheritance. However, many characteristics, such as coat color, depend on more than one gene. A cross between two heterozygous parents can produce a puppy with blue eyes even though both parents have brown eyes. In German Shepherds, the alleles for white fur and dark eyes are recessive. Two black or two tan parent dogs can still produce a white puppy.Evaluation Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. When were dogs first domesticated?

2. If a homozygous German Shepherd with dark eyes is bred with a heterozygous German Shepherd with light eyes, is it possible to have puppies with dark eyes? Explain your answer.

Workbook Section 11–2 Probability and Punnett Squares (pages 267–269)This section explains how geneticists use the principles of probability.Genetics and Probability (page 267)1. The likelihood that a particular event will occur is called ___________________.2. Circle the letter of the probability that a single coin flip will come up heads.

a. 100 percent b. 75 percent c. 50 percent d. 25 percent3. Is the following sentence true or false? The past outcomes of coin flips greatly affect the outcomes of future coin flips. ____________________4. Why can the principles of probability be used to predict the outcomes of geneticcrosses? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Punnett Squares (page 268)5. How do geneticists use Punnett squares?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. Complete the Punnett square to show the possible gene combinations for the F2 offspring

Match the terms with the definitions.Definitions____ 7. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT or tt)

____ 8. Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait (Tt)____ 9. Physical characteristic of an organism (tall)


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____ 10. Genetic makeup of an organism (Tt)

Termsa. genotype

b. homozygousc. phenotyped. heterozygous

11. Is the following sentence true or false? Homozygous organisms are true-breedingfor a particular trait. _________________12. Is the following sentence true or false? Plants with the same phenotype alwayshave the same genotype. _________________Probability and Segregation (page 269)13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about probability and segregation.

a. In an F1 cross between two hybrid tall pea plants (Tt), 1⁄2 of the F2 plants will have two alleles for tallness (TT).b. The F2 ratio of tall plants to short plants produced in a cross between two hybrid tall pea plants (Tt) is 3 tall plants for every 1 short plant.c. Mendel observed that about 3⁄4 of the F2 offspring showed the dominant trait.d. Segregation occurs according to Mendel’s model.

14. In Mendel’s model of segregation, what was the ratio of tall plants to short plants inthe F2 generation? _____________________________________Probabilities Predict Averages (page 269)15. Is the following sentence true or false? Probabilities predict the precise outcome of an individual event. __________________________16. How can you be sure of getting the expected 50 : 50 ratio from flipping a coin?___________________________________________________________________________17. The____________________ the number of offspring from a genetic cross, the closer the resulting numbers will get to expected values.18. Is the following sentence true or false? The ratios of an F1 generation are more likely to match Mendelian predicted ratios if the F1 generation contains hundreds or thousands of individuals. ___________________________

11-2 Reviewing Key ConceptsShort Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions.1. What is probability and how is it used in genetics?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How are Punnett squares used in genetics?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reviewing Key Skills3. Problem Solving If a heterozygous plant for seed color (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant (rr), what is the probability of each seed color being produced? Explain your answer using a Punnett square.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Comparing and Contrasting How are homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for a particular trait in plants different? Give an example of a genotype for each.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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5. Applying Concepts How can two plants that have different genotypes have the same phenotype?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Interpreting Graphics For questions 6 to 9, fill in the genotype and percentage expected on the lines provided.

F2 Generation Punnett SquareIn the space provided, fill in the missing genotypes as either Tt or tt. In this example, T _ tall and t _ short.

Use the Punnett square to answer the questions.1. Write the phenotypes of the three genotypes shown above.TT _____________ tt ______________ Tt_______________2. If two heterozygous plants create four offspring, how many do you predict would be tall? How many do you predict would be short?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics

1- Explain what independent assortment means._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- Describe two inheritance patterns besides simple dominance._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4- Why are fruit flies an ideal organism for genetic research?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5- A geneticist studying coat color in animals crosses a male rabbit having the genotype CC with a female having genotype Ccch. The geneticist then crosses a ccch male with Ccc female. In which of the two crosses are the offspring more likely to show greater genetic variation? Use punnett square to explain your answer.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Workbook Section 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics (pages 270–274)This section describes Mendel’s principle of independent assortment. It also tells about traits that are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes.Independent Assortment (pages 270–271)1. In a two-factor cross, Mendel followed ___________________ different genes as they passed from one generation to the next.2. Write the genotypes of the true-breeding plants that Mendel used in his two-factorcross.

Phenotypea. round yellow peasb. wrinkled green peas

Genotype__________________________ __________________________

3. Circle the letter that best describes the F1 offspring of Mendel’s two-factor cross.a. Homozygous dominant with round yellow peasb. Homozygous recessive with wrinkled green peasc. Heterozygous dominant with round yellow peasd. Heterozygous recessive with wrinkled green peas

4. Is the following sentence true or false? The genotypes of the F1 offspring indicated to Mendel that genes assort independently. ______________________5. How did Mendel produce the F2 offspring? _____________________________________


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___________________________________________________________________________6. Circle the letter of the phenotypes that Mendel would expect to see if genes segregated independently.

a. round and yellowb. wrinkled and greenc. round and greend. wrinkled and yellow

7. What did Mendel observe in the F2 offspring that showed him that the alleles for seedshape segregate independently of those for seed color?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What were the phenotypes of the F2 generation that Mendel observed?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What was the ratio of Mendel’s F2 generation for the two-factor cross? _________________________________________10. Complete the Punnett square below to show the predicted results of Mendel’s two factor cross.

11. State Mendel’s principle of independent assortment. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Summary of Mendel’s Principles (page 272)12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Mendel’s principles.


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a. The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes that are passed from parents to their offspring.b. Two or more forms of the gene for a single trait can never exist.c. The copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed.d. The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another.

13. When two or more forms of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be _______________ and others may be _________________.Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles (pages 272–273)14. Is the following sentence true or false? All genes show simple patterns of dominantand recessive alleles _______________________

15. Complete the compare-and-contrast table of the different patterns of inheritance.

Applying Mendel’s Principles (page 274)16. List three criteria Thomas Hunt Morgan was looking for in a model organism forgenetic studies.

a. ______________________________________________________________b. ______________________________________________________________c. ______________________________________________________________

17. Is the following sentence true or false? Mendel’s principles apply not just to pea plants but to other organisms as well. _______________________Genetics and the Environment (page 274)18. Characteristics are determined by interaction between genes and the ________________.


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Section Review 11-3Reviewing Key ConceptsCompletion On the lines provided, complete the following sentences.1. The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can _____________________ independently during the formation of gametes.2. Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by ____________________ or _________________.Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the type of inheritance next to its description.

a. incomplete dominance b. codominance c. multiple alleles d. polygenic traits_______ 3. both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism_______ 4. more than two possible alleles for a trait exist in a population_______ 5. traits controlled by two or more genes_______ 6. one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele

Reviewing Key Skills7. Applying Concepts A geneticist crosses two plants with thegenotypes FfJj and FFJj.

8. Comparing and Contrasting What is the difference between a heterozygous phenotype produced by incomplete dominance and a heterozygous phenotype produced by codominance?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Applying Concepts Do polygenic traits or single-gene traits have more variation in the phenotypes they produce? Explain your answer._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Inferring Why did Morgan choose fruit flies for his genetic studies?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 11 Assessment1- Different forms of a gene are called

a- Hybridb- Dominant factors

c- Allelesd- Recessive factors

2- If a homozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous chort pea plant are crossed,


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a- The recessive trait seems to disappear

b- The offspring are of medium height

c- No hybrid are producedd- All the offspring are short

3- A Punnett square is used to determine the a- Probable outcome of a crossb- Actual outcome of a cross

c- Result of mitosisd- Result of meiosis

4- Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to bea- Hybridb- Heterozygous

c- Homozygousd- dominant

5- The physical characteristics of an organism are itsa- Geneticsb- Heredity

c- Phenotyped- genotype

6- A situation in which a gene has more than two alleles is known asa- Complete dominanceb- Codominance

c- Polygenic dominanced- Multiple alleles

7- List the four basic principles of genetics that Mendel discovered in his experiments. Briefly describe each of these principles.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8- What is probability? How does probability relate to genetics?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9- In pea plants, the allele for yellow seeds is dominant to the allele for green seeds. Predict the genotypic ratio of offspring produced by crossing two parents heterozygous for this trait. Draw a punnet square to illustrate your prediction.___________________________________________________________________________

10- How do multiple alleles and polygenic traits differ?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11- Why can multiple alleles provide many different phenotypes for a trait?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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12- Are an organism’s characteristics determined only by its gene? Explain.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13- In rabbits, B is an allele for black coat and b is an allele for brown coat. Write the genotypes for a rabbit that is homozygous for black coat and another rabbit that is heterozygous for black coat._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary ReviewHidden Word Use the clues to write the correct vocabulary term from the words below in the blanks.

diploid genetics hybrid probability traitgene homozygous meiosis Punnett square

Use the circled letter in each term to find the hidden vocabulary word.10.Hidden Word: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___Write a definition for the hidden word.


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Definition: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics - Wikispacesbiology2nash.wikispaces.com/file/view/Workbook+Ch+1… · Web viewBiology II. Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics. 1. ... 11–5