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Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Slaves in Ancient Rome made up to 40% of the population.
Asparagus was a highly prized delicacy in Ancient Rome and was kept frozen in the Alps for Feasts and Festivals.
In Ancient Rome, only boys went to school. The girls stayed at home.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2
Women dyed their hair with goat fat and beech wood ashes. Blonde and red were the most popular colors
Instead of Soap, Romans used oil and scraped off the oil with a metal tool
Romans played board games like chess, checkers and tic-tac-toe.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3
Our Planets in the Solar System are well named after the main Roman Gods
Roman soldiers, or legionaries, usually covered roughly eighteen miles per day.
Only citizens of Rome were allowed to wear a toga
Romans used a sponge soaked in salt water, on the end of a stick as toilet paper
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Establishment of Rome
Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome founded by Romulus 753 B.C.E.
Indo-European migrants ca. 2000 B.C.E. Bronze ca. 1800 B.C.E.; iron ca. 900 B.C.E.
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The Kingdom of Rome
Monarchy through seventh to sixth century B.C.E. Streets, temples, public buildings
Major center of trade routes
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Establishment of the Republic 509 B.C.E., Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution included two consuls:
civil and military Consuls were elected by an assembly dominated
by the patricians Senate advised the consuls and ratified major
decisions Both Senate and consuls represented the interests
of the patricians7©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Social Conflict
Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for
representation Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed
in times of crisis
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Expansion of the Republic
Rome consolidated its position in Italy, fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E.
Expansion via military threat and incentives Tax exemptions Trade privileges Citizenship
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The Punic Wars
Conflict with Carthage, 264-146 B.C.E. Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of
second century B.C.E.
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Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems
Development of large plantations, latifundia Unfair competition for smaller landholders
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Expansion of the Roman Republic to 146 B.C.E.
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Julius Caesar
Seized Rome in 49 B.C.E.Claimed the title "dictator for life," 46 B.C.E.Social reforms and centralized controlAssassinated in 44 B.C.E.
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Caesar’s Policies
Centralized military, governance under personal control
Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban
unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in
44 B.C.E.
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Augustus
Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Power belongs to Octavian Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra Takes title of Augustus, 27 B.C.E.
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Augustus’s Administration
Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military
power Stabilized empire Death in 14 C.E.
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Expansion and Integration of Empire
Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain
Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources
Developed infrastructure, cities emerge
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Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”
27-250 C.E. Facilitated trade, communication Well engineered Roman roads, postal system Roadwork
Curbs Drainage Flat paving stones Milestones Postal service
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Roman Law
Twelve Tables, 449 B.C.E. Adapted to diverse populations under Roman rule
Innocent until proven guilty Right to challenge accusers in court
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Commercial Agriculture and Trade
Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of empire-wide economy Roman navy kept the seas largely free of pirates The Mediterranean became a Roman lake
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The City of Rome
Cash flow Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce
Massive construction projects Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts
Technology: First use of concrete as construction material
Attractions: baths, pools, gymnasia, circuses, stadiums, amphitheaters
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Roman Attractions
Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus
250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial games
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Family and Society
Paterfamilias: “father of the family” Eldest male of the family ruled Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery
Women not allowed to inherit property Enforcement inconsistent
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Wealth and Social Change
Newly rich classes built palatial houses and threw lavish banquets
Poor classes became a serious problem in Rome and other cities
No urban policy developed, only "bread and circuses"
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Slavery
Second century C.E.: estimated at one-third of empire’s population Customary manumission at age 30
Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 B.C.E.
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Roman Deities
Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures
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Mithraism
From Zoroastrian myth: god of sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,
discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military
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Judaism in Early Rome
Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures
Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in
Jewish War (66-70 C.E.)
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39
Jesus of Nazareth
Charismatic Jewish teacher, taught devotion to God and love for human beings
Attracted large crowds through his wisdom and miraculous powers
The teaching "the kingdom of God is at hand" alarmed the Romans
Crucifixion in early 30s C.E.
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Jesus’ Early Followers
Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Became Christ: or “anointed one” Teachings recorded in New Testament The New and the Old Testaments became the holy
book of Christianity
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Paul of Tarsus
Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles to “Gentiles” or non Jews
Traveled widely throughout the Roman empire Missionary activity
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Growth of Early Christianity Strong appeal to lower classes, urban
population, and women Became the most influential faith in the
Mediterranean by the third century C.E. Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity
Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor Women
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