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Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Chapter 11The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 1
Jefferson as President
The Republican Victory
Thomas Jefferson (Republican) won the election of 1800
Republican Party won control of both houses of Congress – Jefferson had support for many of his plans
Inauguration marked the first time one political party had replaced another in power in the U.S. – proof the U.S. could change leaders peacefullyRare achievement for a government at that time
Jefferson supported will of majorityDid not favor mob rule as Federalists had claimedTried to comfort Federalists by promising to
run the government fairly – would not let party politics interfere
Jefferson in OfficeJefferson faced task of putting Republican ideas into
practiceSelected members of his cabinet
James Madison – Secretary of State Albert Gallatin – Secretary of the Treasury
Lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army (to 3,200), navy cut to 7 active ships – opposed by Federalists Hoped saving money would allow them to pay down national
debtWanted to get rid of domestic taxes (ex. Tax on
whiskey) Even wanted to close down agencies that collected taxes
Republican-led Congress passed laws needed to carry out policies
Agreed to let Bank of United States continue as it was under Federalists
Jefferson in Office (continued)
Jefferson had planned to allow Federalists to keep their government jobs, but his party pressured him to replace them with RepublicansUnder pressure from both parties, he
replaced some but not all
Marbury vs. Madison
Before Jefferson took office, Federalists passed a new law that created many new judgeships and other court offices
Before his term ended, Adams had appointed dozens of Federalists – called the “midnight judges” by some because Adams waited until the last minute on his last day in office
When Jefferson took office some Federalists Adams chose had not received their commissionsJefferson ordered Secretary of State James
Madison not to give out the papers
Marbury vs. Madison (continued)
William Marbury affected by this decisionDemanded the Supreme Court force the
executive branch to hand over his commission
Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the right to do this
Chief Justice John Marshall – a Federalist appointed by Adams agreed to hear Marbury’s case
Marbury v. Madison (continued)
Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison – all justices agreed Marbury had been treated unfairlyQuestion = did the Supreme Court have the power
to force Madison to give Marbury his commission?Judiciary Act of 1789 = yesChief Justice Marshall = no – he did not think the
Constitution allowed Congress to give the Supreme Court new powersJudiciary Act of 1789 = unconstitutional
Marshall’s ruling established the power of judicial review – allows the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional – greatly increased the Court’s legal authority
Chapter 11The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 2
The Louisiana Purchase
French LouisianaNapoleon conquered much of EuropeWanted to rebuild France’s empire in North
AmericaFirst send troops to Louisiana, replace Spain as key
European power in western N.A.Defeat in St. Domingue kept him from sending
troopsSt. Domingue (present-day Haiti) – led by Toussaint
Louverture, enslaved Africans took over the colonyNapoleon needed control of this island to use as a
supply baseU.S. leaders suspicious when France regained
control of Louisiana – France could block western growth of the U.S. and interfere with trade
The Louisiana PurchaseJefferson wanted to keep the French from controlling
New Orleans but did not want warRobert Livingston, U.S. Ambassador to France, and
James Monroe were told to try to buy New Orleans and West Florida Talleyrand did not want to sell just New Orleans; asked for offer on
all of LouisianaNapoleon willing to sell Louisiana because
France was about to go to war against Great Britain, did not want to fight U.S. too
French still had no troops in Louisiana Napoleon wanted money to buy supplies for armies in Europe U.S. owning Louisiana would challenge Great Britain’s power
in North AmericaCongress authorized $10 million to buy Louisiana however
Livingston and Monroe agreed to buy for $15 million
The Louisiana Purchase (continued)
Treaty of purchase signed May 2, 1803Jefferson = strict constructionist – did
not believe the constitution allowed him to buy the territoryAgreed to the purchase because he believed
it was best for the countrySenate approved the treaty October 20, 1803
With the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. almost doubled in sizeLouisiana territory stretched west from the
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
Mission of Discovery
Little was known about western American Indians or western lands
Jefferson wanted to see if there was a river route to the Pacific Ocean
Jefferson asked Congress to fund a western expedition led by Meriwether LewisLewis chose William Clark to be co-leaderTold to explore the Missouri River, form peaceful
relations with American IndiansTo prepare Lewis studied botany, surveying, etc.;
gathered suppliesLewis and Clark selected frontiersmen to join their
Corps of Discovery
The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionStarted in St. Louis of present-day Missouri in May
1804Corps of Discovery traveled up the Missouri River,
encountered Mandan and SiouxSacagawea, a Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains,
and her husband, a French fur trader who lived with the Mandan, offered to guide the expedition
Lewis and Clark kept journals regarding the people, places, things they encountered – trip = long, difficult, exhausting
After crossing the Rocky Mountains, they followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean
Were not successful in finding a river route across the West Learned much about western lands and paths across the Rockies Established contact with many American Indian groups Collected a lot of information about western plants and animals
Arrived by canoe back in St. Louis in late Sept. 1806
Pike’s ExplorationZebulon Pike sent on mission to the West to
find the starting point of the Red RiverRuns through Louisiana and along part of the northern
border of present-day TexasBelieved by the U.S. to be part of the Louisiana
Territory’s southwestern border with New SpainPike may have had instructions to spy on
Spanish outposts in the SouthwestLed small expedition to the Rocky Mountains
Tried to climb the mountain known today as Pikes Peak
Headed south in to present-day New MexicoPike imprisoned by the Spanish while exploring
along the Rio Grande in Spanish-held landsAccused of being a spy
Chapter 11The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 3
The Coming of War
Danger on the High SeasAlgiers = one of several North African lands known as
the Barbary States Countries practiced piracy, held foreign citizens captive for
ransomU.S. originally agreed to make payments to them to
protect their ships and citizens Eventually refused to pay, send U.S. Navy to end pirate raids
U.S. faced greater threats on high seas Great Britain and France went to war in 1803 – U.S. drawn
into conflict Each country wanted to stop the U.S. from supplying
goods and war materials to the other Britain passed series of acts allowing British navy to
search and seize ships carrying war supplies to France; French declared no country could ship supplies to Britain
Danger on the High Seas (continued)
Many American merchants ignored foreign lawsBritish and French navies captured many
American merchant shipsBritish searched for sailors who ran away from
British navyForced them back to the ship, sometimes
Americans by accident (impressment – forcing people to serve in the army or navy)
British (Leopard) ship stopped U.S navy ship (Chesapeake) – tried to remove 4 sailorsU.S. Captain refused, British opened fire and took 4
sailors by force
A Trade War
Debates over how to respond to Great Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality
Some said war, others favored an embargo – banning of trade against Britain
Jefferson and Republicans favored an embargo Embargo Act – law banned trade with foreign countries; hoped to
punish Britain and France and protect American ships from capture Main effect was to hurt American merchants – lost great deal of
money Popularity of the Federalist Party rose, Jefferson’s support fell as
embargo continued Act had little effect on Britain or France; American merchants
smuggled goods to Europe Non-Intercourse Act – replaced the Embargo Act in 1809
banned trade only with Britain, France and their colonies Stated U.S. would start trading with the first side that stopped
violating U.S. neutrality (wanted to pressure Britain and France to stop taking American ships)
The Rise of TecumsehBritish, American Indians and American settlers
clashed in the westEarly 1800s, thousands of American setters entered the
Northwest Territory Started farms and settlements on what had once been American
Indian landU.S. gained control of much through Treaty of Greenville – upset
American Indians leaders who did not agree to the treatyBritain wanted to stop rapid western growth to
protect its interests in Canada Did not want to fight U.S., but gave military aid to American
Indian nations in the Northwest TerritoryTecumseh – Shawnee chief – skilled military leader
and brilliant speaker Hoped to unite American Indians of the Northwest Territory,
the South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley Founded village for followers near the Wabash and
Tippecanoe Rivers
War on the FrontierWilliam Henry Harrison – governor of Indiana Territory
– believed Tecumseh to be a serious threat to American power
Harrison and Tecumseh met Harrison urged him to follow treaties Tecumseh stated no single chief could sell land belonging to all
American Indians who used it Harrison warned him not resist power of U.S.
Tecumseh traveled south to get the Creek nation to join forces
Harrison decided to attack while he was away Battle of Tippecanoe – began when Prophet ordered an attack
on Harrison’s camp early on November 7, 1811All-day battle – Harrison’s soldiers forced American Indian forces to
retreatDestroyed Tecumseh’s village
The War DebateFrontier fighting angered many Americans
Believed Britain had encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers in the West
War Hawks – members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain War = only answer to Britain’s insults Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South
Carolina Strongest in west and south Believed war would give U.S. chance to expand
New England Federalists = strongest opponents of War Hawks British trade restrictions and impressment hurt New
England’s economy Wanted to renew friendly business ties
Other anti-war politicians believed the U.S. was not strong enough to fight Britain U.S. army and navy small and poorly equipped
A Declaration of WarPresident James Madison (Republican) elected 1808 –
“Father of the Constitution” Faced difficulty of carrying on the trade war Felt growing pressure from War Hawks
Madison addressed Congress on June 1, 1812 Described Britain’s conduct Complained about Britain’s impressment of American sailors and
violation of U.S. neutrality Britain was in “a state of war against the U.S.” Called on Congress to decide what the nation should do
Representatives from southern and western states voted for war
Delaware, New England states, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania voted for peace
War Hawks won – for the first time in U.S. history, Congress declared war
Madison reelected in 1812 – served as commander in chief during the War of 1812
Chapter 11The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 4
The War of 1812
The War at SeaU.S.S. Constitution – “Old Ironsides” – won one of the
first battles of the War of 1812At the start of the war, the British navy had hundreds of
ships, the U.S. navy had fewer than 20U.S. advantages
U.S. government licensed privately owned ships to help the U.S. Navy by attacking British merchant ships (privateers)
British navy’s ships were scattered around the world U.S. Navy = well-trained sailors and new warships such as the
ConstitutionCarried more cannons that most British ships
U.S. victories raised American morale and embarrassed the British
British blockaded American seaports and captured American merchant ships
The Canadian BorderAmerican leaders planned to invade Canada with three
separate armies Expected French Canadians to welcome U.S. troops, but
were met with surprising resistanceBritish joined with American Indians led by Tecumseh
in July 1812 to defeat an American army and capture Fort Detroit
Other American forces had to retreat when militia members refused to cross the Canadian border
By end of 1812, British controlled strategic Great Lakes region
U.S. troops burned Canadian capital, York in April 1813
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry (Navy) led Americans at Battle of Lake Erie – British surrendered Perry sent message “We have met the enemy and they are
ours” Forced British to withdraw, gave U.S. army new hope
The Frontier WarHarrison took advantage of Perry’s victory by pursuing
British and American Indian allies into CanadaBattle of the Thames – U.S. victory
American cavalry charged British force British defenses broke apart; American Indians continued fighting Tecumseh killed (weakened threat of an American Indian-
British alliance in the Great Lakes), Indian forces retreatedCreek Indians took up arms against U.S. in 1813
Chief Red Eagle led Creek forces to destroy Fort Mims in present-day Alabama
General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee) led his troops south to fight the Creek Battle of Horseshoe Bend - attacked the main Creek base on
the Tallapoosa RiverVictory for Jackson and troopsRed Eagle surrendered, ended the Creek WarLed to treaty that forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of
land
The British on the OffensiveSituation in the east grew worse despite U.S. success in
the south and westBritain defeated France in April 1814, could send
more troops to U.S. Strengthened blockade of ports
British moved to attack the U.S. capitalPresident Madison and cabinet forced to fleeBritish set fire to the White House and other
government buildings Response to Americans’ earlier burning of British capital in
CanadaBritish sailed on to Baltimore, Maryland – guarded by
Fort McHenry Americans refused to surrender, British chose to retreat
rather than continue to fight
The Battle of New Orleans
From Caribbean bases, British attacked New OrleansHoped to recapture city, control Mississippi River
Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces around New Orleans
Battle of New Orleans – began January 8, 18155300 British troops vs. 4500 AmericansBritish marched through early morning fog, when it
cleared they were exposed to heavy artillery fireMore than 2000 British killed or wounded vs. 70
U.S. casualties – U.S. victory
Ending the War
Hartford Convention – New England Federalists gather to oppose the war (before the Battle of New Orleans) Some wanted New England to withdraw from the U.S. Moderate members convinced the convention to send a delegation
to meet with Congress to try to increase states’ rightsMany critics accused Federalists of treason
Attempt to challenge power of the national government caused them to lose much of their political power
Treaty of Ghent – signed on December 24, 1814 before the Battle of New Orleans took place War ended when U.S. and British diplomats decided to end
the war Each nation returned the territory it conquered Diplomats did not find solutions to the problems of
impressment or trade embargoes Agreed to address remaining issues once there was peace