Chapter 11: The Islamic Chapter 11: The Islamic WorldWorld

Section 2: The Spread of Section 2: The Spread of IslamIslam

Expansion of IslamExpansion of Islam

•Abu BakrAbu Bakr becomes becomes successor to successor to MuhammadMuhammad

•CaliphCaliph- “successor to - “successor to the Prophet”the Prophet”

•Unites Arabic tribesUnites Arabic tribes

•Expands Islamic Expands Islamic influence northward influence northward

UmarUmar

•Succeeds Abu Bakr Succeeds Abu Bakr as caliphas caliph

•Strong leader with a Strong leader with a well-run governmentwell-run government

•Muslim Empire Muslim Empire includes Syria, includes Syria, Persia, and North Persia, and North AfricaAfrica

Arab PoliciesArab Policies

•Conquered with war and treatiesConquered with war and treaties

•Did not require people to convert Did not require people to convert to Islamto Islam– Accepted Christian and Jewish Accepted Christian and Jewish

teachingsteachings– Could choose to accept Islam or pay Could choose to accept Islam or pay

extra taxesextra taxes– Some who refused to Some who refused to

convert were killedconvert were killed

Continued ExpansionContinued Expansion

•Within 100 years of Muhammad’s Within 100 years of Muhammad’s death, Muslims controlled part of death, Muslims controlled part of India and much of North AfricaIndia and much of North Africa

•Gained control of Mediterranean Gained control of Mediterranean islands for trade routesislands for trade routes

•By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered Spain and brought Islam to Spain and brought Islam to EuropeEurope

Division in the Islamic Division in the Islamic CommunityCommunity

•Disagreements about who should be Disagreements about who should be caliphcaliph

•UthmanUthman (successor of Umar) was (successor of Umar) was murdered; Ali is chosen as successormurdered; Ali is chosen as successor

•Mu ‘awiyahMu ‘awiyah (relative of Uthman) (relative of Uthman) accuses accuses AliAli of helping the killers of helping the killers

•War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah becomes War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah becomes caliphcaliph

SunniSunni

•Muslims who accepted Mu Muslims who accepted Mu ‘awiyah as caliph‘awiyah as caliph

•Followers of the Sunna; “way of Followers of the Sunna; “way of the Prophet”the Prophet”

•Believed that agreement among Believed that agreement among the Muslim people should settle the Muslim people should settle the religious matterthe religious matter

Shi ‘ahShi ‘ah

• Insist that descendants of Ali should Insist that descendants of Ali should be caliphbe caliph

• Imams - Ali’s descendants – should Imams - Ali’s descendants – should decide religious and worldly mattersdecide religious and worldly matters

•The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s descendents killed Ali’s son, Husayndescendents killed Ali’s son, Husayn

•The division still exists today; only The division still exists today; only 10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah

SufiSufi

•Simple lives centered around Simple lives centered around GodGod

•Faith of God was the only mark Faith of God was the only mark of a person’s worthof a person’s worth

•RRaabi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah-bi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah- first first female Sufi mysticfemale Sufi mystic

•Poetry and writings still inspire Poetry and writings still inspire Muslims todayMuslims today

Pair-sharePair-share

• What are the THREE major divisions What are the THREE major divisions of Islam?of Islam?

• What is a “caliph”?What is a “caliph”?

• Where do Muslims have a large Where do Muslims have a large population?population?

• What are your options if you do NOT What are your options if you do NOT want to convert to Islam?want to convert to Islam?

Venn Diagram (tomorrow)Venn Diagram (tomorrow)

• Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still strongly against each other – causing strongly against each other – causing many problems in the modern worldmany problems in the modern world

• You will read a brief background You will read a brief background explaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islamexplaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islam

• When finished, you will fill out a Venn When finished, you will fill out a Venn Diagram examining the similarities and Diagram examining the similarities and differences between the two sects.differences between the two sects.

Empire Continues to SpreadEmpire Continues to Spread

•Berbers led a Muslim army to Berbers led a Muslim army to Spain under TariqSpain under Tariq

•Crossed between Africa and Crossed between Africa and Europe- known as Europe- known as Jabal TariqJabal Tariq (Rock of Gibraltar)(Rock of Gibraltar)

•Became known as the Moors; Became known as the Moors; ruled Spain for 700 yearsruled Spain for 700 years

The Turks and IslamThe Turks and Islam

•1100s Arab Muslim expansion ends 1100s Arab Muslim expansion ends and Turks become ruling force in and Turks become ruling force in IslamIslam

•Turkish troops settle around Turkish troops settle around Baghdad, Iraq to serve the caliphBaghdad, Iraq to serve the caliph

•Turks loyalty begin to shift to a Turks loyalty begin to shift to a sultansultan-- ruled the Turks; claimed to ruled the Turks; claimed to serve the caliphserve the caliph

The Turks and IslamThe Turks and Islam

•1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized 1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized Syria, Mesopotamia, and much of Asia Syria, Mesopotamia, and much of Asia MinorMinor

•Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D.Manzikert in 1071 A.D.

•1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion 1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion slowed; Christians began to capture slowed; Christians began to capture cities in the West- Mongols destroyed cities in the West- Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the EastBaghdad in the East

Venn Diagram (tomorrow)Venn Diagram (tomorrow)

• Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still strongly against each other – causing strongly against each other – causing many problems in the modern worldmany problems in the modern world

• You will read a brief background You will read a brief background explaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islamexplaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islam

• When finished, you will fill out a Venn When finished, you will fill out a Venn Diagram examining the similarities and Diagram examining the similarities and differences between the two sects.differences between the two sects.