Chapter 11 The Urinary System
Welcome to Chapter 11! Urinary means pertaining to urine. The urinary system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis by filtering the blood and maintaining the proper balance of water and other substances, as well as performing other important functions. Lesson 11.1 Learning Goals State the function of the urinary system, and analyze associated terms. Write the meanings of the word parts associated with the urinary system, and use them to build and analyze terms. Write the names of the structures of the urinary system, define the terms associated with these structures, and label the structures. Sequence the formation and excretion of urine. Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures for assessment of the urinary system when given their descriptions, or match them with their descriptions. Distinguish between normal and abnormal components of urine. Identify the major structures of the nephron and their functions. Lesson 11.1 focuses on learning the urinary system STRUCTURES as well as DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for this system. You will learn the structures of the urinary system and the internal structures of the kidney. You will also learn the names of the diagnostic tests for this system, as well as the types of substances in urine in health and disease. Functions of the Kidneys
Filter the blood by removing urea (the by-product of protein metabolism) and other wastes Maintain proper balance of water, salts, and other substances Eliminate wastes as urine Why is the function of the kidneys as filters important? What happens when the kidneys arent functioning well? Why is it possible to live without 1 kidney? An important mode of excretion is performed by the kidneys, which are part of the urinary system. Additional Kidney Functions
Produce renin (hormone that controls blood pressure) Produce erythropoietin (hormone that stimulates red blood cell production) Metabolize vitamin D to its active form What would happen if the kidneys did not secrete renin? What would happen if the kidneys did not secrete erythropoietin? (erythropoietin is a substance that causes the production of red blood cells.) What would happen if the kidneys did not convert vitamin D to its active form? The kidneys also produce prostaglandins (fatty acid derivatives that affect many organs, and degrade insulin). Label your Figure 11-1A as you recognize these structures: kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra.
Note the placement of the kidneys under the ribs. The bladder is located just above what bone? (pubic bone) Trace the path of urine from the kidney, an excretory route. Where does it go next? (ureter, then bladder and urethra). Urine exits the urethra at the urinary meatus. Remember the combining forms for kidney are ren(o) and nephr(o). Suprarenal means above a kidney. Quick Quiz! What term means between the kidneys? adrenal interrenal
infrarenal nephrotoxic The answer is B: interrenal. Adrenal refers to the gland that sits near (atop) each of the kidneys. Infrarenal is not an accepted medical term, but one can imagine it would mean beneath the kidneys. Nephrotoxic refers to substances that are harmful to the kidney. Terminology: Word Parts
ur(o) urine, urinary tract -uria urine or urination Major urinary structures: cyst(o) bladder, cyst, fluid-filled sac nephr(o), ren(o) kidney ureter(o) ureter urethr(o) urethra vesic(o) bladder or blister What is the name for a medical specialist in the urinary system? Combine poly- with -uria for a term that means excessive urination. Micturition and voiding also mean urination. What are the adjectives formed from those word parts? cystic, vesical, nephric or renal, ureteral, urethral Combine cyst(o)/vesic/o, nephr(o)/ ren(o), ureter(o), and urethr(o) with -itis to form: cystitis, nephritis, ureteritis, urethritis Terminology vesicoureteral, vesicovaginal, urethrovaginal
extracystic, abdominocystic, abdominovesical rectourethral, urethrorectal genitourinary, urogenital Which term means pertaining to the bladder and the ureter? vesicoureteral. Vesicovaginal means pertaining to the urinary bladder and the vagina. Urethrovaginal means pertaining to the urethra and the vagina. Which term means outside a cyst or outside the bladder? extracystic. How about pertaining to the bladder and the abdomen? (abdominocystic or abdominovesical) Two terms mean pertaining to the rectum and the urethra, but not all words can be reversed like this. Two terms mean pertaining to the genitals (organs of reproduction) as well as to the urinary structures. Kidney Cross Section What is the name of the outer covering of the kidney? What structures traverse the hilum of each kidney? renal artery and vein, renal pelvis opening into the ureter. What happens within the renal pyramids? The nephrons are the functional units of each kidney
The nephrons are the functional units of each kidney. What is the path of urine formed in the renal pyramids? (collects into the calyces, then the renal pelvis and down the ureter) Trace the path of urine from where it enters the collecting system (glomerulus, Bowman capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, Loop of Henle, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra) Why are the terms descending and ascending limbs used? Are those descriptions accurate? What is the difference between the efferent and the afferent arterioles? What is the path of blood through the kidneys
What is the path of blood through the kidneys? (renal artery to renal pyramids, separating into urine and venous blood, then out the renal vein) What function do the peritubular capillaries perform? (reabsorption of substances along the proximal and distal tubules and loop of Henle) A hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabosrption of water by the renal tubules, thus decreasing the amount of urine produced. Terminology: Word Parts
Internal structures of the kidneys: glomerul(o)glomerulus pyel(o)renal pelvis Review: dist(o)distant proxim(o)near What terms can be made from these word parts? Why are proxim(o) and dist(o) important in the urinary system? Functions of the Nephron
Follow the arrows of urine formation. What are the 3 stages of urine formation and where do they occur? (glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion) At which points can substances be reabsorbed from the urine back into the bloodstream? The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a calculated volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli. GFR forms the basis of a test of kidney function. Formation and Excretion of Urine (cont.)
Trace the formation of urine from the glomerulus to the urethra. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
laboratory tests urinary catheterization urinary radiography endoscopy How can the term urinalysis be analyzed? urin(o) + -lysis What are the locations of the types of catheterization? What is the purpose of urodynamic studies? (cystometrography, electromyography, urethral pressure profile) Laboratory Tests urinalysis: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination pH abnormal substances in urine: ketones, sugar, protein, red blood cells, and white blood cells specific gravity, urinometer, or chemical dipstick intake and output (I&O) What is pH? (hydrogen ion concentration versus a standard) What does the pH tell about a urine specimen? (The pH test is used to determine the urine's degree of acidity or alkalinity. Urine pH is normally acidic but may become alkaline in the presence of a bladder infection. This is because the bacterial breakdown of urea releases ammonia, which is very alkaline.) Why measure substances in urine? What are the names of these 5 abnormal substances in the urine? Urinalysis is abbreviated UA or U/A. What is specific gravity? Why is specific gravity important? Discuss the uses of intake and output (I&O). Simple urine tests include A, a urinometer is used to determine the specific gravity, the degree of concentration of a sample of urine; Glucose test strips provide a means of screening for the presence of urine glucose. There is a certain level called the renal threshold for reabsorption of glucose; above that level it is excreted in the urine; B, testing urine with a Multistix, a plastic strip with reagent areas for various chemical constituents, allows qualitative testing. A positive test result for an abnormal substance in the urine generally requires further testing. Multistix can show the presence of proteins such as albumin. A From Zakus S: Mosbys clinical skills for medical assistants, 2001, Mosby. B From Bonewit-West K: Clinical procedures for medical assistants, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders. What could each of these substances, when found in urine, signify?
A, squamous epithelial cells line the insides of the tubules; their presence in urine could be normal or indicate disease. Urinary casts are gelatinous structures that take the shape of the renal tubules. They are described by the element in the structure, such as waxy, RBC, or WBC casts. B, waxy cast is made of protein, such as in renal failure. C, RBC = bleeding D, WBC = infection E, Uric acid crystalsdiscuss gout From Brunzel NA: Fundamentals of urine & body fluid analysis, ed 2, St Louis, 2004, Saunders. Terminology: Word Parts
urin(o) Urine Abnormal substances in urine: albumin(o) albumin glyc(o), glycos(o) sugar hemat(o) blood ket(o), keton(o) ketone bodies prote(o), protein(o) protein py(o) pus What terms describe the presence of each of the abnormal substances in urine? glycosuria, ketonuria, proteinuria, albuminuria, hematuria, pyuria Excessive production of ketones, the end products of fat metabolism, leads to their excretion, such as during fasting. Ketoacidosis, however, means acidosis accompanied by an accumulation of ketones in the body; it results from faulty carbohydrate metabolism. Urea is a nitrogen compound that is NORMALLY found in urine. Compare pyuria (presence of pus cells) with pyorrhea: how do the definitions differ? Why might they be related in a pathological condition? Practice the difference in the pronunciations. Laboratory Tests (cont.)
urine specimen types: voided clean-catch catheterized urine culture, antibiotic sensitivity test creatinine clearance test, renal clearance test blood studies: serum creatinine blood urea nitrogen Urinary specimens are collected according to the laboratory or physicians instructions. A voided specimen is one in which the patient voids into a container supplied by the lab or office. A clean-catch specimen is based on the concept that tissues adjacent to the urethral meatus must be cleansed before collection to avoid contamination. A catheterized urine specimen is obtained by placing a catheter into the bladder and withdrawing urine. This method ensures an uncontaminated specimen. What is the purpose of a urine culture and antibiotic sensitivity test? C&S means culture and sensitivity. Creatinine is a normal product of metabolism and is commonly found in blood, urine and muscle tissue. Its measurement in blood and urine is an indicator of kidney function. A creatinine clearance test measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney. Renal clearance tests measure the efficiency with which the kidneys excrete substances. Increased levels of serum creatinine can indicate renal impairment; decreased level may be caused by muscle mass loss. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is directly related to the metabolic function of the liver and the excretory function of the kidney. Urea forms in the liver as the end product of protein metabolism. A critically elevated BUN indicates serious impairment in renal function. Urinalysis Appearance Chemical color: usually pale straw
odor: aromatic; similar to ammonia turbidity: should be clear specific gravity: Chemical pH: 6 (possible range 4.6 8) glucose, ketones, protein, bilirubin (urobilinogen), leukoesterase and nitrites should all be none. Note that ingestion of some foods may cause urine to have a foul smell. Microscopic examination of urine is covered on the next slide. Urinalysis (cont.) Microscopic crystals: none
RBCs: 0-2 per high-power field (HPF) WBCs: females 0-5/HPF; males 0-3/HPF bacteria: none or few/ HPF = less than 1000 colonies/mL parasites: none casts: few to none Note that increased RBCs are seen with indwelling or intermittent catheterization and/or with menstruation. Indwelling Catheter What does indwelling mean? Why are indwelling catheters used? A Foley catheter is held securely in place by a balloon tip that is filled with a sterile liquid after the catheter has been placed in the bladder. From Harkreader H, Hogan MA, Thobaben M: Fundamentals of nursing, ed 3, St Louis, 2007, Saunders. Urinary Catheterization: Urethral
When would this type of catheterization be used? Urinary Catheterization (cont.)
What are the names of each catheterization? (ureteral, suprapubic, percutaneous nephrostomy) When would each type be used? Urinary Catheterization (cont.)
What are the names of each catheterization? (ureteral, suprapubic, percutaneous nephrostomy) When would each type be used? 26 Diagnostic Tests and Procedures (cont.)
urodynamic studies: cystometrography, electromyography urinary radiography nephrosonography nephrotomography, nephrotomogram intravenous urography, urogram intravenous pyelography, pyelogram cystography, cystourethrography voiding cystourethrogram renal angiography, renal arteriogram kidney scan, renography Urodynamic studies measure aspects of voiding to evaluate problems with urine flow. Cystometrography provides information about the effectiveness of the bladder wall muscles. It may incorporate the use of a urinary catheter with a cystometer attached to measure the bladder capacity. Electromyography (EMG) can evaluate the strength of the muscles used in voiding, the perineal muscles. The perineum supports and surrounds the distal parts of the urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. Kegel exercises strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. What does word analysis of the types of urography tell you? (ask for urogram, pyelography, pyelogram, cystography, cystourethrography) KUB is an abbreviation used for kidneys, ureters, and bladder. A voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) has radiographs made before, during, and after urination. Renal angiography (renal arteriography), a radiographic study to assess the arterial blood supply to the kidneys, produces a renal arteriogram. A kidney scan also provides information about renal blood flow. Radioactive material is injected via an IV and absorbed by kidney tissue. Special equipment measures, records, and produces an image of the low-level radioactivity emitted. Renography means the same as a kidney scan. Nephrotomography is helpful in assessing various planes of the kidney tissue for tumors, cysts, or stones. From Bontrager KL, Lampignano J: Textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Mosby. When would this test be important?
What is the name of the process that produces a urogram? intravenous urography or intravenous pyelography (IVP). A urogram is also called a pyelogram. When would this test be important? From Lewis S, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR: Medical-surgical nursing, assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 6, St Louis, 2004, Mosby. Note the arrow that shows a narrowing/stenosis of the renal artery.
From Price S, Wilson L: Pathophysiology: clinical concepts of disease processes, ed 6, St Louis, 2003, Mosby. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures (cont.)
endoscopy cystoscopy cystoureteroscopy urethroscopy ureteroscopy nephroscopy What are the names of the instruments used in the types of urinary endoscopy? (cystoscope, nephroscope) Is urethroscopy included in cystoscopy? Why? The combined term is cystourethroscopy. Ureteroscopy is examination of a ureter. Nephroscopy allows visualization of the kidney. A major use of this procedure is to remove or crush renal calculi. What is the name of the process that uses a cystoscope?
When would this process be important? (Examples: looking for stones, bladder cancer) What might be seen during nephroscopy (stones, cancer)
What could be accomplished by using a nephroscope? Quick Quiz! Which of the following is normal to find in urine? blood
albumin urea glucose C: urea. Blood, albumin, and glucose are not normally found in urine. Lesson 11.2 Learning Goals Match the terms for urinary system pathologies with their meanings, or write the names when given their descriptions. Describe the significance of genitourinary infections and their association with some sexually transmitted diseases. Match terms for surgical and therapeutic interventions for interventions for urinary pathologies with descriptions of the interventions, or write the names of the interventions when given their descriptions. Select the correct meanings of terms and write the meanings of abbreviations in a health care report pertaining to the urinary system. Spell the terms accurately. Pronounce the terms correctly. Write the meanings of the abbreviations. Lesson 11.2 covers urinary system pathologies and surgical and therapeutic interventions. What happens when the kidneys fail? How can sexually transmitted diseases affect the urinary system? Writing the meanings of word parts and choosing the correct term when presented with its definition are good markers of your progress in this chapter. Categorizing terms as anatomic, diagnostic, pathologic, or therapeutic is also important. Of course, spelling and pronouncing the terms correctly will help you immeasurably in your chosen professions. Pathologies uropathy renovascular disorders
disorders of urination: dysuria, polyuria, anuria (anuric), oliguria, polyuria, nocturia, nycturia, urgency, frequency, hesitancy, urinary reflux, incontinence, enuresis A uropathy is any disease or abnormal condition of the urinary tract. Uropathies include inflammatory, hereditary, obstructive and renovascular disorders, plus some uropathies that result from metabolic diseases. What does each disorder of urination mean? Analyze the word parts if appropriate: dys- = dysfunction/pain; poly- = excessive, an- = not; oligo- = scanty; noct- and nyct- = night. What do these terms mean: urgency, frequency, hesitancy, reflux, incontinence, enuresis (discuss each). Pathologies (cont.) kidney disorders: uremia, renal failure (acute and chronic), nephromegaly, nephrolysis, nephromalacia, polycystic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes insipidus renovascular diseases: renal artery stenosis, renal hypertension, nephrosclerosis, renal vein thrombosis Uremia is an accumulation of waste products in the blood, including urea. Inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and function properly is renal failure. ARF means acute renal failure; CRF stands for chronic renal failure. What could cause nephromegaly? Define these terms and the word parts they contain: nephrolysis, nephromalacia, polycystic kidney disease, nephrotoxic, nephrotic syndrome. Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder of metabolism that is primarily a result of insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Diabetic nephropathy results from diabetes mellitus. Chronic hyperglycemia an increased blood pressure accelerates its progression. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria and edema; it is a complication of many diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. In contrast, diabetes insipidus is not related to the bodys use of insulin. Its cause may be hormonal or renal and it refers to several types of polyuria (aka diuresis) in which urinary output exceeds 3000 mL/day. How does reduced blood flow to the kidney from renal artery stenosis cause hypertension? (leads to excessive secretion of renin, which increases hypertension) Hypertension resulting form renal artery stenosis or other kidney disorders is called renal hypertension. Nephrosclerosis is hardening of the small arteries of the kiney and results in decreased blood flow and eventual necrosis of kidney cells. A blood clot in the renal vein is called renal vein thrombosis. What is the disorder pictured. poly/cyst/ic kidney disease
What is the disorder pictured? poly/cyst/ic kidney disease. What are the meanings of cyst(o) = urinary bladder, cyst or fluid-filled sac? Note the difference in sizes of the kidneys as well as the cystic appearance of the diseased kidney. What is the functional result of polycystic kidney disease? renal failure and uremia Is polycystic kidney disease the most common cause of renal failure? No, diabetic nephropathy and hypertension are the most common causes of renal failure. Courtesy Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Pathologies (cont.) Uremia
an accumulation of waste products in the blood, including urea caused by renal failure acute uremia can be characterized by oliguria and high blood urea nitrogen chronic uremia can require dialysis Why is the accumulation of urea measured by blood urea nitrogen? Why is nitrogen important? Why is protein restricted in the diets of people with kidney disease? Pathologies (cont.) obstructive nephropathies: hydronephrosis, hydroureter, urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, cystolithiasis growths: polyps (bladder polyp), bladder cancer, Wilms tumor structural alterations: uterine prolapse, ureterocele, urethrocele, cystocele, urethrostenosis, ureterostenosis Define the obstructive nephropathy terms and the word parts they contain. What are the names for calculi of the kidney, ureter, and bladder? nephrolith, ureterolith and cystolith Nephropathies can also be functional in nature, such as a neurogenic bladder resulting from a lesion of the nervous system. A polyp is any growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane; in the bladder it is called a bladder polyp. They are usually removed if seen on cystoscopy even when cancer may not be suspected. Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. Wilms tumor is a malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children. Discuss structural alterations that affect the urinary tract. What terms describe stones at their various locations
What terms describe stones at their various locations? (nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, cystolithiasis, urethrolithiasis) A ureteral or urethral stricture is a narrowing of the inner space of the ureter or urethra. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant, noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate that may lead to urethral obstruction. Urethrospasm may occur after TURP. Common in men over 50 years of age, it may produce frequency, dysuria, nocturia, and UTIs. Hydronephrosis v. Hydroureter
What does hydro- mean in hydronephrosis and hydroureter? What else besides stones can cause blockages? (tumors) Renal Carcinoma Kidney cancer, renal carcinoma, is a malignant neoplasm of the renal parenchyma or the renal pelvis. From Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fauston N, Mitchell RN: Robbins basic pathology, ed 8, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders. Cystocele What can weaken the wall of the vagina and lead to a cystocele? (childbirth is the most common cause) Pathologies (cont.) septicemia, glomerulopathy, ureteropathy
UTIs: cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, urethrocystitis/cystourethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, ureteropyelonephritis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis, nephritis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis sexually transmitted diseases: gonorrhea, urethritis (See also Chapter 13) Septicemia is a systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating blood, having spread from somewhere else in the body such as the urinary tract; glomerulopathy is any disease of the glomeruli; ureteropathy is any disease or disorder of the ureter. UTIs: Define these terms and the word parts they contain. Why is treatment of urethr/itis and cyst/itis important? These infections have the potential to ascend the urinary tract and result in ureteritis and pyelonephritis, eventually affecting kidney function. Hematuria may be a sign of urinary tract infection. Urethrorrhagia means urethral hemorrhage. Why are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) being discussed in the urinary chapter? STDs formerly called venereal diseases (VD). Pathologies (cont.) association of GU infections with STDs gonorrhea
can produce urethrorrhea in both genders may include urethritis, dysuria, and pyuria Is gonorrhea the only STD that can produce urethritis? No, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, and Trichomonas can also be transmitted sexually. Terminology: Word Parts
noct(i), nyct(o)night olig(o)few, scanty gon(o)genitals or reproduction thromb(o)thrombus (internal blood clot) What terms can be formed with these word parts? Hypospadias v. Epispadias
A, In hypospadias, the opening of the urinary meatus is below its usual location. In epispadias, B, the opening is above its usual location. From Zitelli BJ, Davis HW: Atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis, ed 5, St Louis, 2007, Mosby. Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions: Hemodialysis
What does analysis of the term dia/lysis reveal? (breaking down, through) In renal insufficiency or renal failure, dialysis removes the waste products and helps maintain the acid-base balance. How does the therapy dialysis work? (Discuss the semi/permeable membrane) A, On the left is the hemodialysis circuit. B, On the right is a patient receiving hemodialysis at a dialysis center. What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis? A, From Ignatavicius MS, Workman ML: Medical-surgical nursing: critical thinking for collaborative care, ed 5, 2006, Philadelphia, Saunders. B, From Lewis S, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR: Medical-surgical nursing, assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 6, St Louis, 2004, Mosby. Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions (cont.)
lithotripsy, lithotomy: nephrolithotomy, pyelolithotomy, ureterolithotomy, cystolithotomy, ESWL urinary diversion: nephrostomy, ureterostomy, cystostomy, transureteroureterostomy, ureterocystostomy, ureterocystoneostomy Lets define these terms and the word parts that they contain. They may look like long terms, but when broken into word parts, their meanings become clear very quickly. ESWL stands for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. What does extracorporeal mean? Lithotripsy What is the advantage of lithotripsy versus nephrolithectomy? What is the instrument called that performs lithotripsy? lithotrite Nephrostomy, Ureterostomy, Transureteroureterostomy
Why are nephrostomy and ureterostomy ever needed? A, catheter dilation of a stenosed ureter. B, removal of a kidney stone.
From Athanasoulis CA et al: Interventional radiology, Philadelphia, 1982, Saunders. Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions (cont.)
incision: suprapubic cystotomy, cystotomy, urethrotomy excision: nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephrectomy, nephroureterectomy, cystectomy, ureterectomy, renal transplant vascular therapy: percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty reparative procedures: ureteroplasty, pyeloplasty, cystoplasty, nephropexy other therapies: antibiotics, analgesics, antispasmodics, diuretics Define these terms and the word parts that they contain. What conditions would require each intervention? What is the purpose of each of these therapies? Transurethral Resection
Transurethral means through the urethra. In transurethral resection (TUR), small pieces of tissue from a nearby structure are removed through the wall of the urethra. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), shown here, is a surgery of the prostate gland via an instrument passed through the wall of the urethra. From Lewis S, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, OBrien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing, assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 7, St Louis, 2007, Mosby. Quick Quiz! Which term means an abnormal accumulation of waste products in the blood? uremia hematuria septicemia thrombolytics A: Uremia is an abnormal accumulation of waste products in the blood, including urea. Hematuria is blood in the urine. Septicemia is pathogens in the blood from an infection in another part of the body. Thrombolytics are medications used to dissolve clots. Abbreviations ADH ARF BPH BUN C&S CRF EMG ESWL GFR GU I&O
What medical terms do each of these abbreviations represent? ADHantidiuretic hormone ARFacute renal failure BPHbenign prostatic hypertrophy BUNblood urea nitrogen C&S culture and sensitivity CRFchronic renal failure EMGelectromyography ESWLextracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy GFRglomerular filtration rate GUgenitourinary I&Ointake & output Abbreviations (cont.) IVP KUB pH STD TUR TURP UA, U/A UTI VCUG VD
What medical terms do each of these abbreviations represent? IVPintravenous pyelogram KUBkidneys, ureters, and bladder pHpotential of hydrogen STD sexually transmitted disease TURtransurethral resection TURPtransurethral resection of the prostate UA, U/Aurinalysis UTIurinary tract infection VCUGvoiding cystourethrogram VDvenereal disease