Chapter 12

Shaped by Its History

Section 1

Early Civilizations of Middle America

Mayan Civilizations

A.D. 300 - A.D. 900 Built great cities

Copan - Honduras Tikal - Guatemala Used these cities as religious centers

Food Maize - Corn, main food

Mayan Civilization Science

Priests studied stars and planets Mayan Calendar

Most accurate calendar until the 1700’s Hieroglyphics Numbering system

Decimals “ZERO”

What Happened to the Mayas? A.D. 900 - suddenly left their cities No one knows why?? Possibilities

Crop failures, War, Disease, Drought, Famine

Rebelled against leaders Left cities, but stayed in region

Many still live in the same area• Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala

Aztec Civilization

A.D. 1100 Central Mexico Wandered for many years until deciding

to build at Lake Texcoco Turned swampy island into great city

Tenochtitlan Present Day Mexico City

Aztec Empire 1400’s - began conquering the other

people in the region Made them pay “tribute” - grew rich from it

Food, cotton, gold, slaves Aztec Emperor ruled over all the land Aztec society had several different

classes Many were lowest - farmers

Aztec Accomplishments

Tenochtitlan was center of learning and trade.

Knowledge of medicine Astronomers predicted eclipses Also used Hieroglyphics to keep records

Section 2

The Incas:

People of the Sun

Rise of the Inca Cuzco

A.D.1200 - small village Began acquiring land through wars and

conquest Pachacuti - leader

Demanded loyalty from conquered people Empire - stretched 2500 miles throughout

South America

Incan Accomplishments Excellent Farmers and

Builders Roads

14000 miles of roads Road system helped Inca

govern vast empire

Incan Accomplishments Aqueducts

A pipe or channel to carry water from a distant source

Allowed them to irrigate land that normally would have been too dry to farm

Incan Accomplishments Government

Emperor• Nobles - province

• People - pay taxes (crops)

Gov’t took care of the sick No written language

Quipus (kee poos)• Knotted strings, size of knot stood for numbers

Incan Accomplishments

Religion Like the Mayans and the Aztecs the Incas

worshiped MANY gods Inti - Sun God - “children of the sun” Viracocha - God that created all the

people of the Andes

Where are they now?? Spanish conquered Incan empire in the

1500s. Descendents still live in same area

Speak Quechua (check wah) Incan Culture

Farming Clothing - Poncho - brightly colored, complex

patterns

Section 3

European Conquest

Europeans in the Americas 1400s - Spain and Portugal searched

for trade routes to Asia Christopher Columbus - 1492

Thought he reached the East Indies in Asia Called the natives “Indians”

Dividing the World Spain and Portugal - tried to stop each other

from claiming land in the Americas 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas

Set an imaginary line from the North Pole to the South Pole at 50 degrees longitude

Was called the Line of Demarcation - gave Spain the right to settle West of the line and Portugal the right to settle to the East of the line.

This is why the language and background of Brazil is Portuguese.

Culture Clash Conquistadors - conquerors that were

treasure hunters. Could settle America Gave back to Spain 1/5th of any treasure

they found.

Cortes conquers the Aztecs 1519 - Cortes gets help from other

tribes Montezuma's spies thought that the

Spanish were gods, Quetzalcoatl Aztecs welcomed Cortes. Gave into

Spanish rule. Fighting broke out, many died Aztec Empire was in ruins

Pizarro conquers the Incas 1531 - Plans to attack pacific coast of

South America Captured and killed Incan Emperor and

many other Incan leaders. By 1535 - conquered most of empire

including capital Cuzco

How did they do it? Conquistadors defeated the two most

powerful empires in the Americas. Took only 15 years Guns, cannons, horses Diseases wiped out whole villages Some local natives helped the Spanish

because of the rivalry between the tribes.

Colonization Spain divided its territory into provinces Main ones- New Spain and Peru Lima capital of Peru

Most powerful people lived in the center Mestizos lived on outskirts

People of mixed Spanish and Native American descent.

Native Americans lived outside the city Many worked on a Hacienda - a plantation

owned by Spaniards or the Catholic Church

European Rule Encomiendas - granted by Spain

Rights to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans

Native American Population 1519 - New Spain -25 Million Only 3 million survived the first 50 years of

Spanish rule 1532 - Peru - 12 million

After 50 years - less than 2 million

Section 4Section 4

IndependenceIndependence

Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence

People in Mexico watched other countries People in Mexico watched other countries revolutions - a political movement in which revolutions - a political movement in which people overthrow the governmentpeople overthrow the government 1770’s - American Colonies1770’s - American Colonies 1789 - French Revolution1789 - French Revolution 1790’s - Haiti (France)1790’s - Haiti (France)

Criollos - had Spanish parents, born in Criollos - had Spanish parents, born in Latin AmericaLatin America Few had any political powerFew had any political power Wanted to govern themselvesWanted to govern themselves

““Cry of Dolores”Cry of Dolores”

1810 - Miguel Hidalgo - Criollo priest in 1810 - Miguel Hidalgo - Criollo priest in town of Dolores.town of Dolores.

80,000 followers, 80,000 followers, Won some victories, but were soon retreating.Won some victories, but were soon retreating.

Was captured and killed by firing squadWas captured and killed by firing squad Hidalgo started the revolution, started that Hidalgo started the revolution, started that

way of thinking.way of thinking.

Independence finally comes…Independence finally comes…

Small rebel groups kept fighting even after Small rebel groups kept fighting even after their leaders were executed.their leaders were executed.

Iturbide joins the rebelsIturbide joins the rebels High ranking criollo in Spanish Army.High ranking criollo in Spanish Army.

Many people viewed Iturbide differently Many people viewed Iturbide differently than Hidalgothan Hidalgo They began to suppoprt the rebellionThey began to suppoprt the rebellion

1821 - Iturbide declared Mexico 1821 - Iturbide declared Mexico independentindependent

South American South American IndependenceIndependence

Simon Bolivar - born in Venezuela - joined Simon Bolivar - born in Venezuela - joined the fight for independence in 1804.the fight for independence in 1804.

By 1822 his troops freed much of the By 1822 his troops freed much of the northern part of S.A. - Bolivar was its northern part of S.A. - Bolivar was its President.President.

Soon turned his attention south toward Soon turned his attention south toward Peru.Peru.

S.A. IndependenceS.A. Independence

Jose de San Martin - Spanish Army, Jose de San Martin - Spanish Army, ArgentinaArgentina

1817 - Took his soldiers over the Andes 1817 - Took his soldiers over the Andes into Chile.into Chile. Defeated the Spanish within monthsDefeated the Spanish within months

By 1821 turned his attention to PeruBy 1821 turned his attention to Peru Attacked Lima, by sea.Attacked Lima, by sea.

• Caught Spanish off guardCaught Spanish off guard

S.A. IndependenceS.A. Independence

One year later, San Martin met with One year later, San Martin met with BolivarBolivar No one knows what was talked about…No one knows what was talked about…

San martin gave up his command and left San martin gave up his command and left Bolivar to continue the fight on his own.Bolivar to continue the fight on his own.

Bolivar drove the remaining Spanish out of Bolivar drove the remaining Spanish out of S.A.S.A.

By 1825, only Cuba and Puerto Rico were By 1825, only Cuba and Puerto Rico were still ruled by Spainstill ruled by Spain

Brazil’s IndependenceBrazil’s Independence

Became independent without fighting a Became independent without fighting a war.war.

In 1800s Portugal's royal family fled war in In 1800s Portugal's royal family fled war in Portugal - came to BrazilPortugal - came to Brazil

They returned in 1821, but the king left his They returned in 1821, but the king left his son (Dom Pedro) to rule the colony.son (Dom Pedro) to rule the colony.

He declared Brazil independent, three He declared Brazil independent, three years later Portugal agreed to the years later Portugal agreed to the independenceindependence

Latin American ChallengesLatin American Challenges

Many countries fought over how their countries Many countries fought over how their countries should be governedshould be governed

Many nations ended up poor.Many nations ended up poor. Bolivar wanted South America to become “ONE” Bolivar wanted South America to become “ONE”

united country - “Gran Columbia”united country - “Gran Columbia” Made up of Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, PanamaMade up of Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama Did not accomplish, geography played big role in downfallDid not accomplish, geography played big role in downfall

Many leaders were “caudillos”Many leaders were “caudillos” Military officers who ruled strictlyMilitary officers who ruled strictly Wanted power and to get rich, didn’t care about the Wanted power and to get rich, didn’t care about the

peoplepeople

Section 5

Issues in Latin America Today

Foreign Investment

In the 1900’s many foreign countries invested in Latin American countries

Built factories and farms there

Companies made big profits, but didn’t help the countries out.

Countries started plans to build their own factories and farms to make their economies stronger.

Failures…

In the 1980’s oil prices went up… Countries needed oil to run factories…had to pay

higher prices for it. Started to go into debt, had to get loans from other

wealthier countries (USA). Most still have not payed off this debt Good thing -- this debt brought an end to many

militarist regimes.

Improving Economies (TEST)

Today many Latin American countries limit how outside companies can invest.

Countries trade with each other more now than in the past

There is more diversity among the products that are produced from Latin American countries

Built more factories

Land $$$$$

Land is Latin Americas most important resource Much of the land is owned by a few wealthy

families Haciendas occupy this land

Some poor families own small tracts of land Campesinos - poor farmers- grow only enough for

themselves

Moving to the city

Many campesinos have decided to move to the city. This has resulted in the RAPID growth of cities. Reasons to move to the cities…(test)

Improve quality of their life Jobs Find comfortable homes Better medical care Good schools for their children

Review Accomplishments

Aztecs, Incas, Mayans

2 colonies Leaders of S.A. independence Caudillos Foreign companies Copan and Tikal Tenochtitlan Location of civilizations

Inca, Mayan, Aztecs

Line of demarcation Price of oil in 1980s Gran Colombia Controlling foreign investment

Criollo, Hieroglyphic, Rural, Urban, Aquaduct, Caudillo, Mestizo, Encomienda, Campesino, Conquistador, Quipu, Hacienda

Columbus, natives, where he landed

Moving to the cities Improving economies of L.A.

countries Ends of native American

civilizations Haiti’s independence, what inspired

it?? Why Spanish were able to conquer Foreign investment - early 1900’s Foreign investment - last few years