Chapter 12-Cardiovascular System Hybrid

8/14/2019 Chapter 12-Cardiovascular System Hybrid

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CardiovascularSystem Diseases &

Disorders

Chapter 12



Functions: To transport oxygen,

nutrients, andhormones to cells

To remove carbondioxide from cells.

Cardiovascular System



Most frequently observed symptomsof the circulatory system include:

Angina Dyspnea Tachypnea Palpitation Cyanosis Edema

Fatigue Syncope



The Heart



Rheumatic Fever Rheumative Heart Valve Disease

Inflammatory disease where antibodies attach to Endocardium

Mitral or aortic valves

Caused by Group A - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus Sore throat infections

Dental procedures



Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease

Signs and symptoms include Polyarthritis – pain, redness & swelling of the joints

Carditis – inflammation of endocardium, myocardium

and/or pericardium Chorea – sudden, jerking, involuntary movements with

muscle weakness

Subcutaneous nodules – pea-sized swelling that form

over hands, elbows, and feet Erythema – redness over areas of the trunk and

extremities



Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease

Diagnosis HX Rheumatic Fever, elevated WBC and ESR,

echocardiogram, positive ASO Titer (streptococcal

antibodies) Treatment

Antibiotics

Surgery to relieve stenosis or to replace the valve.

Good dental hygiene is important to prevent gingivalinfections



Pericarditis



Myocarditis



Endocarditis



Valve Disorders

Valve opening too large to

close completely blood leaks back into hear

chamber

Valve opening too narrow impedes the flow of blood

through the valve

allows blood to leak back whenit should be closed.



Essential Hypertension

Description High blood pressure

that persists

Systolic pressure over

140 mm Hg, diastolic

over 90 mm Hg

Heart must work againstincreased resistance



Malignant Hypertension Severe form of hypertension

Severe headache, blurred vision & dyspnea

DX is B/P of >200/100

TX - immediate intervention

Complications: CVA or irreversible kidney damage



Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Narrowing of

coronary arteries

Atheroscierosis Arteriosclerosis



Angina Pectoris

Chest pain

TX: Nitroglycerine



Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attack caused by

occlusion of one or more

coronary arteries Heart muscle dies from

lack of blood



MI Diagnosis

Hx of coronary artery disease (CAD)

Electrocardiography

MRI Elevated CPK and CPK-MB over 72 hours

Elevated Troponin

Elevated Myoglobin



Treatment

Thrombolysis

Cardiac

catheterization Angioplasty

Coronary artery

bypass graft (CABG)



Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Failure of the heart to pumpenough blood causinginadequate perfusion

Etiology: HTN Coronary Artery Disease MI

valvular disease Angina COPD



Cardiac Arrest

Sudden unexpected interruption of heart

function

Etiology MI

Circulatory collapse due to shock or ventricular

fibrillation

Massive hemorrhage, drug reactions/overdose,

electrocution, drowning, physical trauma



Emboli/Thrombus Deep Vein Thrombus

Pulmonary Emboli



Phlebitis and Thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

and/ or venous flow

stasis Symptoms

Edema

Pain

Heat Redness



Aneurysms Local dilation of an artery

Fusiform (spindleshaped)

Dissecting (separated ) Saculated (shaped like a sac)

Location Abdominal

Thoracic

Peripheral artery



Varicose Veins

Swollen, knottedor twisted veins



Blood Cell Dyscrasias

Decrease in #

Increase in #

Abnormal forms



Disorders: Red Blood Cells

Aplastic Anemia Iron Deficiency

Anemia (microcytic

rbcs) B12 & Folic Acid

Deficiency(macrocytic rbcs)

Sickle Cell Anemia(sickle)

Polycythemia ↑ #



White Blood Cell Dyscrasia

Leukemias

(AML,ALL, CML,

CLL) Hodgkin’s Disease

Lymphoscarcoma &

non-Hodgkin’slymphoma



Reyes syndrome

Acute illness that affects the brain & liver

Follows an upper respiratory infections,

esp. type B influenza & varicellas. Has been linked to the use of aspirin to

alleviate symptoms during the infection.

Predominate age group is 10 – 14 years



Reye’s Syndrome

Signs & Symptoms Stage I

Lethargy Persistent/continuo

us vomiting

Brain dysfunction

Drowsiness

Stage II Personality changes

Disorientation withconfusion, delirium Irrational behavior Coma, cranial nerve

reflexes lost Death within 2-3

days of onset

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Chapter 12-Cardiovascular System Hybrid