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Chapter 12THE PROTOZOA
• UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS
• FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTA• NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR
SHAPE• SIZE VARIES GREATLY - 2 TO 5,000 m
Distribution– FREE LIVING FORMS – PARASITIC FORMS (MANY ANIMALS
CARRY PROTOZOANS AS NORMAL FLORA)
– FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF FREE LIVING FORMS• NaCl CONCENTRATION• pH• TEMPERATURE• OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS
Nutrition
– FREE LIVING FORMS - PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
– ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS– STORAGE PRODUCTS - GLYCOGEN,
STARCH AND LIPIDS– ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE
FISSION OR BUDDING
Reproduction– ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE
FISSION OR BUDDING– SEXUAL - SYNGAMY OR CONJUGATION
• CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF MOTOLITY)– KINGDOM: PROTISTA
• PHYLUM: PROTOZOA– GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES,
CILIATES, SPOROZOA• AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL
– AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA
Classification
– KINGDOM: PROTISTA• PHYLUM: PROTOZOA
– GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOA
» AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL
» AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA
Classification (continue)
– ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA• Causes: Amoebic Dysentery
– ACANTHAMOEBA Sp.• Causes: 1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis
2. Keratitis
Classification (continue)
• FLAGELLATES - FLAGELLA (MOST HUMAN PATHOGENS IN THIS GROUP)– MOST PRIMITIVE OF THE PROTOZOANS– CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAGELLA
– MOST ADVANCED PORTOZOA• ORAL GROOVE• CONTRACTILE VACUOLE• NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM
– REPRODUCTION• ASEXUALLY BY BINARY FISSION• SEXUALLY BY CONJUGATION• PATHOGENIC CILIATE - BALANTIDIUM
COLI
• Treatment for protozoan infections is usually an antibiotic called metranidazole also called flagyl.
SPOROZOA
• ALL OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
• ALL HAVE COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES• PATHOGENIC SPOROZOAN-PLASMODIUM
Sp.• CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIA• FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA
1. P. MALARIAE2. P. OVALE3. P. VIVAX4. P. FALCIPARUM
• LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO ORGANISMS
– MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND ANIMAL BODY
– SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO– ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY
• TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
– CHLOROQUINE– PRIMAQUINE– MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM– SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE
OF QUININE» HALLUCINATIONS» CONVULSIONS» EMOTIONAL CHANGES