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Trade Union-Trade Union- Organization of workers with the same Organization of workers with the same trade or skill.trade or skill.

Strike- Strike- A stopping of work by workers to force A stopping of work by workers to force an employer to meet demands.an employer to meet demands.

Prejudice- Prejudice- An unfair opinion not based on facts.An unfair opinion not based on facts.Discrimination- Discrimination- Unfair treatment of a group; unequal Unfair treatment of a group; unequal

treatment because of a person’s race, treatment because of a person’s race, religion, ethnic background, place of religion, ethnic background, place of birth, gender, disability, or sexual birth, gender, disability, or sexual orientationorientation

Famine- Famine- An extreme shortage of food.An extreme shortage of food.Nativist- Nativist- A person who favors those born in his A person who favors those born in his

country and opposed to immigrants.country and opposed to immigrants.

Factories produced items such as shoes, watches, guns, sewing machines and agricultural machinery in addition to textiles and clothing. Working conditions worsened as factories grew. Employees worked an average of 11.4 hours a day. Often under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. No laws existed to regulate working conditions or to protect workers

By 1830’s workers began to organize to improve working conditions. Trade unions, or organizations of workers with the same trade or skill developed.

Skilled workers in New York City went on strike (refused to work) in the mid-1830’s. They hoped for higher wages and a 10-hour workday. They formed the General Trades Union of New York

Striking was illegal and workers could be punished by law or fired from their jobs. A Massachusetts court ruled in favor of workers’ right to strike in 1842, but this was just the beginning of the workers receiving legal rights.

Although the North did not have slavery in the 1820’s, it did have racial prejudice and discrimination. In 1820, although New York stopped requiring white men to own property in order to vote, a few African Americans could vote. In fact, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania passed laws prohibiting free African Americans from voting.

Free AA were not allowed to:

attend public school

barred from public facilities

segregated school and hospitals

A few African Americans were successful in business. Most though, were extremely poor

Women were discriminated against in the mills and factories even though they played a major role in the development of industry. They worked for less pay, were excluded from unions, and were kept out of the workplace to make more jobs for men.

The Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization in Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature for a 10-hour workday in 1845. The legislature did not even consider the petition signed only by women.

Most early efforts in the workplace failed but did not set the state for later women’s movements

Immigration to the US greatly increase between 1840 and 1860. Many of these people were willing to work for low pay and long hours. The first largest group came from Ireland. More than 1.5 million.

Why do you think this is?

Would this upset the workers that are already here?

The men from Ireland worked in factories or did manual labor such as working on the railroads and digging ditches. Women became servants and factory workers

The second-largest group of immigrants came from Germany. They settled in New York, Pennsylvania, the Midwest and the western territories. More than one million came many in family groups. Many had money, so they prospered, founding their own communities and organization and buying farms or setting up businesses.

Immigrants faced prejudice, Anti-immigration feelings arose. People opposed to immigration, called nativist though that immigrants took jobs a way from “real” Americans. Others thought they brought crime and disease.

Immigration changed the character of the country. People brought their language, customs, religion, and ways of life. Most of the Irish immigrants and about ½ of German immigrants were Roman Catholic. They settled in northeastern cities. The church gave them a source of spiritual guidance and also provided a center for community life.

The American Party was a group of nativist who joined together to form a new political party in the 1850’s. They formed secret anti-Catholic societies. The party became known as the KNOW-NOTHING Party, because they answer questions by saying, “I know nothing”.

The Know-Nothing Party wanted stricter citizenship laws and wanted to ban foreign born citizens from holding office. In the mid-1850’s, the movement split over slavery. A Northern branch and Southern branch formed. Slavery also divided the Northern and Southern states