Chapter 13Southern and Eastern Africa

Africa• Second largest continent• Location determines

climate- very warm, very constant

• Near equator – heavy rainfall

• Savannas- about half of Africa covered in grasslands

• Sahara- single most important geographic factor▫Divides continent▫Sub-Saharan Africa-

describes all lands below the Sahara

I. Southern Africa• Located South of the rain forests of the Congo

Basin• Includes large island of Madagascar

• South Africa▫ Most important country in the South▫ The Cape- tip of Africa

Cape Town- 3rd largest city in Southern Africa Cape of Good Hope- original settlement by the Dutch

▫ Natal- coastal plains Lesotho is surrounded in this area Zulu tribe – most famous Bantu tribes

▫ Orange Free State settled by the Boers- Dutch farmers fled from the British crossed the Orange River Incorporated tribal languages with Dutch to form

Afrikaans

South Africa• Major Cities

▫Johannesburg- largest city in South Africa▫Pretoria- administrative capital▫Cape Town- legislative capital

• Apartheid▫Rigorous policy of racial separation▫80% of pop. Is black, Afrikaners argued

that all races are culturally different and should stay separate

▫Every area of life separated, blacks lived in government reservations called “homelands”- had to carry a passport to leave

▫Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk worked to end apartheid, successful in 1993

Lesotho•Gained independence from British

in 1966•Completely surrounded by South

Africa•Uses water from Orange River to

water crops and produce electricity

•Swaziland▫Borders South Africa and

Mozambique▫Highest rate of HIV and AIDS

among adults in the world Avg. life span= 32 years

Southwest Plateau• Botswana, Namibia, and Angola lie on

the plateau in southwest Africa• Land is hot and dry- desert and

grassland▫ Kalahari Desert covers over half of

Botswana▫ 6th largest desert in the world

•Botswana• Still part of the British commonwealth• Diamonds account for 80% of income• Many people try to find work in South

Africa• Second highest rate of HIV- life

expectancy- 34 years

Namibia•Cold ocean to the West keeps things cool, creates lots of fog• Northern shore nicknamed

Skeleton Coast for all the shipwrecks

•80% are Christian•Very dependent on South Africa, trying to break free

Angola•Almost 2x the size of Texas•Abundance of diamonds and petroleum reserves, but warfare keeps them from benefitting fully•Strong Portuguese influence dating back to Portugal’s ports there

Zambezi River Nations•4th longest river in Africa•4 nations lie along the river: Mozambique,

Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi

Mozambique•Large colony of Portugal until 1975, still speak Portuguese•Suffered a civil war that killed 1 million people, finally settled peacefully in 1994•Serves as a port for 4 landlocked countries

Zimbabwe•Wide variety of mineral resources •Produces gold, steel, nickel and other products•80% of people live in poverty•Victoria Fall is on the northwest corner- one of most spectacular waterfalls in the world (pg. 333)•Gained independence from Britain in 1980, has had one ruler Robert Mugabe since then

Zambia•Largest producer of copper in Africa•75% of the people live in poverty•16% of adults live with HIV/AIDS•Cuisine of Zambia: nshima and ndiwoMalawi•Lake Malawi is 3rd largest in Africa•One of world’s poorest nations- lacks natural resources, remote location deters transportation or tourism•Tobacco and tea are two most important crops

Indian Ocean Islands• Madagascar

▫ Separated from continent by Mozambique Channel

▫ Very diverse: mountains, deserts, plains▫ Several endemic species: lemurs, aye-ayes,

etc.▫ French is still spoken and Malagasy

• Comoros▫ 4 main volcanic islands▫ Most people are Muslim▫ Official languages: French, Arabic and

Shikmoro• Seychelles

▫ 115 tropical islands north of Madagascar▫ Only one town: Victoria▫ Descendents of French settlers and slaves,

Most people speak Creole• Mauritius

▫ Has been ruled by Dutch, British and French▫ Growing quickly since independence in 1968

in banking, tourism and industry▫ 48% are Hindu

II. Eastern Africa•Significant features:

▫Great Rift Valley▫Nile river

Lakes RegionTypical African images come from this area2 large countries: Kenya and Tanzania3 small countries: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi

Lakes Region•Kenya

▫A little smaller than Texas▫Advanced cities▫Many come to see wildlife▫Nairobi: capital city▫Equator crosses through,

many people live in highlands for cooler temps

▫Masai tribe- live on the Kenyan section of the Serengeti

Tanzania•Started off German, went to

the British after WWI, and in 1964 joined with island of Zanzibar to be Tanzania

•120 ethnic groups •Swahili is common

language•Mount Kilimanjaro lies

on the border with Kenya▫Highest mountain in Africa▫Snow falls on the peak even

though its close to the equator

Uganda•Capital: Kampala•High plateau in the

south•Savanna in the north•Region around Lake

Victoria has best farmland

•Has been independent since 1962, but under a cruel leader Yoweri Museveni since 1985

Rwanda• Home to half of the world’s

remaining mountain gorillas• High population density• Hutus= 84% of pop., Tutsis= 15%• Bloody civil war in 1990, Hutus

began killing Tutsis and other moderate Hutus… one of the worst cases of genocide in recent yearsBurundi

Small country, large populationCapital: BujumburaCoffee is major export cropLandlocked, so overseas trade is difficult

The Horn of Africa•Ethiopia

▫3rd in population behind Egypt and Nigeria

▫Only one of two nations to never have successful European colonization

▫Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia ▫Ethiopian Highlands in

North and Central Addis Ababa- capital city

Eritrea• Dominated by central

plateau• Most live in poverty due to

longest war for independence on African continent- Italian colony, annexed by Ethiopia, fought for 40 yrs Djibouti•Almost the size of Massachusetts•Guards the Bab al-Mandeb- entrance to the Red Sea•Most people live in capital city- Djibouti•Relies on other countries for food, very little arable land

Somalia•Occupies East coast of

Horn•Bad relationship with

neighbors- tried to annex places where Somalis lived

•North- hilly, South- flat•Somalis- black African

tribe that speaks Somali, Muslim, close ties with Saudi Arabia

•Internal Strife- gov collaped in 91, US helped until 15 Americans died in a raid, UN withdrew in 95, in 2004 a new gov was put in place, North separated and declared independence (Somaliland) no one recognizes, but they elected their own president in 2003

Sudan•Largest country in Africa•Very similar to Egypt culturally•Most speak Arabic•70% Muslim•Independent in 1956, but struggle between Muslim North and Christian South hindered development for 50 yrs•2003 Genocide- western Darfur region was hit with fighting btw two Muslim ethnic groups (200,000 lives lost)•Economic potential with discovery of oil in the North•Capital- Khartoum- sits where the Nile begins•Large areas of desert or swamp (Sudd)

South Sudan•  officially the Republic of South

Sudan• Became a country in July 2011• Suffered years of persecution and

warfare• Needs to build basic infrastructure—

schools, roads, hospitals•  Its current capital is Juba• 98.83% of the population voted for

independence. Those living in the north and expatriates living overseas also voted

• disputes still remain such as sharing of the oil revenues as an estimated 80% of the oil in the nation is secured from South Sudan, which would represent amazing economic potential

• The region of Abeyi remains disputed

• Thousands still displaced

• Sudan• Angola• Namibia• South Africa• Lesotho• Swaziland• Botswana• Zimbabwe• Zambia• Burundi• Rwanda• Uganda• Malawi• Kenya• Ethiopia• Somalia

•Eritrea•Djibouti•Comoros•Mozambique•Madagascar•Mauritius•Seychelles•Tanzania•South Atlantic•Indian Ocean•Red Sea•Mediterranean

Sea

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