Chapter 13Chapter 13The American WestThe American West

1860-19001860-1900

Section 1 Fight for the WestSection 1 Fight for the West

Describe the conflict between the Describe the conflict between the Native Americans and white settlers.Native Americans and white settlers.

What were the Indian Wars and their What were the Indian Wars and their consequences?consequences?

How did Native American resistance How did Native American resistance end?end?

What was life like on the Indian What was life like on the Indian reservations?reservations?

Plains IndiansPlains Indians

Sioux, Blackfoot, and Cheyenne of Sioux, Blackfoot, and Cheyenne of the North---- Kiowa and Comanche of the North---- Kiowa and Comanche of the Souththe South

White settlers believed that if these White settlers believed that if these groups didn’t settle the land then it groups didn’t settle the land then it was up for grabs.was up for grabs.

Plains IndiansPlains Indians

Government policyGovernment policy

In early 1800s Jackson and others In early 1800s Jackson and others forced Indians to relocate from the forced Indians to relocate from the East. (Indian Removal Act)East. (Indian Removal Act)

By mid 1800s white settlers wanted to By mid 1800s white settlers wanted to settle western lands as wellsettle western lands as well

Government began process of Government began process of creating creating reservationsreservations—to break up —to break up plains Indians and open up land for plains Indians and open up land for white settlementwhite settlement

Pine Ridge Indian Pine Ridge Indian ReservationReservation

Destruction of BuffaloDestruction of Buffalo

Main food supply for IndiansMain food supply for Indians 1800 – 60 million buffalo1800 – 60 million buffalo 1894 – 25 buffalo1894 – 25 buffalo Cause – less grazing lands for buffalo Cause – less grazing lands for buffalo

and military policy to kill buffalo to and military policy to kill buffalo to decrease food supply and force decrease food supply and force Indians on reservations.Indians on reservations.

Hunting by Railroad passengersHunting by Railroad passengers

Indian WarsIndian Wars Sand Creek MassacreSand Creek Massacre - Army troops attacked and - Army troops attacked and

massacred surrendering Cheyenne. Cheyenne and massacred surrendering Cheyenne. Cheyenne and Souix stepped up raids.Souix stepped up raids.

Little BighornLittle Bighorn - George Armstrong Custer led his - George Armstrong Custer led his troops in headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost. troops in headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a temporary The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a temporary victory for the Sioux. The U.S. government was victory for the Sioux. The U.S. government was determined to put down the threat to settlers. determined to put down the threat to settlers.

Wounded Knee MassacreWounded Knee Massacre - Shooting began after a - Shooting began after a gun went off, and the fleeing Sioux were massacred. gun went off, and the fleeing Sioux were massacred. This action marked the end of the bloody conflict This action marked the end of the bloody conflict between the army and the Plains Indians.between the army and the Plains Indians.

Results of Indian WarsResults of Indian Wars

Massacre of many Native AmericansMassacre of many Native Americans Native American Resistance Native American Resistance

increasesincreases Many tribes relocated to Canada or Many tribes relocated to Canada or

ReservationsReservations Destruction of BuffaloDestruction of Buffalo

Lt. Colonel George Lt. Colonel George Custer Custer

As the Indians closed As the Indians closed in, Custer ordered his in, Custer ordered his

men to shoot their men to shoot their horses and stack the horses and stack the carcasses to form a carcasses to form a

wall, but they provided wall, but they provided little protection against little protection against bullets. In less than an bullets. In less than an hour, Custer and his hour, Custer and his

men were killed in the men were killed in the worst American worst American

military disaster evermilitary disaster ever

Sitting BullSitting Bull

1831-18901831-1890 Promoted Ghost Dance Promoted Ghost Dance

MovementMovement Battle of Little BighornBattle of Little Bighorn Performed in later years Performed in later years

in Buffalo Bill’s wild west in Buffalo Bill’s wild west showshow

Died on Reservation in Died on Reservation in South DakotaSouth Dakota

Remains at Little BighornRemains at Little Bighorn

Ghost DanceGhost Dance

The The Ghost DanceGhost Dance was a religious was a religious movement that inspired hope among movement that inspired hope among suffering Native Americans. suffering Native Americans.

The Ghost dance was remembrance of The Ghost dance was remembrance of the fallen and hope for the future.the fallen and hope for the future.

Newspapers began suggesting that this Newspapers began suggesting that this signaled a planned uprising. signaled a planned uprising.

The military killed Sitting Bull while The military killed Sitting Bull while attempting to arrest him in a skirmish.attempting to arrest him in a skirmish.

Ghost DanceGhost Dance

William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891)1891)

Famous March during Famous March during Civil WarCivil War

"All Indians who are not "All Indians who are not on reservations are on reservations are hostile and will remain hostile and will remain so until killed off." so until killed off."

  Protected railroad Protected railroad workers from Indiansworkers from Indians

Chief JosephChief Joseph The government took back nine-tenths of The government took back nine-tenths of

the Nez Perce reservation land when gold the Nez Perce reservation land when gold miners and settlers came into the area.miners and settlers came into the area.

Fourteen years later they were ordered to Fourteen years later they were ordered to abandon the last bit of that land to move abandon the last bit of that land to move into Idaho. into Idaho.

Chief JosephChief Joseph tried to take his people into tried to take his people into Canada, but the army forced their surrender Canada, but the army forced their surrender less than forty miles from the Canadian less than forty miles from the Canadian border. border.

Chief Joseph and many others were Chief Joseph and many others were eventually sent to northern Washington.eventually sent to northern Washington.

Chief JosephChief Joseph

(1840?-1904) was (1840?-1904) was known to his people known to his people

as "Thunder Traveling as "Thunder Traveling to the Loftier Mountain to the Loftier Mountain

Heights." He led his Heights." He led his people in an attempt people in an attempt to resist the takeover to resist the takeover of their lands in the of their lands in the Oregon Territory by Oregon Territory by

white settlerswhite settlers. .

GeronimoGeronimo The Apache people were moved onto a The Apache people were moved onto a

reservation near the Gila River in Arizona. reservation near the Gila River in Arizona. Soldiers forcefully stopped a religious Soldiers forcefully stopped a religious

gathering there, and gathering there, and GeronimoGeronimo and others and others fled the reservation. fled the reservation.

They raided settlements along the Arizona-They raided settlements along the Arizona-Mexico border for years before finally being Mexico border for years before finally being captured in 1886.captured in 1886.

Geronimo and his followers were sent to Geronimo and his followers were sent to Florida as prisoners of war. His surrender Florida as prisoners of war. His surrender marked the end of armed resistance in the marked the end of armed resistance in the area.area.

GeronimoGeronimo

became a war-became a war-chief when chief when

sixteen years sixteen years old, and for old, and for almost fifty almost fifty

years led a band years led a band of Indian raiders; of Indian raiders; was a constant was a constant

terror to the terror to the settlers in the settlers in the

SouthwestSouthwest

AmericanizationAmericanization

Bureau of Indian AffairsBureau of Indian Affairs – began – began issuing orders to erase Indian issuing orders to erase Indian traditiontradition

The Dawes Act 1887The Dawes Act 1887 – Gave Indians – Gave Indians private property to help Americanize private property to help Americanize them.them.

Section 2 Mining and Section 2 Mining and RanchingRanching

How did mining lead to new How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?settlements in the West?

How did mining become big How did mining become big business?business?

How and why did the cattle boom How and why did the cattle boom come to an end?come to an end?

Striking Gold and SilverStriking Gold and Silver

California gold rush – 1849California gold rush – 1849 Comstock LodeComstock Lode – Nevada Silver mine – Nevada Silver mine

worth $500million in silver (1859)worth $500million in silver (1859) Klondike Gold Rush (1897) – Alaska Klondike Gold Rush (1897) – Alaska

gold rush.gold rush. Thousands of prospectors swarmed Thousands of prospectors swarmed

areas with gold strikes.areas with gold strikes. Mining camps became towns in West.Mining camps became towns in West.

A forty-niner A forty-niner pans for gold pans for gold on the banks on the banks

of an of an American American

River.River.

The Cattle BoomThe Cattle Boom

Growing demand for beef.Growing demand for beef. Cattle farming introduced by MexicoCattle farming introduced by Mexico Ranchers made profits off beef and Ranchers made profits off beef and

hides.hides. Cattle trails ran from Texas to major Cattle trails ran from Texas to major

railroad centersrailroad centers Cowboys were hired to drive cattle Cowboys were hired to drive cattle

north.north. Most were boys between 12 and 18.Most were boys between 12 and 18.

Famous Cowboys/OutlawsFamous Cowboys/Outlaws

During the late 1800s, cowboys and During the late 1800s, cowboys and outlaws became famous for actions.outlaws became famous for actions.

Most were exaggerated and now Most were exaggerated and now exist in literature, films, and T.V.exist in literature, films, and T.V.

Most writers took a “romantic” view Most writers took a “romantic” view of the old west from these menof the old west from these men

The CowboysThe Cowboys

The The CowboysCowboys were a loosely organized were a loosely organized gang of outlaws who operated along gang of outlaws who operated along the Mexican border and frequented the Mexican border and frequented towns like Tombstone. They stole towns like Tombstone. They stole cattle from Americans and sold them cattle from Americans and sold them in Mexico, and vice versa. Stage coach in Mexico, and vice versa. Stage coach robbery, ambushing teamsters, and all robbery, ambushing teamsters, and all other sorts of mischievous activities other sorts of mischievous activities were partaken by the Cowboys.were partaken by the Cowboys.

Old man Clanton, Ike Clanton, John Old man Clanton, Ike Clanton, John RingoRingo

Tom McLaury, Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, on view at the Ritter and Tom McLaury, Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, on view at the Ritter and Ream Funeral Parlor.Ream Funeral Parlor.

A large sign read: "MURDERED IN THE STREETS OF TOMBSTONE".A large sign read: "MURDERED IN THE STREETS OF TOMBSTONE".

Wyatt EarpWyatt Earp

March 19, 1848–March 19, 1848–January 13, 1929) January 13, 1929)

Lawman Dodge City, Lawman Dodge City, TombstoneTombstone

Best known for his Best known for his participation in the participation in the Gunfight at the O.K. Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, along with Doc Corral, along with Doc Holliday, and two of Holliday, and two of his brothers, Virgil his brothers, Virgil Earp and Morgan Earp. Earp and Morgan Earp.

John Henry “Doc” HolidayJohn Henry “Doc” Holiday

August 14, 1851 – August 14, 1851 – November 8, 1887 November 8, 1887

Dentist, but Dentist, but developed developed tuberculosistuberculosis

Became sharp Became sharp shooter an gamblershooter an gambler

Friend to Earp, OK Friend to Earp, OK CorralCorral

Henry McCartyHenry McCarty

a.k.a. Billy the Kida.k.a. Billy the Kid November 23, 1859 — November 23, 1859 —

July 14, 1881 July 14, 1881 OutlawOutlaw According to legend, he According to legend, he

killed 21 men, one for killed 21 men, one for each year of his life, but each year of his life, but he most likely participated he most likely participated in the killing of fewer than in the killing of fewer than half that number half that number

Young GunsYoung Guns

Jesse JamesJesse James

1847-18821847-1882 Outlaw and most Outlaw and most

famous member of famous member of the James-Younger the James-Younger GangGang

Became more Became more famous after deathfamous after death

Ex confederateEx confederate Killed by Robert Killed by Robert

FordFord

William “Buffalo Bill” CodyWilliam “Buffalo Bill” Cody

February 26, 1846 February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917 – January 10, 1917

American soldier, American soldier, bison hunter and bison hunter and showmanshowman

Medal of Honor Medal of Honor Winner 1872Winner 1872

Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement

Joseph Glidden (1870)– inventor of Joseph Glidden (1870)– inventor of barbed wire.barbed wire.

Often caused conflict between open Often caused conflict between open and closed ranches (ranchers and and closed ranches (ranchers and farmers)farmers)

Harsh winters in late 1880s caused Harsh winters in late 1880s caused huge losses in cattlehuge losses in cattle

Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement

Section 3 Farming the PlainsSection 3 Farming the Plains

What incentives encouraged farmers What incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West?to settle in the West?

Which groups of people moved to the Which groups of people moved to the West, and why did they do so?West, and why did they do so?

What new ways of farming evolved in What new ways of farming evolved in the West?the West?

Incentives for Western Incentives for Western settlementsettlement

Homestead ActHomestead Act (1862) – 160 acre (1862) – 160 acre plots, had to farm land for five years.plots, had to farm land for five years.

Morrill ActMorrill Act (1862) – gave land to (1862) – gave land to states for collegesstates for colleges

Railroads spanned the entire country Railroads spanned the entire country into west.into west.

1890, US Census Bureau declared 1890, US Census Bureau declared frontier closed.frontier closed.

Migrating WestMigrating West

ExodustersExodusters – African Americans that – African Americans that moved to Kansas to farm. (rumor moved to Kansas to farm. (rumor that Kansas was set aside for former that Kansas was set aside for former slaves)slaves)

White settlers moved because of White settlers moved because of cheap land.cheap land.

European and Chinese settlers move European and Chinese settlers move west for economic gain.west for economic gain.

New Farming MethodsNew Farming Methods

James Oliver – Sharper plowJames Oliver – Sharper plow Machines were slowly developed to Machines were slowly developed to

help harvestershelp harvesters Bonanza farmsBonanza farms – Large companies – Large companies

who bought huge farms and ran who bought huge farms and ran them like factories.them like factories.

Bonanza FarmBonanza Farm

Quick ThoughtQuick Thought

What do you think are the major What do you think are the major effects of westward expansion? effects of westward expansion?