Chapter 13 The Rise of Dictators and World

War II1931-1945

61 Nations involved in WWIIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_T0hKmtMtSg

Play as students enter the room. Sink The Bismarck-Johnny Horton

.

What caused WWII in Europe?

Germany wanted back what she lost from WWI, and revengeAppeasement – Great Britain and France gave Hitler land w/o fighting for it.Hitler was racist; he invaded countries simply to kill the Jews living there.

Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI

The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]  

1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war 2.     Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war.

Versailles cont. .3.     Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.  

Versailles

4.     Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

Section 1

The Rise of the Dictators

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/war2act.shtml

Road to World War II Online Game for class to play on Smartboard.

Hitler had an aggressive foreign policy and disagreed with the Treaty of Versailles. Find out more about the events which led up to the war.

Mussolini, Hitler, and StalinFascism- Mussolini of Italy started this political movement which preached an extreme form of nationalism and patriotism that was often linked with racism.

NAZIS Elected to Power!Nazis promised to build up Germany’s army and they wanted revenge for WWI

Hitler Led the Nazi PartyThe Nazis won control of the government and then Hitler overthrew the constitution in 1933. He called himself der Fuhrer, or “the Leader.”

Japan wanted China and the USSR.

Japan is an island, and not a big one.They wanted more living space and resources for their “superior” people.

Japan Needed Oil Reserves

Japan invaded

Manchuria, China in 1931 for

more oil and land

resources.

Dictators Seek to Expand Territory

•1935-Italy attacked Ethiopia because Italians thought they deserved more territory at the end of WW I. (dissatisfied by the peace treaties)

Germany Wants New Territory Too

In 1935, Hitler moved troops into the Rhineland a region of Germany along the French border.Under the Treaty of Versailles, the Rhineland was to remain free of German forces.

In 1936, Hitler and Mussolini formed an alliance

known as the Rome-Berlin Axis.

That’s how the name, Axis, came about.

In 1938, Hitler invaded Austria. Then he wanted the

Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia. France and Russia pledged to support

Czechoslovakia. Britainstepped in to help and got

Hitler to sign an agreement.

Appeasement at Munich1938The Munich Agreement was an example of the British and French policy known as appeasement. Under this policy, they met Germany’s demands in order to avoid war.Neville Chamberlain PM of England declared he had “achieved peace in our time.”

WRONG

It wasn’t worth the paper it was

written on.

Appeasement – Hitler wanted land. Britain and

France let him have it without war.

6 Months Later

Hitler conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia

Then…

Germany Starts the War

Hitler threatens to take Poland. Britain and France warn that attack would mean war. They

assume they have an ally in Stalin because the Soviet Union and

Germany were enemies.

WRONGHitler and Stalin sign a

nonaggression pact. Then…

The nonaggresion pact encouraged Germany to go to war in Europe because Germany would only have to fight a one front war.

Hitler seized Poland. It plunged most of Europe

into World War II in 1939.

The Germans introduced a new method of warfare known as Blitzkrieg (lightning war”). It stressed speed and surprise in the use of tanks, troops, and planes.

In less than a month, Poland fell to the invading German and Soviet armies. In April 1940, Denmark and Norway fell. A month later, another blitzkrieg took Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

Comparison of European fighting in WWI and WWII:Much of WWI was fought from trenches, while WWII involved fast moving invasions and rapid conquests of territory.

U.S. IsolationismAmericans wanted to stay out of Europe’s wars.FDR wanted to help Britain anyway

USA had 2 oceans to protect us (sort of).

Hitler in Paris, June 1940

Fortress EuropaIn no time, Germany conquered most of Europe with tanks, planes, railroads.

English Channel protected EnglandBritain resisted German air force

Battle of Britain

Battle of Britain, 1940

Battle of BritainEngland is bombed for 60 days straight.First battle fought only using planesEngland is able to hang on because of:RADAR (new)Signal system

Germany Attacks the Soviet Union

While Hitler conquered Western Europe, Stalin invaded Finland and then seized the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

Despite their partnership, Hitler and Stalin distrusted each other. Hitler also wanted Soviet wheat and oil field.

So, he invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.

Hitler said the city would soon “fall like a leaf.” But the Leningraders refused to surrender. People lived on a few ounces of bread a day. They ate cats, dogs, rats, and sparrows. People collapsed of hunger and died in the city streets, their bodies lying frozen under the snows until spring.

Hitler tried to capture Leningrad for 872 days, from Sept. 1941 to Jan. 1944.

The Siege of LeningradSeptember 8, 1941

About 1 MILLION Soviet citizens died, many from starvation. But the city never fell to the Germans.

The United States Aids the Allies

Lend Lease Act 1941Great Britain and the Soviet Union benefitted from this program.U.S. sent $50 billion worth of war goods.FDR sent war materials to Britain and the USSR.This is a Sherman tank

The Soviet Union and Great Britain had not fallen to Germany when the U.S. entered the war in 1941.

Japan attacks a naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. December 7,

1941. Brings U.S. into WWII.

December 7, 1941

7:55 am Japan launches surprise attack on Pearl HarborTwo waves of attacks

Reason Japan attacked the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor in 1941:The Tojo government made plans to invade the Dutch East Indies—a souce of oil—and Asian territories. Its leaders believed the U.S. Navy would block Japanese expansion.

December 7, 19417:55 am Japan launches surprise attack on Pearl HarborTwo waves of attacks

Pearl Harbor9 Ships sunk21 ships severely damaged2,350 dead1,178 injuredU.S.S. Arizona

U.S.S. Arizona

USS Arizona

America Responds

President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. He called December 7, 1941, “a date which will live in infamy.”

Allied Powers

In addition were the colonies and territories of these countries.These include China, Canada, Australia, France, Poland and others.

The Big Three

United StatesPresident Franklin D. RooseveltVice President Harry Truman

BritainPrime Minister Neville Chamberlain until 1940Then, Prime Minister Winston Churchill

Soviet Union or U.S.S.R.Premier Joseph Stalin

Axis PowersGermany and Italy declared war immediately after Pearl Harbor.Germany, Italy and Japan made a deal to help each other in case one was attacked.

JapanEmperor HirohitoGeneral Hideki Tojo

GermanyFuhrer Adolph Hitler

ItalyDuce Benito Mussolini

WAS THE SUCCESSFUL SOVIET DEFENSE OF THE CITY OF STALINGRAD (NOW VOLGOGRAD) IN THE U.S.S.R. DURING WORLD WAR II. RUSSIANS CONSIDER IT TO BE THE GREATEST BATTLE OF THEIR GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR, AND MOST HISTORIANS CONSIDER IT TO BE THE GREATEST BATTLE OF THE ENTIRE CONFLICT. IT STOPPED THE GERMAN ADVANCE INTO THE SOVIET UNION AND MARKED THE TURNING OF THE TIDE OF WAR IN FAVOR OF THE ALLIES. THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD WAS ONE OF THE BLOODIEST BATTLES IN HISTORY, WITH COMBINED MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CASUALTIES OF NEARLY 2 MILLION.

The Battle of Stalingrad July 17, 1942-Feb. 2, 1943

The Russian Winter killed many NAZI troops in

USSR.Russian

people are tough! 21 million dead, yet no surrender!

Section 2War in Africa and

Europe

Mobilizing for War

Women’s Contributions to the War Effort:1.Woment served in the U.S. Army and Navy

2.Women performed important noncombat duties in the Coast Guard.

3. Women built planes, tanks, and other military equipment.

Women in Forces

Women in workforce

Rosie the Riveter

Battles in Africa and Italy

The Allies began making plans to invade Europe.

Churchill convinced Allies that they weren’t prepared for such an invasion.

Churchill convinced the Allied leaders to defeat the Axis in North Africa before invading southern Europe.

Reasons Allied Leaders Decided to Invade North Africa Before Attacking Axis forces in Europe:

1.They wanted to protect the Suez Canal.

2.They needed bases from which to attack southern Europe.

3. The British insisted on attacking North Africa first.

General EisenhowerGeneral EisenhowerIn December 1943, it was In December 1943, it was announced that announced that Eisenhower would be Eisenhower would be Supreme Allied Supreme Allied Commander in Commander in Europe. In . In these positions he was these positions he was charged with planning and charged with planning and carrying out the Allied carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the in June 1944 under the code name code name Operation Overlord, the , the liberation of western liberation of western Europe and the invasion of Europe and the invasion of Germany..

Operation Overlord

Operation OverlordAll out attack on the beaches of Normandy, France.Attack carried out by joint U.S., Canadian and British forces.Attack to be carried out on 5 different beaches along the coast. SWORD, GOLD, JUNO, UTAH and OMAHA were the two beaches that the U.S. 1st Army invaded.

Operation Overlord

The Allies had to break the “Atlantic Wall”Germany built a wall up and down the Atlantic coast.

Operation Overlord

The “Atlantic Wall” consisted of:Defenses on the beachBarbed wireMassive gun towersSteep slopes

D-Day = Day of Attack

Invasion of Normandy, France

June 6, 1944

D-DAYAmerica Attacks Omaha and Utah.Omaha is HORRIFICFew tanksNO trenchesNO Airborne assault team

D-DAYMost soldiers were killed within the first 2 hours of battle. The plan works and Germany takes its first major loss.Turning point of the war!

The Allied Advance and D-Day

The Germans were surprised by the attack at Normandy because many, including Hitler, thought it would occur at Calais, 150 miles away—where the English Channel is narrower.

Facts about Omaha Beach150,000 troops stormed Normandy beaches. About 2,500 GI's died on the beaches and 2,600 paratroopers died. And 3,100 Germans died.

The vast majority of The vast majority of D-Day deaths D-Day deaths occurred at Omaha occurred at Omaha Beach where it is Beach where it is believed around believed around 2,200 Americans 2,200 Americans died.died.

Battle of the BulgeGermany counter attacksIt takes the allied forces 6 weeks to repulse the attack.Now the Allies and the Soviets are closing in on Germany from both sides

Victory in EuropeRussia and America are in a race to see who can get to Berlin, Germany first.Yalta conferenceFDR is re-elected (4th time) and then dies on April 12,1945.

Victory in Europe

The Yalta Conference:1.By Feb. 1941, the Germans were retreating everywhere. That month, Allied leaders met in the Soviet resort of Yalta.

2.Allied leaders, Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, made plans for the future of Europe after the war.

3.The U.S.S.R. promised to join the fight against Japan after Germany surrendered. (They didn’t.)

Germany’s End

Germany invaded the Soviet Union and lost a million troops due to the cold and Russian bravery.Hitler spent too many resources trying to kill Jews and not supporting his troopsGermans fought Russians in the east and Americans and Brits in the West.

Germany surrenders April ‘45

The Holocaust

Around 6 million Jews die at the hands of the Nazis

Section 3War in the Pacific

Doolittle Raid April 1942The Allies began to turn the

tide against Japan.The push began with a

daring air raid on Japanese cities, including Tokyo.

James Doolittle and his 16 bombers caused little damage, but it shocked Japan’s leaders and boosted the Allies’ morale.

Battle of Coral SeaMay 8, 1942America losses one aircraft carrierJapanese victory, but American tactical victoryFirst battle fought only with planes. No ship on either side made any visual contact with any enemy ship.

Bataan Death March read text p. 369

At the same time of the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Japan launched attacks throughout the Pacific. By Christmas, Japan controlled Hong Kong, Thailand, and the U.S. islands of Guam and Wake.But it took longer to conquer the Philippines. The Japanese pushed the Allied forces from the capital of Manila onto the Bataan Peninsula.

• American and Filipino troops, led by MacArthur, then fought the Japanese to a standstill for several months.

• The Allies then feared that the Japanese might invade Australia.

• Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to withdraw to Australia, but MacArthur promised, “I shall return.”

Bataan Death March read text p. 369

Shortly, after MacArthur left, the Japanese mounted an offensive.

The U.S. troops on Bataan surrendered and endured the brutal Bataan Death

March.

Bataan Death March

Already exhausted and starving, about 70,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war were then forced to march more than 60 miles without food or water. Thousands died.

Battle of Midway Islands is the Turning Point of the War in the Pacific

June 4, 19424 Japanese Aircraft carriers vs. 3 American aircraft CarriersAmerican Carriers:

Hornet, Enterprise, and Yorktown

Battle for Midway Island 1942

If won, Japanese could have bombed Hawaii more from here.

Uncle Rex and Aunt

DorisMarried 51 Years A Remembrance of the War, including Battle of Midway

Aunt Doris in her YouthAunt Doris and my grandmother, her younger sister, would walk from 20th to 32nd street to school. The snow would be up to their knees at times.Sometimes they would catch a ride with a friend for the 3.5 mile ride.They worked on a farm, so they did not get to go to football or basketball games.She graduated in 1943.

Aunt DorisShe worked four hours on Saturday mornings for 75¢ an hour to pay her friend for the rides she and my grandmother would catch to school for her junior and senior years.

Before school, when they were girls, my grandmother and my Aunt Doris, would get up at 5 o’clock each morning to milk six cows each and then get ready for school.

Before the WarUncle Rex was a good swimmer. He was a lifeguard before the war.Aunt Doris learned welding when she attended Denver Opportunity School after graduating from high school.She was stationed in Washington state and lived with her sister at a girls’ dormitory.Aunt Doris and Uncle Rex met in Washington state while working at Bremerton Shipyard.

USS CaliforniaAunt Doris was at the Bremerton Shipyard in Washington state welding or “tacking” repairs on the USS California that had been raised from Pearl Harbor.Uncle Rex had helped raise the USS California.She was a “Rosie the Riveter” that helped get that ship back into commission.That’s why they were both in Washington state and how they eventually met.

The YorktownComplement:2,217 officers and men (1941)Range:12,500 nautical miles (14,400 mi) at 15 knots (17 mph)Aircraft carried: As built:90 aircraft3 × elevators2 × flight deck hydraulic catapults1 × hangar deck hydraulic catapults

From the Atlantic to the Pacific

Uncle Rex was on the Yorktown when it went through the Panama Canal then on to San Diego.They went to dance and eat at a church function and that’s how they met.

At Naval Air

Station, North Island,

San Diego,

California, embarkin

g, or loading aircraft

and vehicles prior to

sailing for Hawaii.

Pearl Harbor Was Still Smoking…

There was still damaged areas of Pearl Harbor still smoking from the attack of Dec. 7, 1941 when my Uncle Rex arrived in Hawaii on the Yorktown.

U.S.:1 aircraft carrier1 destroyer1 valuable fleet oilerDamage to the second carrier

Japan:1 light aircraft carrier1 destroyerSome smaller shipsShokaku was damaged badly due to bombsThe Zuikaku air group was badly depletedForced to cancel the Moresby invasion

United States Navy aircraft carrier Lexington explodes on 8 May 1942, several hours after being damaged by a Japanese carrier air attack.

Midway InformationWas the attack on Midway unexpected?

No, the U.S. decoded a Japanese warning and Admiral Fletcher sent an ambush to Midway while the Japanese were rearming.

Admiral Fletcher destroyed 3 of 4 Japanese big aircraft carriers.

The surviving planes attacked and damaged the U.S.S Yorktown.

The Yorktown’s second strike sent down the remaining aircraft carrier.

Then, a Japanese submarine sank the U.S.S Yorktown.

Smoke pours from 

Yorktown after

being hit in the

boilers by Japanese

dive bombers

at Midway.

June 4, 1942,Yorktown is hit on the port side,

amidships, by a

Japanese Type 91 aerial

torpedo during the

mid-afternoon attack by

planes from the

carrier Hiryu at the Battle of Midway.

Heavy antiaircraft fire has brought down at least one Japanese plane.

A Sneaky SubmarineThe Yorktown crew abandons ship, but the ship doesn’t sink. So a tug is pulling it slowly back to dry dock.Uncle Rex had nightmares for the rest of his life because crewmen had arms off and sharks would attack them while they were waiting to be picked up by other ships. Destroyers were going around the Yorktown trying to rescue people and he was almost saved, but general quarters was sounded which meant the Japanese were coming back.The destroyers would have to come back and circle and pick him and others up.The Yorktown was damaged and listing heavily.A Japanese sub is able to elude our detection due to so much debris in the water and it attacks the Yorktown and another ship.The Yorktown and the other ship sinks.60 depths charges were dropped, but the sub got away.

Fate: Sunk June 7, 1942 in the Battle of Midway, 141 men

killed.

Battle of Midway

Island Hopping – US fought to gradually reach Japan

Island HoppingAmerica has to go island to island, clearing out Japanese forces.This process took a long time -Why?Japanese soldiers would not surrender.

Island Hopping:

1.The Allies didn’t try to capture every island with Japanese troops on it.

2.B. Allied forces targeted the islands that were the most weakly defended.

3.Captured islands became bases for attacks on other enemy-held islands.

Battle for Iwo Jima 1945

• It was important to the Allies to take control of islands like Okinawa and Iwo Jima. They could serve as bases for U.S. planes to bomb Japan.

•Died: 6,800 US 20,000 Japanese.This flag raising was a serious morale boost to soldiers on the island.

Kamikaze Attacks

Kamikaze literally means “spirit wind”, but is

commonly translated as “divine wind”

The tradition of death instead of defeat, capture, and perceived shame was deeply entrenched in Japanese military culture. It was one of the primary traditions in the samurai life and the Bushido code: loyalty and honor until death.

Why drop the Atomic Bomb?

U.S. leaders wanted to end the war without invading Japan.The Japanese had shown they would fight to the last man, woman and child.The atomic bomb saved as many as 1 million U.S. lives, and possibly many Japanese.Harry Truman said he dropped the bomb to end the war.

Atomic Weapons End the War

This plane dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima

Fat Man was the atomic bomb detonated Over Nagasaki using a

Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar

Little Boy was the code name for the first atomic bomb which was dropped on

Hiroshima from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay

Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945

Victims in Hiroshima

Japan surrenders 1945

(Show the Instrument of Surrender to the class)

Section 4The Home Front

Wartime Production

Because the armed forces needed so many materials, some of the items Americans took for granted became scarce.

People rationed goods for war use.

It says “first truck 1932”

SPI

Wartime Production

American automakers produce no cars between 1942 and 1945, because they were building tanks, planes, and military vehicles instead.

Opportunities for Women and Minorities

Three Effects of the War on Life in the U.S. :

•The war replaced the Depression with full employment and prosperity.

•Women took over many jobs that men had performed before the war.

•Because of the military’s needs, certain goods were in short supply at home and their use was controlled by the government.

The Army was segregated, but African Americans

served.

Tuskegee Airmen• An all-black

unit of pilots that fought in North Africa and Italy.

• The movie Red Tails is about them.

Opportunities for Women and MinoritiesDiscrimination Affected Life on the Home Front in

WWII:1.Japanese Americans were held in internment

camps.

2.The federal government banned job discrimination against African Americans in war-related industries.

3.African Americans and Mexican Americans suffered prejudice and violence in Northern and West coast cities with defense industries.

Internment of Japanese Americans

USA was afraid if Japan were to attack the Pacific coast, Japanese Americans would help them.The Government ordered them to move to camps.

The Internment of Japanese Americans

President Reagan gave $20,000 tax free to reimburse remaining 60,000 internees. See text p. 374 Citizenship Today.

Internment camp

Japanese Americans served in the Army

Ways WWII Affected Life in the U.S.

•The G.I. Bill of Rights caused a postwar boom in college enrollments (14.5)

•Meat, sugar, and other consumer products were scarce during the war. (14.4)

•Jobs created by government war spending ended the Great Depression. (14.4)

•Did the war end economic opportunities for African Americans?

Section 5The Legacy of the

War

Marshall Plan

-helped to rebuild the economies of European

nations.

Changes in American Society

The Purpose of the G. I. Bill of Rights or the G. I. Bill:•To give economic and educational aid to returning American soldiers

•The government paid for returning soldiers’ schooling and provided them with a living allowance

•more than 7.8 million WWII veterans attended school under the G.I. Bill

The Nuremberg Trials

The international community put together a court to try Nazi leaders for their role in World War II. The original 24 defendants included some of Hitler’s top officials. The charges against them included crimes against humanity.

A result of the Nuremburg Trials was that they reinforced the principle that people are responsible for their actions.

World War II deathsUSSR 22 millionChina 11 millionGermany 7 millionPoland 7 millionU.S. 0.5 millionGreat Britain 0.3 millionJapan 1.5 million